Demographic Profile Of Patients Research Articles

Clinical and Demographic Profile of Patients with Crohn's Disease in Specialized Hospital for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases and Surgery in Al-Najaf Province

Background: Crohn’s disease (CD) It is a chronic inflammation that occurs in the digestive system. This disease is widespread in developing countries. Aim of study: To estimation the ratio of clinical and demographic data of CD patients at Specialized Hospital for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases and Surgery in AL- Najaf Province. Patients and Methods : Demographic and clinical data were obtained by medical analysis data to patients attended into Specialized Hospital for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases and Surgery in AL- Najaf Province from October 2022 to March 2024. Results: Sixty-four patients diagnosed with Crohn's disease participated in this study. The findings indicated that the majority of individuals infected with this disease were women, with the age group of 30 to 39 years being the most prevalent among the infected population. The findings indicate that freelancers and housewives are the most impacted by this disease. The results indicated that the majority of patients visiting the hospital are from Najaf Governorate. The disease was diagnosed through biopsy samples collected from different regions of the digestive system, and the treatment for the majority of patients involved immunosuppressant medications. Conclusions: Despite the increasing incidence, we highlight the Education and a extra intestinal manifestation in this study, and reflecting a high need for hospitalization and immune-modulatory, and uses biological treatment, , and surgery.

Effects of long-term lithium therapy on kidney functioning in mood disorders: A population-based historical cohort study.

Lithium is Food and Drug Administration-approved for bipolar disorder (BD) and is also used in depressive disorders but is underutilized due to concerns about chronic kidney disease (CKD). We explored clinical and demographic profiles of patients on long-term lithium therapy (LTLT) and assessed kidney function. Our aims were to identify the predictors for CKD stage ≥3 and the impact of lithium discontinuation post-CKD diagnosis. We conducted a population-based historical cohort study of adult patients with mood disorders on LTLT at the Marshfield Clinical Health System from 1990 to 2019. Data on lithium therapy and kidney-related information (estimated glomerular filtration rate and CKD) were extracted from electronic medical records. Among 1603 patients with mood disorders (mean age 42.1 years, 60% females), 15.3% (n = 246) developed CKD stage ≥3. Patients without CKD were on lithium for 4.5 years, compared to 6.6 years for those with CKD. Hypertension, age, and BD were significant CKD risk factors. Kidney function declined linearly with lithium duration, returning to pre-treatment trajectory in patients without CKD but showed no improvement in those with CKD after lithium discontinuation. The findings suggest that CKD occurs in 15% of patients with mood disorder receiving LTLT, with its progression potentially influenced by existing comorbidities rather than lithium alone. These results underscore the importance of monitoring kidney function in patients on LTLT and considering individual risk factors for CKD development. In patients who developed CKD, Li discontinuation did not impact change in kidney function.

A mixed methods study on non-adherence to oral antidiabetic agents in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: Unveiling the post-intervention outcomes

Abstract Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disease. Despite available treatments, non-adherence to prescribed regimens remains a significant challenge, influenced by various factors. Objective: This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of interventions targeting adherence to oral hypoglycemic agents (OHAs) in T2DM management while understanding the factors contributing to treatment failure and exploring strategies to improve medication adherence and overall disease management. Materials and Methods: A mixed research design, integrating qualitative and quantitative methods, was applied in this study. In-depth interviews and focus group discussions were conducted among 327 patients with T2DM attending the medicine department of a tertiary medical college in Bihar for 3 years. Participants were individuals (>18 years) taking OHAs but experiencing symptoms despite treatment. Various intervention techniques were applied. Data analysis involved qualitative coding and categorization of interview transcripts. Results: The study revealed significant insights into the demographic profile of patients with T2DM, with notable patterns in age, gender, educational status, and employment. Forgetfulness, economic concerns, fear of adverse effects, complexity of treatment plans, non-availability of medication, and preference for alternative treatments emerged as primary barriers to adherence. Interventions led to improved adherence and diabetes management for the majority of patients, with 203 (62%) showing signs of improvement post-intervention. Conclusion: This study highlights the significance of understanding and addressing barriers to adherence in T2DM management. Despite limitations, the insights gained offer valuable directions for future research and interventions aimed at enhancing adherence and patient outcomes in T2DM treatment.

Patterns of gabapentinoid use among long-term opioid users

ObjectiveUnderstanding the clinical and demographic profile of patients on gabapentinoids can highlight areas of prescribing disparities, inform clinical practice, and guide future research to optimize effectiveness and safety of gabapentinoids for pain management. We used a national sample of Medicare beneficiaries to examine trends, patterns, and patient-level predictors of gabapentinoid use among long-term opioid users. MethodsUsing a national Medicare sample between 2014 and 2020, we examined factors associated with gabapentinoid use among long-term opioid users. We included Medicare eligible long-term opioid users with no prior gabapentinoid use. The primary outcome was gabapentinoid use after the long-term opioid use episode. Logistic regression was used to test the association with gabapentinoid use for year, age, sex, race/ethnicity, region, Medicare entitlement, low-income status, frailty, pain locations, anxiety, depression, opioid use disorder, and opioid morphine milligrams equivalent. ResultsGabapentinoid use among long-term opioid users increased from 12.6% in 2014 to 16.8% in 2019 (p < .0001). Factors associated with increased gabapentinoid use were Hispanic ethnicity, back pain, nerve pain, and moderate or high opioid usage. Factors associated with decreased gabapentinoid use were older age and Medicare entitlement due to old age. ConclusionsVariation of gabapentinoid use by socio-demographics and insurance status indicates opportunities to improve pain management and a need for shared therapeutic decision making informed by discussion between pain patients and providers regarding safety and effectiveness of pain therapies. Our findings underscore the need for future research into the comparative effectiveness and safety of gabapentinoids for non-cancer chronic pain in various subpopulations.

Ventilator-associated pneumonia – An unwanted terror and a loathsome burden on the health-care cost in the recent era

Ventilator-associated pneumonia – An unwanted terror and a loathsome burden on the health-care cost in the recent era

Cutaneous manifestations of hypothyroidism: An observational study in a tertiary care center of Eastern India

Cutaneous manifestations of hypothyroidism: An observational study in a tertiary care center of Eastern India

Retrospective Analysis of Clinico-Epidemiological Profile of COVID 19 Associated Mucormycosis Patients: A Single Centre Experience in Southern Haryana

Background: A number of factors were supposed to be involved in very high rate of mucormycosis infectionin COVID 19 patients like the reduced immunity because of COVID infection itself along with use of steroids,administration of supplemental oxygen, worsening glycemic control. This retrospective study has been undertaken to analyse the clinical and demographic profile of patients and various other factors that were involved in development of mucormycosis.Material and Methods: This was retrospective observational study in which all patients admitted were eithersuspected but came out to be negative or which were culture or histopathological proven mucormycosis cases.The data was analysed for demographic as well as clinical profile of the patients and various risk factors involved.Results: Total 52 patients were included in the study. All of these were rhinoorbitocerebral mucormycosis patients.The mean age of mucor positive patients was 47.3 years with male to female ratio as 5:1. The comparison of risk factors among mucor positive and mucor negative patients showed that out of 30 mucor positive patients there were 18 (60%) patients with confirmed report of COVID 19 infection, 22 (73.3%) diabetic patients, 17 (56.7%)patients with recent history of steroid treatment and 11 (36.7%) patients with history of recent oxygen therapy.Conclusion: In this study there was no statistically significant association between specific risk factors and mucorpositivity, emphasizing the multifactorial nature of mucormycosis. Further research is necessary to evaluate the complex relationship between COVID-19 infection and other factors in the development of mucormycosis.

Demographic Profile of Patients with Cleft Lip and Palate Anomaly: 15-year Experience from a Tertiary Care Hospital and Teaching Institute in Wardha District of Maharashtra, India.

Cleft lip and palate (CLP) is considered to be a congenital defect involving the orofacial region. This defect affects the esthetics, speech as well and psychological well-being of a person. The study was performed to analyze the prevalence of different types of cleft deformity reported in a tertiary care hospital which would aid in spreading awareness and thereby reducing the prevalence of this congenital defect. To study the demographic profile of patients with CLP in the Wardha region. A single-center retrospective cross-sectional study was performed. The patients with cleft deformity report under the "Smile Train Project" under the Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics along with the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. The data retrieved included the name of the patient, age, gender, residential address, contact details, and type of cleft. This data was segregated focusing on the gender and type of cleft as per the concern of this study. The datasets were then entered in the Microsoft Excel sheet and the statistical graphical representation was done using Microsoft PowerPoint. In the present study we tried to find out the profile of CLP in the local population. We reported the high prevalence of this orofacial deformity among the population of this area. The data from the present study will help to provide a deeper insight into the burden of CLP anomaly. Based on the data obtained from the present study, future research can be conducted, and cleft-care improvement outcomes can be measured. There are several etiological factors that are responsible for the development of CLP. Also, due to a lack of awareness regarding this, there is an increased prevalence of this defect. In India, due to a lack of knowledge regarding cleft anomaly, poverty, and social stigma, many patients do not report to the hospitals, and hence, there is a need to spread awareness which would encourage people to access the healthcare facilities at an early age and would reduce the complications in later stages. Shivlani VI, Niranjane PP, Diagavane PS, et al. Demographic Profile of Patients with Cleft Lip and Palate Anomaly: 15-year Experience from a Tertiary Care Hospital and Teaching Institute in Wardha District of Maharashtra, India. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2023;16(S-3):S278-S282.

Prevalence and reasons for referrals to the Endodontics Specialty Clinic at the Piracicaba Dental School.

Dental referrals to the Endodontics Specialty Clinic (ESC) are routine owing to the complexity of endodontic treatments. To obtain a better prognosis for treatment, students/dentists must perceive their technical limits. This study sought to investigate the referrals of patients to the ESC from different clinics of the Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas - SP, Brazil, and check: a) the demographic profile of patients and the most commonly affected tooth; b) the clinic with the largest number of referrals; c) the reasons for referrals; d) the complexity of the cases; e) and the difficulty in assessing the referred cases based on the classification provided by the American Association of Endodontists (AAE) and Souza-Filho. The study sample consisted of patients' electronic dental referral records from February 2015 to June 2019. A total of 1,707 patients were referred to the ESC during the study period, and 62.4% were female. Lower molars were the most frequently involved teeth (34.8%), and 60.7% of the cases were referred due to the presence of root curvature. The AAE classification showed prevalence of highly difficult cases (71.3%), whereas Souza-Filho classification demonstrated a high rate of class III cases (85.8%). This study highlights the difficulties encountered by undergraduate students before or during endodontic treatments, reinforcing the need for clear criteria for selecting cases appropriate for each education level, thus improving endodontic treatment prognosis.

Vitamin D Status and its Correlation with Section Carotid Intima-media Thickness amongst Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients: A Hospital-based Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: There is rising concern about vitamin D deficiency around the globe due to its increasing association with multiple medical disorders. Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is an established risk factor for atherosclerotic disorders, and Carotid Artery IntimaMedia Thickness (CIMT) is considered a radiological marker of subclinical atherosclerosis. Aim: To find a correlation between serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25-(OH)-D) levels and CIMT among patients with DM. Materials and Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted, including 100 adult patients with Type 2 DM who were admitted to the Department of Medicine at SCB Medical College and Hospital in Cuttack, Odisha, India from October 2020 to September 2021. Vitamin D deficiency was defined as serum 25-(OH)-D levels &lt;20 ng/mL, and insufficiency as &lt;30 ng/mL. The demographic profile of patients, family history of Type 2 DM, smoking history, blood pressure, haemogram, blood sugar, serum electrolytes, and lipid profile were studied. CIMT of the bilateral Common Carotid Artery (CCA) was measured by B-mode ultrasonography. CIMT values ≥ 0.8 mm were considered abnormal. Data were analysed using appropriate statistical tests in Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26.0. Results: The present study included 55% males (n=55) and 45% females (n=45). The average age of the patients was 60 ±10 years, ranging from 26-75 years. Vitamin D deficiency was highly prevalent among patients with Type 2 DM (73% deficient, 12.5 ng/mL; 21% insufficient, 24.7 ng/mL). Vitamin D deficiency/ insufficiency was higher among male participants (57.5%, 62%) compared to females (42.4%, 38%). Vitamin D levels were significantly associated with dyslipidemia. Mean CIMT among the vitamin D deficiency versus insufficiency versus normal group were 0.87 versus 0.87 versus 0.7 mm on the right Common Carotid Artery (CCA), and 0.95 versus 0.86 versus 0.75 mm on the left CCA, respectively. Significant negative correlations were observed for HbA1c (r=-0.025), Triglycerides (r=-0.274), right CIMT (r=-0.284), and left CIMT (r=-0.264) with serum 25-(OH)-D levels. Conclusion: The majority of patients with Type 2 DM have concurrent vitamin D deficiency. A significant inverse linear association between serum vitamin D levels and CIMT was observed, indicating the association of vitamin D deficiency with subclinical atherosclerosis. Although unproven in the present study, the role of vitamin D supplementation in the improvement of atherosclerosis remains unclear.

Characteristics and Outcomes of Abortion Cases at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Bangladesh

Introduction: Abortion is a critical public health issue, particularly in developing countries like Bangladesh, where access to safe abortion services is often limited. This study aimed to analyze the characteristics and outcomes of abortion cases in a tertiary-level hospital setting, providing insights into the demographic profile of patients, nature and type of abortions, treatment methods, and post-abortion complications. Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted at the department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Uttara Adhunik Medical College and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh, from June 2022 to July 2023. A total of 100 patients were consecutively sampled based on specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were collected through patient medical records and interviews, focusing on demographic information, details of the abortion, and subsequent outcomes. Result: The majority of patients were in the 26-30 age group (42%), with 58% being primigravida. Most abortions occurred in the early stages of pregnancy (&lt;13 weeks, 75%). Incomplete abortions were the most common type (83%), and the majority of cases were spontaneous (84%). Surgical intervention (D&amp;C) was the predominant treatment method (83%). While most patients (84%) did not experience complications, a minority faced significant health challenges, including shock (5%) and septicemia (3%). Conclusion: The study highlights a high incidence of incomplete abortions and a preference for surgical treatment in abortion cases at the tertiary hospital level in Bangladesh. These findings underscore the need for improved abortion care, enhanced patient education, and better access to comprehensive abortion services. The study's insights are crucial for informing policy and practice to improve reproductive health services and address the challenges of unsafe abortion practices in Bangladesh.

Clinical and Demographic Profile of Patients with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis in a Tertiary Care Center in Mumbai, Western India

Abstract Background: Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) is the most common cause of chronic rheumatic disease affecting children younger than 16 years of age and lasting six weeks or longer. It causes both short-term and long-term disability. There are very few epidemiological studies from western India on JIA. The objectives of this study were to identify the clinical and demographic profile of JIA patients and compare to existing epidemiological data. Material and Methods: It was a retrospective observational study carried out at BJ Wadia Hospital for children in Mumbai, over a period of 30 months. The analysis of their clinical, demographic and treatment profile was done. Results: We had a total of 61 cases, 31 were male and 30 female. Maximum cases were of SoJIA and ERA (n=18 in each, 29.5%), followed by polyarticular JIA (n=16, 26.2%) and oligoarticular JIA (n=8, 13.1%). Knee (75.4%) was the commonest joint involved. Two patients had uveitis (one with chronic and other with acute anterior uveitis). The mean ESR was 72mm and CRP 45.87mg/dL. ANA was positive in 7 patients, whereas RF in 3 patients. There was a mean 6 months delay in their diagnosis, maximum being in polyarticular JIA with 11 months dealy. All patient were treated with NSAIDs (naproxen or indomathacin). cDmards were given for treatment - either methotrexate or sulfasalzine. Twelve were given biologicals DMARDs. Conclusion: SoJIA and ERA followed by polyarticular JIA were most common subtypes of JIA in our study. Uveitis and ANA positivity were rare findings in our subset of children.

Demographic Profile of Patients with Dengue Fever Presented in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Bangladesh

Background: Dengue is an important tropical infection caused by an arbovirus having four serotypes (DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, DENV-4) transmitted through the bite of infected female Aedes mosquito. Dengue is a challenging disease with multisystemic, varied, atypical, and sometimes life-threatening presentations. It presents as varied clinical spectrum of dengue fever (DF), dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), dengue shock syndrome (DSS) and expanded dengue syndrome (EDS) with atypical presentations, thus posing a diagnostic dilemma. Each year, thousands of dengue infections are reported and there are several outbreaks of dengue in several countries including Bangladesh and this imply the global importance of this infection. The objectives of this study was to determine the sociodemographic variables of patient suffering from DF during an epidemic outbreak. Methods: This hospital review analyzed the hospital records of DF cases of BIRDEM General Hospital, Dhaka from June 2019 to December 2019. Patients with suspected dengue fever attending at the outdoor/emergency or admitted indoor were taken as study subjects. Data were collected from hospital records. Study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board. All the relevant data regarding history and examination findings of the patients, the laboratory reports were collected. Statistical package for social science (SPSS) version 22, was used for data entry and statistical analysis. Results: Total 292 dengue patients were enrolled in this study. Mean age of all patient was 35.63±15.22 years (11-85 year) with male predominance (54.8%). Maximum patients were from urban residence (83.9%), non-smoker (73.6%), had active lifestyle (63.4%) and normal body mass index (68.5%). Overall, 65.1% patients had no comorbidity and 89.4% had no concurrent acute illness. Conclusion: Although the results of this study cannot be generalized to other cities of Bangladesh, our findings will allow public health agencies in Bangladesh to concentrate their efforts to battle against dengue. J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2023; 41: 63-68

Demographic predictors of central sensitization in patients of knee osteoarthritis

Context: Evidence suggests that central sensitization (CS) may contribute to pain in osteoarthritis (OA) knee patients, which cannot be treated by locally directed treatment strategies. Aims: The aim of this study was to examine differences in demographic profile of patients with and without central sensitization in osteoarthritis knee. Settings and Design: Observational cross-sectional study at tertiary care hospital. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, VMMC and Safdarjung Hospital in 345 OA knee patients. Demographic profiles including age, gender, education, occupations, type of family, marital and socioeconomic status and central sensitization were assessed. The association between CS and various demographic parameters was investigated. Statistical Analysis Used: Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software, IBM manufacturer, Chicago, USA, version 21.0. For statistical significance, P value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Ninety out of 345 (26%) of study subjects had CS; out of which 96% were females. Younger homemaker and those with unskilled/semiskilled type of job had higher chances of having CS in comparison with those with skilled and professional job (P &lt; .001). Conclusions: Elicitation of specific demographic factors that can predict CS in people with knee OA may help in early identification and management of CS in OA knee patients.

Demographic Profile of Patients with Stage-IV Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Single Center Study in Bangladesh

Demographic Profile of Patients with Stage-IV Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Single Center Study in Bangladesh

Fetomaternal Outcome of Obstructed Labor in a Tertiary Care Centre

INTRODUCTION Obstructed labor is the leading cause of hospitalization. It is a preventable obstetric complcation. However, it is a major cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. The main objective of the study was to find feto-maternal outcome in obstructed labor at tertiary care hospital UCMS-TH, Bhairahawa. MATERIAL AND METHODS Eighty seven women admitted with features of obstructed labor at our hospital were studied. By clinical examination, diagnosis of cephalopelvic disproportion, malpresentation, malposition, obstruction in birth canal, overdistended bladder, hematuria, rupture uterus and supermoulding of fetal head was detected. Demographic profile of patients, mode of delivery, time interval between referral and admission, intervention done, intrapartum and postpartum complications, maternal and fetal outcome were evaluated. RESULTS There were 87 cases of obstructed labor among 1655 total deliveries. Most common cause for obstructed labor was cephalopelvic disproportion (34.4%) followed by malpresentation (19.5%) and non progress of labor (17.2%). Majority of the patients were primigravida (43.6%) followed by multiparous (35.6%) and grand multipara (20.6%). Most of cases were unbooked and referral from primary health centers (80.4%). PPH (41.2%), extension of uterine incision (17.4%), followed by sepsis, pyrexia and uterine rupture were common complications. Perinatal morbidity due to obstructed labour requiring NICU admission was (33.9%) and perinatal mortality was (21.7%) mainly due to meconium aspiration, respiratory distress and septicemia. CONCLUSION Cephalopelvic disproportion and primigravida were the commonest cause of obstructed labour and associated with PPH, extension of uterine incision, uterine rupture, sepsis and neonatal ICU admission and even neonatal death.

Demographic profile of patient with acute watery diarrhea during monsoon 2022: Patan Hospital, Nepal

Introduction: Diarrhea is the passage of three or more loose or liquid stools per day or more. Acute watery diarrhea is a major public health problem worldwide. In Nepal, diarrhea is among the top 10 inpatient morbidity. This study’s objective is to monitor demographic characteristics and laboratory findings of stool specimens of diarrhea. Method: This is a cross-sectional descriptive study done at Patan Hospital. Ethical approval was taken from the Ethical committee. Data for Monsoon 2022 (June to September 2022) were collected from the Patan Hospital record system. Cases from within the Lalitpur district were included. Result: Out of 119 cases, 50(42%) were male and 69(58%) were female. The mean age±SD was 33.28±25.38 (p=0.083) with maximum cases observed during June and a peak observed during the fourth week of June. Out of 119, 4(3.3%) were stool culture positive. Two cases of Vibrio cholera, one case of Shigella sonnei, and one case of Salmonella parathypi B were isolated. In the etiological profile, 14 Entamoeba histolytica were isolated. Conclusion: During the outbreak of diarrhea in Monsoon 2022, adults were affected most. The culture of acute watery diarrhea showed two cases of Vibrio cholera.

Prevalence and incidence of alcohol dependence: cross-sectional primary care analysis in Liverpool, UK

ObjectivesLiverpool has high prevalence of alcohol use disorders (AUDs) compared with the rest of the UK. Early identification and referral in primary care would improve treatment for people with AUD....

A prospective observational study of demographic profile in patients of amoebic and pyogenic liver abscesses in a tertiary care hospital

Background: Liver abscesses, both amoebic and pyogenic, continue to be an important cause of morbidity and mortality in tropical countries. Pyogenic liver abscess is a serious, life-threatening condition with a high mortality rate that represents a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. In India, due to poor sanitary condition and a lower socioeconomic status, amoebiasis is endemic and amoebic liver abscess accounts for 3-9% of all cases of amoebiasis. Aim and objectives of current study was to study demographic profile in patients of amoebic and pyogenic liver abscesses. Methods: A detailed history was taken from each of these patients and all of them were subjected to a through clinical examination. Results: The highest incidence occurred in the age group 31-50 years; males were more commonly affected than females. Fever and pain abdomen were the most consistently occurring symptoms. All the patients with liver abscess had abdominal tenderness. 17 patients (74%) with liver abscess were alcoholics. 8 patients (80%) with amoebic liver abscess were alcoholic as compared to 9 patients (69%) in pyogenic liver abscess. Conclusions: Pyogenic organisms were most common cause of liver abscess.

Urinary Neutrophil Gelatinase Associated Lipocalin: A Novel Biomarker Determining Steroid Responsiveness in Nephrotic Syndrome.

Urinary Neutrophil Gelatinase Associated Lipocalin (uNGAL) has been demonstrated to be a powerful marker of progression in chronic kidney disease. The present study was done to find out the ability of uNGAL as a biomarker to differentiate steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome (SSNS), steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome (SDNS), and steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) from each other. The cross-sectional study included 45 patients with Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome (INS) (15 each of SSNS, SDNS, and SRNS). uNGAL was measured by ELISA. Demographic profile of patients with INS, lab parameters including Serum albumin, cholesterol, urinary albumin, creatinine, etc., were estimated using standard laboratory methods. Various statistical methods were used to assay the usefulness of NGAL as a diagnostic marker. Among the three groups, the median value of uNGAL was 8.68 ng/ml in SSNS, higher in SDNS (32.8 ng/ml), and highest in the SRNS group (50 ng/ml). The receiver operating curve (ROC) was generated for uNGAL to differentiate between SDNS and SSNS. Cut-off 13.26 ng/ml had a sensitivity of 86.7% and specificity of 97.4%, PPV 92.9%, and NPV 87.5 % with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.958. Another ROC was generated for uNGAL to differentiate between SRNS and SDNS, and cut-off 40.02 ng/ml had a sensitivity of 80% and specificity of 86.7% with an AUC of 0.907. A similar result was observed when ROC was generated to differentiate SRNS from SSNS and SDNS combined. uNGAL can distinguish between SSNS, SDNS, and SRNS.