Demographic Processes Research Articles

Genetic and linguistic comparisons reveal complex sex-biased transmission of language features

The history of people’s movements and interactions shapes both genetic and linguistic variation. Genes and languages are transmitted separately and their distributions reflect different aspects of human history, but some demographic processes can cause them to be similarly distributed. In particular, forms of societal organization, including movements in and out of a community, may have shaped the transmission of both genes and languages. If children were more likely to learn their mother’s language than their father’s when their parents were from populations that spoke different languages or dialects, then language variation might show a closer association with maternally transmitted genetic markers than autosomal ones; this association could be further reinforced if children reside with predominantly maternal kin. We analyze the worldwide relationship between linguistic and genomic variation, leveraging the sex-biased transmission of X chromosomes to assess whether language has tended to be preferentially transmitted along the male or female line. In addition, we measure the effects of postmarital residence with female kin, matrilineal descent, and endogamy on the covariation of mitochondrial DNA and languages, using mtDNA because genomic data were available for very few populations with these ethnographic traits. We find that while there is little evidence for a consistent or widespread sex bias in the transmission of language, such biased transmission may have occurred locally in several parts of the world and might have been influenced by population-level ethnographic characteristics, such as female-based descent or residence patterns. Our results highlight the complex relationships between genes, language, ethnography, and geography.

Ecology and life history predict avian nest success in the global tropics

Nest predation rates critically influence avian biodiversity and evolution. In the north temperate zone, increased nest failure along edges of forest fragments is hypothesized to play a major role in the disappearance of bird species from disturbed landscapes. However, we lack comprehensive syntheses from tropical latitudes, where biodiversity is highest and increasingly threatened by habitat fragmentation and disturbance. We assembled data from five decades of field studies across the global tropics (1,112 populations of 661 species) and used phylogenetic models to evaluate proposed predictors of nest success. We found significant effects of several traits, including adult body mass and nest architecture. Contrary to results from many temperate locations, anthropogenic habitat disruption did not consistently reduce nest success; in fact, raw nest success rates were lower in large tracts of primary forest than in disturbed or fragmented landscapes. Follow-up analyses within species, using a subset of 76 species for which we had estimates of nest survival in habitats with different levels of disruption, confirmed that neither disturbance nor fragmentation significantly influenced nest success. These results suggest that nest predation alone cannot explain observed declines in avian biodiversity in tropical forest fragments, raising new questions about the demographic processes that drive extinction in the tropics.

Regional variation in growth and survival responses to atmospheric nitrogen and sulfur deposition for 140 tree species across the United States

Atmospheric deposition of nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) alter tree demographic processes via changes in nutrient pools, soil acidification, and biotic interactions. Previous work established tree growth and survival response to atmospheric N and S deposition in the conterminous United States (CONUS) data by species; however, it was not possible to evaluate regional variation in response using that approach. In this study, we develop species- and region-specific relationships for growth and survival responses to N and S deposition for roughly 140 species within spatially demarcated regions of the U.S. We calculated responses to N and S deposition separately for 11 United States Forest Service (USFS) Divisions resulting in a total of 241 and 268 species × Division combinations for growth and survival, respectively. We then assigned these relationships into broad categories of vulnerability and used ordinal logistic regressions to explore the covariates associated with vulnerability in growth and survival to N and S deposition. As with earlier studies, we found growth and survival responses to air pollution differed by species; but new to this study, we found 45%−70% of species responses also varied spatially across regions. The regional variation in species responses was not simply related to atmospheric N and S deposition, but was also associated with regional effects from precipitation, soil pH, mycorrhizal association, and deciduousness. A large amount of the variance remained unexplained (total variation explained ranged from 6.8%−13.8%), suggesting that these or additional factors may operate at finer spatial scales. Taken together, our results demonstrate that regional variation in tree species' response has significant implications for setting critical load targets, as critical loads can now be tailored for specific species at management-relevant scales.

Habitat Association Predicts Population Connectivity and Persistence in Flightless Beetles: A Population Genomics Approach Within a Dynamic Archipelago.

Habitat association has been proposed to affect evolutionary dynamics through its control on dispersal propensity, which is considered a key trait for lineage survival in habitats of low durational stability. The Habitat Constraint hypothesis predicts different micro- and macroevolutionary patterns for stable versus dynamic habitat specialists, but the empirical evidence remains controversial and in insects mostly derives from winged lineages. We here use genome-wide SNP data to assess the effect of habitat association on the population dynamics of two closely related flightless lineages of the genus Eutagenia (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), which are co-distributed across the Cyclades islands in the Eastern Mediterranean but are associated with habitat types of different presumed stability: the psammophilous lineage is associated with dynamic sandy coastal habitats, while the geophilous lineage is associated with comparatively stable compact soil habitats. Our comparative population genomic and demographic analyses support higher inter-island gene flow in the psammophilous lineage, presumably due to the physical properties of dynamic sand-dune habitats that promote passive dispersal. We also find consistent bottlenecks in the psammophilous demes, suggesting that lineage evolution in the dynamic habitat is punctuated by local extinction and recolonisation events. The inferred demographic processes are surprisingly uniform among psammophilous demes, but vary considerably among geophilous demes depending on historical island connectivity, indicating more stringent constraints on the dynamic habitat lineage. This study extends the Habitat Constraint hypothesis by demonstrating that selection on dispersal traits is not the only mechanism that can drive consistent differences in evolutionary dynamics between stable versus dynamic habitat specialists.

Development and inequality: A long‐run view

AbstractWe provide a comprehensive review of the literature on the drivers of long‐run development and inequality, and new datasets for their study. Three distinct elements emerge in the 10 articles of this special issue that broadly characterize the field. First, development should be understood from a multidimensional perspective and when considering long‐run patterns a wide array of indicators must be used, ranging from material living standards to health, education, and gender. Second, the construction of widely used development metrics has to be critically reviewed to arrive at more accurate narratives of how the world developed. Third, the drivers of development and global inequalities are best analyzed and understood from a long‐term perspective. Some sweeping trends with major consequences for countries and regions alike took many years to unfold, such as the emergence of the modern state, or the implementation of large‐scale education reforms. In sum, this special issue shows that global inequalities are the result of long‐term persistent forces that have operated through periods of decades (and centuries), involving institutional change, demographic processes, and cultural persistence (among others). A better understanding of patterns and explanatory factors of development over the long term is key to tackle current‐day challenges for development and inequality.

Contemporary Demographic and Economic Processes in Russia: A Statistical Analysis of Their Interaction

The article analyses the relationships between economic and demographic processes in contemporary Russia.Using index analysis, the author concluded that, in 2006–2018, a decline in the working-age population would have reduced, ceteris paribus, almost one-third of the GDP growth rate if the negative impact of this factor had not been fully compensated by an increase in the employment rate of the working-age population during this period. Growth of fertility in 2007–2015 would have led, if the influence of the situation on the labor market was eliminated, to a decrease in the number of employees by 1.2% (caused by the decline in female labor force participation rate), while fertility decrease after 2015 would have led to an increase in this number by 0.4%. Based on this estimation, it was concluded that the changes in fertility can, in the short term, have any significant impact on employment only in those types of economic activity in which the women of reproductive age make up the overwhelming majority of the employees.It has been suggested that the accumulation of socio-psychological prerequisites for a decline in fertility has led the demographic system, both in Western countries and in Russia, into a state of unstable equilibrium. The global financial crises of 2008–2009 and the 2014–2015 financial crisis in Russia upset this equilibrium and launched a mechanism for fertility decline. It is argued that in the period under consideration, the Russian economy adapted to the turbulence of the external environment more successfully than the demographic sphere

Roma mothers of infant children in the health system - a qualitative study

Abstract Background The Roma in Bulgaria constitute the third largest group - 4% of the population. Data on demographic processes by ethnicity are scarce. A national survey in 2003 found significant differences in infant mortality - 9.9‰ for Bulgarian, 18‰ for Turkish, and 28‰ for Roma infants. Poverty among Roma children, risk of poor education, especially for girls, barriers to accessing health services remain high. We aim to reveal the cultural specificity in prenatal behavior and infant care among Roma mothers in the context of the role of the Bulgarian health service. Methods In-depth interviews with Roma mothers of infants up to 1 year were utilized for data collection. To ensure heterogeneity among the interviewees, several “nests” with varying socio-cultural status in the Varna district were identified in advance for participants recruitment. A list of interview themes concerning respondents’ relationships with the public health system with an emphasis on the experiences of mothers was drawn up. Results Ten interviews with mothers having between 1 and 7 children were conducted in 2023. The mothers recounted discriminatory experiences during their interactions with certain health facilities (maternity wards), which act as barriers to accessing and utilizing health services. Maternity and infant counselling services are highly esteemed with favorable influence on child health outcomes. There has been a positive shift away from early marriage and childbirth towards prioritizing education for Roma girls. Mothers prioritize their children, and there is no neglect in their care. Family relations and support are being upgraded, with Roma fathers becoming involved in child care. Respondents express their educational needs and hopes for community-based support to better cope with their roles as mothers. Conclusions Ethno-cultural factors shaping the mother’s role maintain traditional family support, while also reflecting significant modernization that needs societal support. Key messages • A glimpse into people’s experiences of the healthcare system - a clue to its effectiveness. • Тhe ethno-cultural factors in Roma are subject to modernization.

Население Черноморского округа 70-х гг. XIX в.: состояние и структура, влияние Русско-турецкой войны 1877–1878 гг.

In this article, the author examines the society of the Black Sea District during the 1870s of the XIX century. Within the context of colonization processes and the impact of military actions during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878, issues pertaining to the formation of administrative and territorial boundaries, as well as the state and structure of the population in both the pre-war and post-war periods, are discussed. The author presents data regarding the ethnic and religious composition of the population, highlighting its growth from the end of 1872 to the beginning of 1883, and comes to the conclusion that the war had a detrimental effect on demographic processes. The main sources of this study include published official statistical data, normative legal acts, and newspaper publications from “Kavkaz” and “Moscow Vedomosti”, alongside personal materials such as memoirs and analytical works by Arseniy Vasilyevich Vereshchagin, an active participant in the development of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus during the 1870s.

Demographic History and Adaptive Evolution of Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) in Western Australia.

Demographic processes can substantially affect a species' response to changing ecological conditions, necessitating the combined consideration of genetic responses to environmental variables and neutral genetic variation. Using a seascape genomics approach combined with population demographic modelling, we explored the interplay of demographic and environmental factors that shaped the current population structure in Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) along the Western Australian coastline. We combined large-scale environmental data gathered via remote sensing with RADseq genomic data from 133 individuals at 19 sampling sites. Using population genetic and outlier detection analyses, we identified three distinct genetic clusters, coinciding with tropical, subtropical and temperate provincial bioregions. In contrast to previous studies, our demographic models indicated that populations occupying the paleo-shoreline split into two demographically independent lineages before the last glacial maximum (LGM). A subsequent split after the LGM 12-15 kya gave rise to the Shark Bay population, thereby creating the three currently observed clusters. Although multi-locus heterozygosity declined from north to south, dolphins from the southernmost cluster inhabiting temperate waters had higher heterozygosity in potentially adaptive loci compared to dolphins from subtropical and tropical waters. These findings suggest ongoing adaptation to cold-temperate waters in the southernmost cluster, possibly linked to distinct selective pressures between the different bioregions. Our study demonstrated that in the marine realm, without apparent physical boundaries, only a combined approach can fully elucidate the intricate environmental and genetic interactions shaping the evolutionary trajectory of marine mammals.

ВОЗРАСТНАЯ СТРУКТУРА Г. ДИВНОГОРСКА В 1959–1989 ГГ.

This article is devoted to the analysis of the evolution of the age composition of the young small town of Divnogorsk in the period from 1959 to 1989. The study is based on data from the All-Union population censuses, which makes it possible to compare the age structures of this city with the average values of other cities in the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the RSFSR as a whole. Special attention is paid to the impact of these changes on the demographic landscape of the region, which contributes to a deeper understanding of population dynamics and the development of demographic process management to ensure sustainable socio-demographic development. The analysis of the materials showed and confirmed that Divnogorsk was indeed a young city in the first decades of its existence, the average age and the proportion of the elderly population were lower than in the RSFSR and the cities of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. At the same time, the proportion of children and the working-age population is higher.

Legal Aspects of Demographic Policy in the Russian Empire

The paper provides a legal analysis of demographic processes in Russia in a retrospective aspect during the pre-revolutionary period. The solution of demographic problems in the Russian Federation at the present stage is possible only taking into account the historical and legal experience of state legal regulation of public relations in the demographic sphere, including in the Russian Empire, taking into account positive historical and legal traditions. It should be borne in mind that demographic processes influence the possibility of making and implementing management decisions at the national and regional levels. State legal demographic policy is an integral part of the legal policy of the state as a whole. The paper examines the stages of the formation of demographic policy in the Russian Empire, its place, role, and goals. The author defines demographic processes, demographic policy, and its modern representation in the norms of law. The paper describes correlation between social policy and demographic policy of the State. The importance of the development and State support of demographic policy in particular and social policy in general is determined. The author analyzed several laws of the Russian Empire adopted from the 18th to the 20th centuries, determined features of demographic and social policy. The author takes into account statistical data of the 1897 census that became the first general census of the population, which determines the quantitative and qualitative composition of the population of the Russian Empire. The paper investigates major reforms in labor relations, health care, pension reforms.

Tracking tree demography and forest dynamics at scale using remote sensing.

Capturing how tree growth and survival vary through space and time is critical to understanding the structure and dynamics of tree-dominated ecosystems. However, characterising demographic processes at scale is inherently challenging, as trees are slow-growing, long-lived and cover vast expanses of land. We used repeat airborne laser scanning data acquired across 25 km2 of semi-arid, old-growth temperate woodland in Western Australia to track the height growth, crown expansion and mortality of 42 213 individual trees over 9 yr. We found that demographic rates are constrained by a combination of tree size, competition and topography. After initially investing in height growth, trees progressively shifted to crown expansion as they grew larger, while mortality risk decreased considerably with size. Across the landscape, both tree growth and survival increased with topographic wetness, resulting in vegetation patterns that are strongly spatially structured. Moreover, biomass gains from woody growth generally outpaced losses from mortality, suggesting these old-growth woodlands remain a net carbon sink in the absence of wildfires. Our study sheds new light on the processes that shape the dynamics and spatial structure of semi-arid woody ecosystems and provides a roadmap for using emerging remote sensing technologies to track tree demography at scale.

Modern legal problems of human health protection: from complex approaches to practical solutions

The article analyzes the state of social relations on the protection of human health by means of environmental and legal regulation as an important direction of the state environmental policy and policy in the field of health protection, the development of legal practice, the identification of shortcomings and gaps in the current legislation, as well as making proposals for its improvement in view of international legal and European approaches to the regulation of the specified relations. Obtaining ecologically significant information about the state of human health, carrying out other investigations within the framework of the study of its determinants will contribute to the development of the mechanism of legal regulation of relevant relations in Ukraine. The subject of the research is the provisions of environmental and other branches of legislation, as well as scientific-theoretical and practical ideas, views and approaches to solving legal problems of protecting human health and environmental protection, ensuring ecological, food, nutritional safety, developing the methodology of conducting scientific research in environmental and legal and other areas. The object of the research is social, environmental and other legal relations that arise in today’s conditions under the influence of military threats and the requirements of martial law, as well as social and legal prerequisites for the formation and development of determinants of health through the prism of the legal, in particular, environmental and legal mechanism. The effectiveness of environmental law is largely determined by the implementation of the main and most important goal - the direct protection of a person and his right to life and health in general. The global community’s fight against excessive environmental pollution, the development of rational use of natural resources, care for people and all of humanity are fundamental vectors of the development of international cooperation. In most of the developed countries of the world, solving the problem of ensuring environmental safety is assigned to the competence of specially created government institutions, which determine the appropriate directions of international cooperation, vectors of development. It is necessary to make it impossible to ignore the natural-scientific paradigm, according to which the environment that affects the human body is not only nature, but also everything that is outside the body. The attention of scientists should not be limited to the analysis of the consequences of a polluted environment, but should also be directed to the study and forecasting of changes in the environment that surrounds a person, the conditions of human existence and their impact on the health of a person as a biosocial being. The range of these changes is very wide - from innovations in the structure of nutrition to transformations of culture and ethics, development of legal culture, healthy lifestyle at the social and individual levels. Human health should be considered as a complex socio­economic, ecological and hygienic indicator that integrates demographic, social and biological processes characteristic of human society, reflects the level of its economic and cultural development, the state of medical care, bears the imprint of historical and ethnographic traditions and natural and climatic changes. Along with the culture of work, life, thinking, behavior, communication, adaptive culture, today it is proposed to highlight the culture of health, which in fact determines the further development of all types of cultures and should become a prerequisite for the formation of a person as a complete individual, covering all aspects of life. Preserving the health of the nation is a social necessity today. The process of forming an ecological culture through a system of educational activity measures, in addition to direct ecological culture, also covers the formation of a culture of a healthy lifestyle, hygienic skills, a caring attitude towards the environment, etc. It is equally important to ensure a balanced and safe diet for the entire population. Considering the complexity of the specified problem, it is necessary to involve specialists of various specialties in this work. The set tasks actualize the issue of researching the content of the concept of «human health» defined by the Law of Ukraine «On the Public Health System». The term «ecological determinants of health» as the level of pollution of the natural environment (locality) where a person lives: the level of pollution of surface and underground water, land plots, atmospheric air, etc., needs legislative consolidation.

Unveiling the Genome-Wide Consequences of Range Expansion and Mating System Transitions in Primula vulgaris.

Genetic diversity is heterogeneously distributed among populations of the same species, due to the joint effects of multiple demographic processes, including range contractions and expansions, and mating systems shifts. Here, we ask how both processes shape genomic diversity in space and time in the classical Primula vulgaris model. This perennial herb originated in the Caucasus region and was hypothesized to have expanded westward following glacial retreat in the Quaternary. Moreover, this species is a long-standing model for mating system transitions, exemplified by shifts from heterostyly to homostyly. Leveraging a high-quality reference genome of the closely related Primula veris and whole-genome resequencing data from both heterostylous and homostylous individuals from populations encompassing a wide distribution of P. vulgaris, we reconstructed the demographic history of P. vulgaris. Results are compatible with the previously proposed hypothesis of range expansion from the Caucasus region approximately 79,000 years ago and suggest later shifts to homostyly following rather than preceding postglacial colonization of England. Furthermore, in accordance with population genetic theoretical predictions, both processes are associated with reduced genetic diversity, increased linkage disequilibrium, and reduced efficacy of purifying selection. A novel result concerns the contrasting effects of range expansion versus shift to homostyly on transposable elements, for the former, process is associated with changes in transposable element genomic content, while the latter is not. Jointly, our results elucidate how the interactions among range expansion, transitions to selfing, and Quaternary climatic oscillations shape plant evolution.

DEMOGRAPHIC AGING TRENDS IN EU COUNTRIES AND UKRAINE

The article provides an analysis of trends in the development of the demographic aging process in the countries of the European Union and Ukraine based on the calculation of values of demographic aging (aging coefficient, aging index, demographic burden due to the elderly, age of values aging). The obtained data allow us to draw a conclusion about the convergence of most values of population aging in the EU as a whole, as well as to identify several groups of countries with the same aging values and demographic trends. As a result of the study, the authors identified 5 groups of countries that demonstrate: 1) the highest of aging and population aging rates; 2) the average values of the index and the aging coefficient, however, show high rates of growth of the aging population and demographic burden; 3) average values of aging, but reduced growth rates of the aging population; 4) average values of aging; 5) the lowest rates and values of population aging. The authors forecast changes in the age structure of the population in the EU until 2100, which showed that in the future the share of people aged 65+ will only increase, and this will require certain changes in the social life and economy of the countries of the studied region. The demographic situation that has developed in the studied region requires constant monitoring and accounting in strategic planning at all levels, as well as improvement of the social policy of the EU countries regarding the elderly.

Regional Complexes of Oncorhynchus nerka (Salmonidae) from the Eastern Coast of Kamchatka and Chukotka: Delineation, Genetic Diversity, Origin, Adaptive and Demographic Processes

Regional Complexes of Oncorhynchus nerka (Salmonidae) from the Eastern Coast of Kamchatka and Chukotka: Delineation, Genetic Diversity, Origin, Adaptive and Demographic Processes

Sex-Based Differences in Multilocus Heterozygosity in Wild Boar from Spain

Wild boar (Sus scrofa) populations are increasing worldwide, leading to health, economic and conservation issues. Assessing genetic structure and diversity can aid in the effective monitoring and management of wild boar populations. Processes related to sexual selection and behavioral differences between sexes support the importance of considering sex in measuring genetic diversity. In this study, we investigated the genetic diversity of wild boar in southwestern Spain by comparing multilocus heterozygosity (MLH) in males and females. We collected tissue samples from 142 culled individuals and 146 fetuses during routine hunting activities and used 16 microsatellite markers to quantify MLH. Paternity analyses were conducted to infer the genotypes of reproductive males. Our results indicated that the sampled individuals constituted a unique polygynandrous population without clear genetic structure. We found that males tended to exhibit lower MLH than females, with reproductive males showing significantly lower MLH than females. We discuss the selection and demographic processes that might explain our results. We highlight the importance of sex-balanced culling for population control, as well as the use of sex-balanced samples for monitoring genetic diversities.

Geopolitical Aspects of Demographic Processes: Development of Scientific Ideas of L. L. Rybakovsky

Demographic processes play a key role in the formation of the geopolitical picture of the world. Population size, its age structure, growth rates and migration flows have a significant impact on the economic power of states, their military potential and their ability to project power in the international arena. This article examines contemporary and historical views on the significance of demographic factors in the geopolitical competition of countries and the measurement of a state's national power. The study covers both contemporary and historical aspects of the issue. The paper provides a systematic review of the evolution of scientific views on the significance of demographic factors in the geopolitical context. Particular attention is paid to modern methodological approaches to measuring the national power of a state considering demographic indicators. The article offers a critical analysis of existing models for assessing geopolitical influence based on demographic factors and considers their applicability in the context of global demographic transformations. The study also addresses topical issues of the impact of demographic trends on the geopolitical strategies of states in the 21st century, including the problems of population aging, migration processes and demographic imbalances between developed and developing countries. Special attention is paid to the analysis of geopolitical aspects of demographic processes in the works of the outstanding Russian demographer L.L.Rybakovsky. The paper considers the key concepts of the scientist, including demographic security, the geopolitical significance of migration processes, the relationship between demography and spatial development of Russia, as well as the role of demographic policy as an instrument of geopolitical influence.

Kazakhstani village: the need for radical transformation

Purpose - the tendencies of development of rural areas of Kazakhstan are shown. Methods - economic analysis, statistical methods were used in analyzing the data on the number of rural population in dynamics, graphical - for structuring the information and its visual presentation. Results - the article outlines the current trends and prospects of rural settlements (RS) of the republic, considers demographic processes, economic factors, migration flows. Special attention is paid to the state support initiatives aimed at improving the living standards of rural residents. The authors highlight the stages of building up the resources of rural areas of the country in the context of the implementation of state programs, each of which has specific goals and objectives aimed at improving the lives of rural residents, reducing their outflow from rural to urban areas caused by limited employment opportunities, low standard of living, insufficient access to quality services: education, health care. It is noted that in 20 regions of Kazakhstan adapted and implemented the program "One Village - One Product" (OVOP), focused on the production of the most promising products with high market potential, the creation of sustainable value chains of agricultural products for agricultural enterprises and farmers, promoting saturation of the domestic market with high-quality competitive food products. Conclusions - solving the problems of strengthening rural areas is in direct dependence on the effective policy of the state in the sphere of agro-industrial complex. Currently, emphasis is placed on the future of the Kazakhstani village, its modern infrastructure. Organizational, managerial and economic approaches, digitalization in agriculture allows to accelerate the pace of integrated socio-economic development of RS, increase the income of the rural population, stabilize the demographic situation and increase the investment attractiveness of territories.

Evaluating Current Demographic Challenges in Ukraine due to the Forced Migration of Economically Active Citizens

The relevance of the research topic is driven by the increasing risks to demographic development due to the war in Ukraine and the outflow of the economically active population. The article outlines the importance of demographic processes for the country’s economic stability and social development. The research aims to analyse the impact of migration flows on Ukraine’s demographic situation and develop proposals for improving demographics. The methodology includes the analysis of the current state of demographics, migration processes, development scenarios, and possible measures to ensure development stability. The research results reveal the problems of demographic development through the geographical diversification of the economically active population. An essential area of the study in the article is the analysis of the impact of forced migration on the labour market, social structure, and economic development of Ukraine. The practical significance involves the development of recommendations for state policy regarding supporting demographic development during the war and the post-war period. The article aims to evaluate measures to stimulate the return of migrants, support birth rates, and improve social infrastructure. The analysis results may help develop strategic plans to restore Ukraine’s demographic potential. Measures to strengthen demographic stability and their possible implementation are presented in the face of current challenges. Further directions for optimising state policy to ensure sustainable demographic growth and economic development of the country are outlined.