Demographic Characteristics Of Workers Research Articles

Minimum and Living Wages in Jordan and Tunisia

Countries around the world are working to develop social protection floors to help reduce poverty. Ensuring workers can earn adequate wages is an important component of social protection floors. In this paper, we explore who receives minimum, poverty, median, and living wages in Jordan, comparing 2010 and 2016, and in Tunisia in 2014. We demonstrate that while the majority of workers do earn at least minimum and poverty wages, only a minority of workers earn a living wage. The chances of earning minimum, poverty, median, and living wages depend on the characteristics of workplaces, specific work characteristics (especially job formality and skills required), and the demographic characteristics of workers. While results are consistent with wages reflecting, in part, workers’ productivity, they may also reflect rents, efficiency wages, and for minimum wages issues with enforceability and policy design. These findings highlight which workers are vulnerable to low earnings and where greater enforcement or redesign of minimum wage legislation might be needed.

Виробничий травматизм в Україні: епідеміологічній аналіз і виклики часу

Introduction. Accidents are one of the causes of work-related mortality and disability. According to the ILO estimates, about 2.3 million men and women in the world die each year as a result of workplace accidents or work-related diseases. In recent years, a gradual decrease in the level of industrial injuries (II) has been noted in Ukraine. Statistical indicators indicate the complexity of the situation regarding the formation of the number of injuries at work, depending on socio-economic conditions, the state of labor protection, medical and demographic characteristics of workers, changes in legislation regarding compliance with international requirements. II is closely related to the level of GDP, financial crises, as well as such challenges of the time as the COVID-19 pandemic, the conduct of military operations after the invasion of the Russian Federation in Ukraine, the occurrence of danger when performing work in the conditions of hostilities. The purpose of the study is to reveal the regularities of the formation of indicators of industrial injuries in Ukraine during the years of independence, in the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic, during the period of martial law. Research materials and methods of studying the prevalence of industrial injuries was carried out according to the principle of continuous statistical sampling of primary documents compiled for all cases of occupational accidents first detected and registered in Ukraine, for the years 1991-2022. The analysis of II was carried out by types of economic activity. The materials were processed in accordance with the tasks set by classical methods of medical statistics, the relationship between statistical indicators was determined using the Spearman correlation coefficient to assess the relationship of individual indicators. Research results and their discussion. During the years of independence, the formation of II indicators was determined by the factors of socio-economic, regulatory and legal transformations, the number and employment of the population in the labor process. The coefficient of frequency of accidents (CFA) is on average 0.31, while in the coal industry - 7.89, transport - 1.6, agriculture - 1.14, mining and non-metal industry - 0.99%, metallurgical industry – 0.96, mechanical engineering - 0.48. The weight coefficient - CW has a somewhat different ranking, with an average Kт of 26.42, the first place belongs to transport - 65.02, the second - to the mining and non-mineral industry - 48.13, the third - to the coal industry - 36.96, the fourth - to the metallurgical industry - 32 ,8, the fifth - construction - 32.72, the sixth - gas industry - 31.08, the next - machine building - 26.32. The number of cases of COVID-19 among medical workers has significantly decreased from 2020 to 2022. A significant number of accidents were registered among those working during the performance of labor duties in the conditions of hostilities at critical life support enterprises, such as oil and gas production, state administration and defense, electricity supply, transport, engineering, health care. Conclusions: 1. Over the years of independence, there has been a significant decrease in the total number of workplace injuries. In 2022, the total number of injuries decreased by more than 40.0 times compared to 1992, the number of deaths at work - by more than 5.0 times. 2. The level of injury depends on the challenges of time in certain defined periods of the formation of the state, which causes fluctuations or a surge in occupational accidents. 3. The assessment of the relationship between GDP and structural changes in II (the Is index) reflects the percentage of fatal cases in the structure of injuries, and is one of the indicative characteristics of the state of labor protection in Ukraine. The increase in GDP in the period 1992-2014 correlates with Is rs=0.97 (Spearman correlation coefficient p<0.05), and the correlation coefficient with the number of working persons for these years reaches values of rs=-0.90 (p<0, 05). The decrease in GDP in the period 2016-2022 has the same trend with changes Is rs=0.71 (p<0.1). From the above, it can be determined that the economic factor was of great importance until 2016, and later its importance remained, but greatly decreased due to the epidemic of COVID-19 and a significant increase in hostilities. 4. Among the causes of accidents with a fatal outcome, organizational - 46.2%, technogenic, natural, ecological and social -40.0%, technical - 7.6%, psychophysiological - 6.2% prevail.

Demographic Characteristics Of Workers Vaccinated During Workplace Covid-19 Vaccination Program In Croatia

Demographic Characteristics Of Workers Vaccinated During Workplace Covid-19 Vaccination Program In Croatia

HUBUNGAN ANTARA KARAKTERISTIK DEMOGRAFI PEKERJA, BEBAN KERJA MENTAL, DAN GAYA KEPEMIMPINAN TERHADAP BURNOUT PADA STAFF ADMINISTRASI FKM UNDIP

Burnout is physical, mental, and emotional exhaustion that occurs continuously which causes a person to lose motivation at work until appears the behavior of withdrawing from work to the desire to stop working, burnout is also caused by a mismatch between job demands and the rewards received. In carrying out work, it is not uncommon for workers to experience physical or mental exhaustion to experience prolonged stress. This prolonged stress is also known as burnout. Burnout sufferers are often found in public service workers such as teachers, police, nurses, and administrative workers are no exception. Administrative staffs are quite vulnerable to burnout because administrative staffs are required to work calmly, carefully, thoroughly, and able to work with a team. The factors that influence burnout consist of internal and external factors. Internal factors consist of demographic characteristics (age, gender, marital status, education, and years of service), personal characteristics (personality characteristics), and the attitude of how a person responds to his work (job attitude). Meanwhile, external factors consist of job characteristics, occupational characteristics, and organizational characteristics. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the demographic characteristics of workers (age, gender, marital status, education, years of service), mental workload, and leadership style on burnout. This research is a quantitative correlation study using a cross sectional design. The population of this study is the administrative staffs of Faculty of Public Health Diponegoro University with the sampling technique used is total sampling and the data analysis used is univariate and bivariate analysis. The result of this study is that there are no significant relationship between age, gender, marital status, education, years of service, mental workload, and leadership style with burnout.

Disparities in Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Immunoglobulin Antibodies in a Large Midwestern Health Care System.

Increased exposure to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) as a result of having an essential job is compounded by factors such as age, race, and ethnicity. We used a cross-sectional study design to describe disparities in the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin G (IgG) test results by demographic characteristics and clinical roles among a cohort of health care workers employed by the largest Midwestern health care system in the United States. We collected 16 233 SARS-CoV-2 IgG serum samples from June 8 through July 10, 2020, from a convenience sample of Illinois- and Wisconsin-based adult health care workers. The research team, in collaboration with ACL Laboratories, used a SARS-CoV-2 IgG assay to detect the presence of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies. Study data included SARS-CoV-2 IgG assay results and demographic characteristics of workers (age, sex, race, ethnicity, clinical role, zip code). We generated crude and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) to describe disparities in seroprevalence distribution among demographic and social factors. Of 16 233 IgG serum samples tested, 622 (3.8%) test results were positive for SARS-CoV-2. We found significant disparities in SARS-CoV-2 positivity by age, race, ethnicity, and clinical role. Participants aged 32-82 had lower adjusted ORs (aORs) of positive IgG than participants aged 18-31 (aOR range, 0.54-0.66). Odds of positivity were higher among Black (aOR = 3.86), Asian (aOR = 1.42), and mixed-race (aOR = 1.99) workers than among White workers; among Hispanic workers (aOR = 1.80) than among non-Hispanic workers; and among coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) clinical workers (aOR = 1.86) than among nonclinical workers. Public health efforts should focus on increasing COVID-19 safety messaging, testing, vaccination, and other prevention efforts for people who are young, non-White, Hispanic, and working in COVID-19-clinical units.

Overlapping vulnerabilities in workers of the electronics recycling industry formal sector: A commentary

Vulnerabilities in workers performing electronics recycling (e-recycling) in the informal sector worldwide have been well documented. However, the growing e-recycling industry in the formal sector still brings many challenges to protect the health of workers and their environment. This commentary aims to draw attention to the overlooked vulnerabilities faced by the workers of the e-recycling industry formal sector in high-income countries and discuss the potential impact on health inequalities experienced by these workers. Expanding the definition of vulnerability, not limited to the biological susceptibility to chemical and physical exposures, the demographic characteristics of workers in the e-recycling formal sector often reveal social groups known to be disadvantaged regarding occupational exposures and health effects, including young workers, immigrant or ethnic minorities, and workers with mental or physical health issues or disabilities. Overlapping structural vulnerabilities of the e-recycling industry stem from its newness, its working conditions, its conditions of employment, and the sociodemographic characteristics of its workforce. This phenomenon in high-income countries is not restricted to the e-recycling industry alone. It is rather a symptom of more generalized macro socioeconomical phenomena. The present challenges are in line with the new gig and green economies and changes in the global market, and their consequences on the solid waste sector. Continued efforts to strengthen the inclusion of social aspects of health into the complex interaction of the structural vulnerabilities met by e-recycling workers will be essential to anticipate and prevent health issues in this essential but still emerging workforce.

THE WORKER CHARACTERISTIC: THE DECISION TO COMMUTE OR NOT

Indonesia has entered a third trend of three mega-demographics trends, namely the transition of migration to mobility. Most of the population do mobility due to work factors. Commuting is a type of non-permanent mobility where a person works in a different place from his residence. They leave the residence in the morning and returns in the afternoon or evening every day or back to residence no longer than 24 hours. Many problems will arise when the rate of mobility is high. Jabodetabek certainly have a special pattern in the mobility of its workers or maybe the year change can also change the mobility patterns in Jabodetabek. Therefore, this study will try to analyze and estimate the influence of the social and demographic characteristics of workers in the Jakarta metropolitan area on their decision to commute or not. If more commuter workers are less educated and do not have training certificates, this will have an impact on the burden of the Jabodetabek Metropolitan area. This study uses Sakernas 2018 data, using the Binary Logistic Regression model. The results of this study are the choose of mobility depend on individual characteristics such as education, sex, age, marital status, income, and training/courses.

A Review of Worker Behavior-Based Safety Research: Current Trends and Future Prospects

The daily casualties and environmental damage caused by accidents in different organizations around the world have attracted the attention of industries, academia, and governments. Thus, worker behavior-based safety has become one of the key areas of safety management research, as the unsafe behavior of workers has a significant impact on production performance. This study carries out a systematic literature review to build a model of international worker safety behavior research that examines the relationship between safety behavior and standards, supervisor safety behavior, and other influencing factors. From the perspectives of influential factors, industries, research methods, organizational levels, enterprise size, and demographic characteristics of workers, the pressing issues of worker safety behavior research are generalized and the characteristics of the research results summarized. Finally, based on the analysis, we conclude by identifying scope for future research: (1) innovation in the research theories supporting worker behavior-based safety; (2) innovation in research methods; (3) and innovation in the perspectives of worker behavior-based safety research.

직장인의 직업특성 및 인구통계학적 특성에 따른 외모관리행동의 차이

직장인의 직업특성 및 인구통계학적 특성에 따른 외모관리행동의 차이

Investigation of Occupational Stress and its Relationship with the Demographic Characteristics of Workers in Ilam, Iran.

Background:Workers are more susceptible to stress disorder for several reasons. The aim of this study was to investigate occupational stress among workers and other personnel at the ZardjinBaft Workshop in Ilam, Iran, and to examine the relationship between occupational stress and several parameters, such as age, gender, marital status, educational level, work experience, tobacco use, body mass index (BMI), and the type of work.Method:This was a descriptive, cross-sectional study that was performed in June 2010. The sample population that was studied consisted of all of the workers and other personnel (130 people) at ZardjinBaft Workshop in Ilam, Iran. They were studied using Cooper’s standard questionnaire for stress in the work environment, and we examined the relationship between stress, as the dependent variable, and the eight independent variables mentioned in the .Results:In the sample population that was studied, severe stress was not observed in most of the sections of the workshop. In addition, using the analysis of variance test (ANOVA), no significant relationship was observed between the average degree of stress and the average demographic characteristics. However, the average stress level had significant relationships with the level of education, work experience, and the type of work, suggesting that stress increases as the level of education increases. In addition, in the beginning and early years of employment, medium levels of stress were observed, and the prevalence of stress decreased after the first 10 years of employment. In addition, workers in the ventilation section of the factory had the highest stress levels. The fear of losing their jobs was the main factor that caused stress among the workers at ZardjinBaft Workshop in Ilam.Conclusion:We suggest that managers consider the high importance of stress in the work environment. They should be able to recognize when workers are stressed and offer them assistance and training. They also can eliminate the factors that cause stress in the work environment by taking preventive action. In parallel, workers should try to interact well with their managers and talk to her or him about the conditions of their jobs.

Return-to-work of sick-listed workers without an employment contract – what works?

BackgroundIn the past decade flexible labour market arrangements have emerged as a significant change in the European Union labour market. Studies suggest that these new types of labour arrangements may be linked to ill health, an increased risk for work disability, and inadequate vocational rehabilitation. Therefore, the objectives of this study were: 1. to examine demographic characteristics of workers without an employment contract sick-listed for at least 13 weeks, 2. to describe the content and frequency of occupational health care (OHC) interventions for these sick-listed workers, and 3. to examine OHC interventions as possible determinants for return-to-work (RTW) of these workers.MethodsA cohort of 1077 sick-listed workers without an employment contract were included at baseline, i.e. 13 weeks after reporting sick. Demographic variables were available at baseline. Measurement of cross-sectional data took place 4–6 months after inclusion. Primary outcome measures were: frequency of OHC interventions and RTW-rates. Measured confounding variables were: gender, age, type of worker (temporary agency worker, unemployed worker, or remaining worker without employment contract), level of education, reason for absenteeism (diagnosis), and perceived health. The association between OHC interventions and RTW was analysed with a logistic multiple regression analysis.ResultsAt 7–9 months after the first day of reporting sick only 19% of the workers had (partially or completely) returned to work, and most workers perceived their health as fairly poor or poor. The most frequently reported (49%) intervention was 'the OHC professional discussed RTW'. However, the intervention 'OHC professional made and discussed a RTW action plan' was reported by only 19% of the respondents. The logistic multiple regression analysis showed a significant positive association between RTW and the interventions: 'OHC professional discussed RTW'; and 'OHC professional made and discussed a RTW action plan'. The intervention 'OHC professional referred sick-listed worker to a vocational rehabilitation agency' was significantly associated with no RTW.ConclusionThis is the first time that characteristics of a large cohort of sick-listed workers without an employment contract were examined. An experimental or prospective study is needed to explore the causal nature of the associations found between OHC interventions and RTW.

How many work‐related injuries requiring hospitalization in British Columbia are claimed for workers' compensation?

Workplace compensation claims datasets represent an important source of information on work-related injuries. This study investigated the concordance between hospital discharge records and workers' compensation records for work-related serious injuries among a cohort of sawmill workers in British Columbia (BC), Canada. It also examined the extent to which workers' compensation capturing patterns varied by cause, severity of injuries, and demographic characteristics of workers. Work-related injuries were identified in hospitalization records between April 1989 and December 1998, and were matched by dates and description of injury to compensation records. The agreement between the hospital records and compensation records was good (kappa = 0.84, P < 0.01). A lower claim reporting rate for work-related hospitalization was observed for older and non-white workers. More serious injuries defined by longer length of stay and emergency admissions were more likely to be reported. Falls, struck against, and overexertion injuries had lower reporting rates; whereas, machinery-related, cutting/piercing, and caught in/between injuries had higher reporting rates. When compared with hospital discharge records, the compensation agency underreported incidents of serious work-related injuries by 10-15% among the sawmill workers.

The Occupational Health Status of African-American Women Health Care Workers

Race, ethnicity, and gender are significant indicators of occupational status, general health status, and thus, occupational health status. Although African-American women constitute only 6.8% of the total U.S. labor force, they hold 20% of the jobs in the health care industry and are disproportionately represented in those jobs that have the highest levels of workplace exposure to hazards. As a result, they are therefore more likely to be at greater exposure and risk to the spectrum of occupational health problems. In order to gain insight into the effects of race and gender on the occupational health status of African-American women health care workers, this article uses three data sources that provide different but complementary sources of information on the demographic characteristics of workers, location of categories of occupations, working conditions of jobs, and other job and worker characteristics. Given the concentration of African-American women in health care positions where there exists a greater likelihood of being exposed to occupational hazards, it is therefore both logical and appropriate for primary care physicians, especially those engaged in office-based practices, to identify this target population for special services and to be more aware of the type of health issues with which these patients are more likely to present and to experience during their working lives. Health care providers have a responsibility to assess occupational factors related to a patient's health problems and to incorporate this information into their treatment protocols and into the design and explanation of each patient's care plan.

Routine activity and victimization at work

This paper introduces the idea of “domain-specific” models of victimization as a means of improving the fit between theoretical concepts in routine activity theory and available data. Peoples' activity and their victimization experience can be divided into domains such as work and leisure. This paper focuses on the work domain. It demonstrates that activities performed as part of the occupational role affect the risk of victimization at work to a much greater degree than demographic characteristics of workers. These findings provide support both for routine activity theory generally and for domain-specific models as a particular approach to testing the theory.