Demographic Characteristics Of Women Research Articles

Bridging Gaps: Analyzing Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) 0 Rates and Associated Risk Factors in Disproportionally Affected Communities.

Introduction Disparities in access to breast cancer screening led to the creation of the Linda Fenner 3D Mobile Mammography Center (LFMMC), successfully increasing screening for uninsured women in Miami-Dade. However, a higher-than-expected rate of inconclusive mammograms (Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System(BI-RADS) 0) was found, which could lead to unnecessary procedures, stress, costs, and radiation. Methods In this retrospective cross-sectional study, we analyzed data from 3,044 uninsured women aged over 40 (younger if positive family history of breast cancer) from Miami-Dade without breast symptoms or breast cancer history. Women's demographic characteristics, primary language spoken, body mass index (BMI), use of hormone replacement therapy and birth control, history of benign biopsy, breast surgery,family breast cancer, and menopausal status were assessed as potential risk factors for an inconclusive (BI-RADS 0) screening mammogram result. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate associations. Results The average age of women was 51 years (SD = 9); 59% were White, and 30% were African American. The overall frequency of BI-RADS 0 was 35%. Higher odds of BI-RADS 0 were found for women who were younger, single, premenopausal, and with benign biopsy history. Conversely, obesity and breast implant history decreased the odds of BI-RADS 0. Conclusion We found a high frequency of BI-RADS 0 in the LFMMC sample. Potential reasons include a higher risk for breast cancer or a younger sample of women screened. Future research should explore radiologists' reasoning for assigning BI-RADS 0 results and testing alternative screening strategies for younger women.

Dysphoric Milk Ejection Reflex: Characteristics, Risk Factors, and Its Association with Depression Scores and Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy.

Background: Dysphoric milk ejection reflex (D-MER) is a phenomenon that occurs before milk letdown and is described as a wave of negative or devastating emotions, ranging from mild to severe and lasting for seconds to minutes. To date, there has been little research regarding this phenomenon. This study aims to determine the prevalence of D-MER in our population as well as its association with postnatal depression scores and breastfeeding self-efficacy. Methods: Lactating persons between 4 and 12 weeks postpartum at our institution were invited to complete an anonymous 59-question survey via an online platform. Questions asked included patient demographics, presence of symptoms of dysphoria (including timing, duration, and frequency), the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), and the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale Short Form (BSES-sf). Results: In total, 201 women completed the survey. Twelve women were classified as likely having D-MER (6%). Symptom resolution primarily occurred within a minute to 5 minutes (58%). Mean EPDS scores differed significantly between those with likely D-MER and those without (12.2 vs. 5.4, p = 0.002). BSES-sf scores differed significantly between the two groups (43.1 vs. 52.5, p = 0.009). Preexisting depression or anxiety was not associated with D-MER (p = 0.133), other reported mood disorders differed significantly between those with D-MER and those without (p = 0.004). Demographic characteristics of women with and without D-MER were similar. Conclusion: D-MER prevalence may be lower than previously reported. Patients with likely D-MER appear to have lower breastfeeding self-efficacy and higher depression scores. Those with preexisting mood disorders may be at higher risk of experiencing D-MER.

Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Midwife Led Debriefing on Prevention of Postpartum Depression in Western, Kenya

Childbirth is a stressful event in women’s lives and could influence emotions which may lead to mental ill health like depression in the postnatal period if not resolved. Depression is a common mental disorder with serious consequences especially during the postpartum period. The prevalence of postpartum depression varies globally, and can be as low as 0.5% or as high as 60.8% in the first year after childbirth. Due to its detrimental impacts, postpartum depression is a serious public health problem. Debriefing is a type of interpersonal therapy, utilized to treat and prevent serious depressive disorders in both pregnant women and the general adult population. Although debriefing has been shown to be useful in both preventing and treating postpartum depression, its effectiveness has not been fully evaluated. The purpose of the study was to assess factors influencing the effectiveness of midwife-led debriefing on prevention of Postpartum Depression in Western region, of Kenya. The study used a quasi-experimental design with pre and post-test assessments. Systematic random sampling was used to identify and allocate participants. The target population was women of childbearing age and study participants were women who gave birth during the study period, of which a sample of 212 participated. Data were collected using standard questionnaire including Edinburg postpartum depression scale (EPDS) score and an interview schedule. Data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26. Chi-square was used to test association between variables. Logistic regression model was used to assess the influence of time-based outcome, based on social cultural and demographic characteristics of women on prevention of postpartum depression. Study results indicated that parity, Age, living together with spouse and social support (p=0.004; p=0.003; p=0.002) were significant factors. Additionally, it showed that social support significantly reduced the symptoms of postpartum depression. In conclusion, at the 5% significance level, the key factor was social support (p=0.001) <0.05 which showed that participants postpartum depression symptoms decreased greatly. Midwife led debriefing is recommended as a routine care during perinatal period. Further studies to be done to explore how social support influences midwife led debriefing on prevention of Postpartum depression.

Comparison of the effect of intravenous phenylephrine and norepinephrine boluses for post-spinal hypotension on neonatal outcome in elective caesarean section: A randomised controlled trial.

There is limited data on the effects of norepinephrine on neonatal outcomes and maternal complications relative to other vasopressors. The study aimed to compare neonatal outcomes and maternal complications after bolus intravenous doses of phenylephrine and norepinephrine for post-spinal hypotension in elective caesarean section women. This randomised study was done on 100 elective caesarean section women under spinal anaesthesia. Block randomisation divided women into two groups to receive intravenous phenylephrine 50 μg bolus (Group A) or norepinephrine 5 μg bolus (Group B) following post-spinal hypotension. Groups were evaluated and compared for umbilical arterial blood gas analysis, birth weight, APGAR (appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, and respiration) score, maternal haemodynamics, and complications. Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk tests were used to verify data normality. Independent samples t-test or Mann-Whitney U test was employed to compare continuous variables based on data normality, and the Chi-square test was used to determine categorical variable associations. Demographic characteristics of women were found to be comparable between groups. Umbilical arterial potential of hydrogen, partial pressure of oxygen, partial pressure of carbon dioxide, base excess, bicarbonate, birth weight, and APGAR scores were comparable across groups, showing no significant differences (P > 0.05). Groups had similar maternal haemodynamic characteristics and episodes of nausea, vomiting, and chest pain across groups without statistical significance (P > 0.05). No notable distinction was found between neonatal outcomes and maternal complications between phenylephrine and norepinephrine bolus regimens. Norepinephrine can be used as an alternative to phenylephrine post-spinal hypotension in women undergoing elective caesarean section.

Measures of health-related quality of life in PCOS women: a cross sectional study from Saudi Arabia.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine-gynecologic disorder affecting women of childbearing age. It has a wide range of clinical manifestations, including menstrual irregularity, infertility, hirsutism, acne, and obesity. Studies have confirmed that PCOS can significantly reduce a patient's health-related quality of life (HRQoL). The pathophysiology of PCOS is poorly understood, but it is believed to be caused by the interaction of several factors. Moreover, there is a lack of information about HRQoL among PCOS women in Saudi Arabia. This study aims to assess the HRQoL of PCOS patients by using the Arabic Version of the Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Health-Related Quality of life Questionnaire (AR-PCOSQ) in Riyadh city. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 281 women in Riyadh city using the translated questionnaire (AR-PCOSQ) to explore PCOS quality of life among Saudi females. The eligibility criteria were Saudi female who had been diagnosed with PCOS, living in Riyadh city, aged 18 and above, and willing to participate. The sample size was estimated using the 10-events-per variable rule for prediction models (REF). Informed consent was taken from all participants and a Google Form was used to create the survey and collect data. The higher score represents poor QOL. However, the analysis revealed that higher scores of the weight-related QOL had the greatest impact on patients' quality of life in older age groups, including women aged 26 to 35 (beta = 0.143, 95% CI, 0.023 to 0.304, p-value = 0.046) and women aged > 35 (beta = 0.229, 95% CI, 0.039 to 0.428, p = 0.011). Other domains of QOL, such as emotions, body hair, infertility, and menstrual problems, were not significantly predicted by any of the women's demographic characteristics. The findings revealed that PCOS-related conditions such as weight problems, menstrual irregularity, and infertility were associated with a reduction in quality of life.

The Mediating Effect of Appearance of Appearance in the Relationship between the 20s and Cosmetics Purchase Behavior

This study was attempted to find out demographic characteristics of women in their 20s in China, identify lifestyle, appearance interest, and cosmetics purchase behavior, and reveal the mediating effect of appearance interest in the effect of lifestyle on cosmetics purchase behavior. To this end, this study selected a woman in her 20s in China as the subject of the survey and conducted a survey. A total of 491 copies of the survey were used as final analysis data, excluding 15 incomplete or insincere responses among the questionnaires collected from August 1 to August 31, 2023. The data analysis used frequency analysis, factor analysis, reliability verification, technical statistics analysis, correlation analysis, regression analysis, and Sobel test using the SPSSWIN 21.0 program, and the following analysis results were raised. First, the most common characteristics of the survey subjects were the current residence in large cities (Beijing, Tianjin), the final academic background was a four-year university (re-school), unmarried, employed, monthly income was less than 500,000 won, and the average monthly cosmetics purchase cost was less than 200,000 to 300,000 won. Second, the correlation with each sub-factor of lifestyle, appearance interest, and cosmetics purchasing behavior all showed a positive (+) correlation, indicating that the higher the lifestyle, the more active the appearance interest and the higher the cosmetics purchasing behavior. Third, in terms of the impact of lifestyle on appearance interest, the higher the trend-seeking type and personality-seeking type, the higher the appearance interest. Fourth, the higher the trend-seeking type, a sub-factor of lifestyle, the higher the self-directed type of cosmetics purchase behavior, and the higher the trend-seeking type of lifestyle, the higher the brand preference for cosmetics purchase behavior. Fifth, as a result of verifying the mediating effect of appearance interest in the relationship between lifestyle and cosmetics purchase behavior, the mediating effect of appearance interest in the relationship between fashion-seeking type and self-directed type of cosmetics purchase behavior was significant, and the mediating effect of appearance interest in the relationship between fashion-seeking type and cosmetics purchase behavior was significant. The results of step-by-step verification of the mediating effect of appearance interest in the relationship between lifestyle and cosmetics purchase behavior are as follows. In Stage 1 and Stage 2, the significant trend-seeking type no longer significantly affects the self-directed type of cosmetics purchase behavior in Stage 3, indicating that appearance interest completely mediates the relationship between fashion-seeking type and self-directed type of cosmetics purchase behavior, and appearance interest partially mediates the relationship between fashion-seeking type and brand preference type of cosmetics purchase behavior. The results of this study are expected to be used as basic data necessary to identify the characteristics of the lifestyle of women in their 20s in Huabei, China, and to develop and specify cosmetics industry services and marketing strategies based on lifestyle using the results of this study are expected to be used.

A Study on Challenges and Problems of Women Entrepreneurs in Madurai District

Women- possessed entrepreneurship should be encouraged in any society that aspires to reach a high position of overall development so that women can take advantage of the openings it presents for particular development and profitable growth. The donation of women to business development can be backbone of profitable acceleration. Women’s business power is extensively recognised as a critical element of a heathy frugality because it plays a significant part in the product of new jobs and services and contributes to overall profitable development. Dur to numerous challenges and problems that are present in the business world. The metamorphosis of socio- profitable fabric of Indian society in recent times has bought clear recognition of women in public docket and in achievement of development objects including sweats to promote women entrepreneurship. The presence of women entrepreneurs has increased leading to a change in demographic characteristics of women. The present study was conducted to identify the social and profitable position among the women entrepreneurs as well as the colorful challenges facing by them during the starting and running the business.

The Influence of Premenopausal and Menopausal Women's Demographic Characteristics on Anxiety and Quality of Life

Introduction: The premenopausal and menopausal periods are natural processes that occur in women. Both of these periods bring about changes in physical, psychological, and social aspects. The symptoms and changes experienced in the body can make women feel fearful, anxious, and lead to changes in their quality of life. The research aims to determine the influence of premenopausal and menopausal women's demographic characteristics on anxiety and quality of life. Methods: This study employed a descriptive design with an analytical observational approach and a cross-sectional design. The study population consisted of community health Center Jagir cadres aged ≥35 years, selected through purposive sampling, with a sample size of 70 respondents. The analysis use the ordinal regression statistical test. Results: Demographic characteristics revealed that the majority were aged 46-55 years (46%), had a high level of education (83%), and were married (81%). The majority experienced mild anxiety (40%) and had good quality of life (67%). The demographic characteristics of women (age, education, and marital status) significantly influenced anxiety and quality of life with a p-value <0.05. The Pseudo R Square values for anxiety were age 0.011, education 0.105, marital status 0.004, and for quality of life were age 0.007, education 0.028, marital status 0.004. Conclusion: Demographic characteristics, including age, education, and marital status, have an impact on anxiety and quality of life with a P Value < 0.05. Providing menopausal syndrome education and husband support is needed in dealing with the pre-menopause period to reduce anxiety and improve quality of life.

Catamenial pneumothorax: A population-based study

Study objective: To characterize the incidence, clinical features, and demographic characteristics of women with catamenial pneumothorax with the use of a large national database in the United States. Design: Retrospective case control study of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, Nationwide Inpatient Sample (HCUP-NIS) database between 2004 and 2014. Setting: Not applicable. Patients: Women, aged 18–50 years, who were diagnosed with a pneumothorax between 2004 and 2014. Intervention: Not applicable. Measurements: The cohort was constructed using the appropriate ICD-9 codes utilizing HCUP-NIS, checking for women with spontaneous and catamenial pneumothorax . Main results: Of a total 6234 women with spontaneous pneumothorax, 80 women (1.3%) had a diagnosis of catamenial pneumothorax. Women with catamenial pneumothorax were more likely to be black, have private insurance and be treated in an urban hospital. In addition, fewer patients in this group reported a history of tobacco consumption. Patients in the study group were more likely to have concomitant pelvic endometriosis, dysmenorrhea, and infertility. Compared to women with non-catamenial pneumothorax, those with catamenial pneumothorax were more frequently treated with thoracic drainage and underwent pleural and diaphragm biopsies. Conclusion: Catamenial pneumothorax is a rare entity with a distinct clinical profile. This condition is associated with pelvic endometriosis, has a predilection for surgical intervention and is associated with lower rates of smoking.

A study on the factors affecting polycystic ovary syndrome in young women

Aims: The aim of this study was to define the incidence of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in young women and the affecting characteristics. In this study, environmental factors and demographic characteristics of women with PCOS were compared with the control group, which included healthy young women. Methods: This is a retrospective study with control in young women aged 18-25, suffering from PCOS and healthy women, referred to our clinic between September 2018- August 2020. Women's socio-demographic characteristics such as age, weight, height, economic status, employment status, education status, smoking and alcohol abuse, chronic disease, exercise status, family history of cancer, and menstrual irregularity of participants were compared. Results: Results did not show a statistically significant association between case and control regarding age, economic status, education status, family history of cancer, smoking and alcohol abuse (p>0.05). There was a statistically significant difference between groups regarding menstrual irregularity, chronic disease, body mass index (BMI), exercise and working status (p<0.05). Healthy women exercise more, and a higher percentage of them are employed. Chronic diseases were more common in women with PCOS. Women with PCOS were fatter and had more menstrual irregularities problems. Conclusion: BMI, working status, exercise status, menstrual irregularity, and chronic disease status helped diagnose PCOS in young women.

Women and The Poverty Trap (Study on The South Merapi Slope)

The infection rate of COVID-19 has forced many households into economic hardship when poverty strikes, women are the most affected. In rural areas, the beginning of the poverty trap is economic difficulties in addition to reduced arable land. The research was conducted in Girikerto Kapanewon Turi District, women in the research areas experience increasingly complicated poverty traps. This study aims to find out the social conditions and economic conditions of women during COVID-19, the second objective is to find out the efforts made by women to escape from household poverty during the COVID-19 pandemic, and third to find out how women find alternative social and economic activities during COVID-19. To examine primary and secondary data related to demographics, descriptive quantitative data analysis is essential. Frequency tables are utilized to describe the distribution and pattern of features of particular variables. The demographic characteristics of women in the research region are dominated by their productive age, high school/vocational education, their status as housewives, and their employment in agriculture. The result show women can still meet their food needs from their limited agricultural land. The poverty trap experienced by women is the difficulty in fulfilling household needs other than food such as the cost of educating children, the health of household members, and transportation. Women manage household finances by tightening the fulfillment of household needs, even women have to sacrifice setting aside the fulfillment of their own needs in order to meet the minimum household needs. Women to get out of the poverty trap take advantage of social relations, family ties, and government assistance, even when women have access to look for alternative income, women try to find additional income by working modestly.
 Keywords : Women; poverty trap; south merapi slope
 
 Copyright (c) 2023 Geosfera Indonesia and Department of Geography Education, University of Jember
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IMPACTS OF THE SUSTAINABLE SOLAR MARKET GARDEN ON NATURAL RESOURCES EXPLOITATION, SOCIAL NETWORK, AND WOMEN’S INCOME IN UPPER NIGER, GUINEA

Climate adaptation and human pressure on natural resources are challenges for safeguarding and preserving the ecosystem and biodiversity in Upper Niger and particularly the Milo River basin. During the dry season, women’s sources of income are the exploitation of natural resources and rural exodus. The Solar Market Garden (SMG) is a way of climate adaptation by employing women to reduce human pressure on natural resources and improve their socio-economic conditions. The overall aim is to assess the environmental and socioeconomic profitability of solar irrigation practicing garden market in Banankoni village along Milo River in Upper Niger, Guinea. Data collection includes investment in solar-powered irrigation systems, demographic characteristics of women, inputs for crops, selling prices of vegetables, and the impacts of SMG. Environmental and social impacts of SMG were analyzed by comparing women’s practices before and during garden market perimeter valorization. Assessment of the Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Payback Period (PBP), and Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR) was used to analyze the economic impacts of SMG. SMG stimulates social cohesion and improves women’s position in households. It is an alternative to rural exodus and deforestation by creating employment. SMG practice enhances food security diversity, nutritious value, and the microenvironment through the consumption of produced vegetables. The NPV, IRR, and PBP analysis showed that SMG is economically profitable for women in Banankoni village during dry seasons. Most women (92.4%) are willing to invest to scale up SMG which is a pathway to decrease human pressure on natural resources and improve food security, the social status of women, and their income in the climate change context.

Underscreening, Overscreening, and Guideline-Adherent Cervical Cancer Screening in a National Cohort

ABSTRACT Cervical cancer screening is highly effective in reducing incidence and mortality of cervical cancer. Recommended cervical cancer screening involves cytology alone every 3 years between the ages of 21 and 29 years and with either human papillomavirus (HPV) testing alone or HPV plus cytology cotesting every 5 years or cytology alone ever 3 years for individuals of average risk between the ages of 30 and 65 years. Overscreening may result in subsequent overtreatment and increased costs, whereas underscreening may lead to lack of repeat testing after abnormal cytology or HPV test and increased incidence of preventable cervical cancer. This retrospective study aimed to identify high-risk individuals who require more frequent screening and to examine rates of underscreening, overscreening, and guideline-adherent screening among women of average risk for cervical cancer. Data were obtained on women aged 21 to 64 years with continuous insurance coverage between 2014 and 2019 from the IBM MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters Database (MarketScan). Claims data were examined for low- and high-risk conditions, where low risk was defined as having undergone a hysterectomy, and high risk was defined as the presence of 1 or more conditions requiring more frequent screening including abnormal screening history, HIV-positive status, and solid organ transplant. Among average-risk women, underscreened was defined as Papanicolaou (Pap) tests recorded at <3.5- to 5-year intervals or HPV testing or cotesting at <5.5-year intervals, and overscreened as Pap tests recorded at <2.5-year intervals or HPV testing or cotesting at 2.5- to 4.5-year intervals. Logistic regression was used to determine the association between women's demographic and clinical characteristics and the odds of receiving appropriate screening, underscreening, and overscreening. A total of 1,872,809 women were identified and included in the analysis, of whom 401,746 (22%) did not qualify for routine screening. Of these, 72,684 (4%) had evidence of hysterectomy without a cancer diagnosis, and 329,062 (18%) required more frequent screening due to high-risk medical conditions or prior screening abnormalities. A total of 1,471,063 women (79%) qualified for routine screening; however, 373,368 (25%) of them had no record of screening during the study time frame. Of the 278,938 women (19%) screened with Pap tests alone, 15% received guideline-adherent screening, 44% were underscreened (screened >3.5- to 5-year interval), 41% were overscreened (2.5- to 4.5-year interval), and 3% were severely underscreened (<5-year interval). Of the 493,028 women (33%) screened with HPV/Pap cotesting, 44% were guideline-adherent, 51% were overscreened, 33% were severely overscreened (<2.5-year interval), and 5% were underscreened. Logistic regression revealed women aged 30 to 39 years were more likely to receive guideline-adherent screening than other age groups (odds ratio [OR], 0.72, 0.87, and 0.71, with 95% confidence intervals [CIs] of 0.70–0.73, 0.86–0.88, and 0.70–0.72 for women aged 20–29, 40–49, and 50–64 years, respectively). Women with 1, 2, or 3 comorbidities had higher odds of appropriate screening compared with women with no comorbidities (OR, 1.18 [95% CI, 1.16–1.19], 1.15 [1.13–1.16], and 1.11 [1.09–1.13], respectively). Each additional gynecological visit was associated with lower odds of guideline-adherent screening (OR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.78–0.78), whereas each preventive care visit was associated with higher odds of guideline adherence (OR, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.05–1.06). The results of this study demonstrated that nearly 1 in 5 women had high-risk conditions necessitating more frequent screening and that only 1 in 5 average-risk women were screened according to guidelines, with high rates of underscreening particularly among women 50 years and older.

The impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on birth satisfaction and birth experiences in Russian women.

Women's satisfaction with their childbirth experiences has significant impacts on their health and the health of their children. Recently, childbirth and maternity care systems have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to investigate the association of birth satisfaction with mode of birth, medical interventions, support during labour, type of childbirth healthcare plan and antenatal education in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia. 1,645 Russian women who gave birth during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic and 611 matched controls who gave birth in the previous year participated in an anonymous Internet survey about their childbirth experience. The survey included questions regarding women's demographic and obstetric characteristics as well as their childbirth experiences. Birth satisfaction was measured using the Birth Satisfaction Scale Revised Indicator (BSS-RI). Birth satisfaction scores did not show notable changes before and during the pandemic (Pearson Chi-square = 19.7, p = 0.22). Women had lower BSS-RI scores if they tested positive for COVID-19 during labour (F = 9.18, p = 0.002), but not during pregnancy or postpartum (p > 0.32). In both cohorts women who had vaginal births rated birth satisfaction higher than those who had caesarean births. The more medical interventions there were, the lower were the BSS-RI scores (B = -0.234, 95% CI: -0.760; -0.506, p < 0.001), but only during the pandemic. Birth satisfaction was higher if women had a support person present during labour (F > 7.44, p < 0.001), which was not possible for over 70% of participants during the pandemic. In both cohorts birth satisfaction was associated with the childbirth healthcare plan (F > 5.27, p < 0.001), but not with antenatal education (F < 0.15, p > 0.43). Our study highlights the significant impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the birth experiences of Russian women. Sustaining the rights of women to informed decisions during labour, respect for their preferred childbirth healthcare plan, presence of the birth team of choice and professional support for home birth are essential for higher birth satisfaction and better health outcomes for mothers and their infants.

Prevalence and predictive factors for early initiation of breastfeeding in Nigeria: Evidence from the Nigerian demographic and health survey (2003-2018).

Early initiation of breastfeeding (EIBF) is an essential first step in exclusive breastfeeding that is expected to commence within an hour after childbirth. This study examined the prevalence and the factors associated with EIBF among nursing mothers in Nigeria based on an analysis of the 2003, 2008, 2013, and 2018 Nigerian Demographic Health Survey (NDHS) data. The prevalence of early breastfeeding initiation by women's demographic, socio-economic and reproductive characteristics were computed for each of the survey rounds. The differences in the prevalence estimates for early breastfeeding initiation between the last two survey periods were calculated. A crude and adjusted model to examine association between explanatory variables and early breastfeeding initiation were fitted using Poisson regression model. The mean age of respondents was 29 years (SD=7.3). The prevalence of EIBF increased from 31.5% in 2003 (95% CI 28.4-34.5) to 43.8% in 2018 (95% CI 42.6-45.0), with a decline to 35.3% in 2013 (95% CI 34.0-36.7). The identified risk factors associated with EIBF were being 35-39 years, having at least a primary education, lower wealth quintiles, multiparity, and delivery in a public hospital. EIBF was lower among women that had skilled occupation, access to media, decided to delay pregnancy, history of previous caesarean section, small size baby at birth, and women who received antenatal care. The results indicate that the proportion of women with EIBF in Nigeria is low. Addressing the barriers identified in this paper will help promote EIBF practices in the country.

Spine trabecular bone scores and bone mineral density of postmenopausal Taiwanese women.

The aims of the study were to determine the mean trabecular bone score (TBS) of postmenopausal Taiwanese women and to analyze the value of TBS in predicting osteoporosis. A total of 1,915 postmenopausal women with lumbar spine and hip bone mineral density (BMD) and spine TBS were enrolled from a single medical center into this study. The women's BMD and TBS were measured using dual x-ray absorptiometry (Discovery Wi; Hologic, Bedford, Mass) and iNsight software (Med-Imaps SASU, Merignac, France), respectively. The women's demographic characteristics; lumbar spine, total hip, and femoral neck BMD; and lumbar spine TBS were recorded, and correlations among the parameters were identified using a 2-tailed Pearson test, in which a P value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. We developed simple linear regression models to represent changes related to TBS and performed an analysis of variance on the selected variables. The average age of the women was 62.5 ± 9.1 years (range, 25.7-93.7 years). The mean TBS was 1.300 ± 0.086 (range, 1.015-1.596). The TBS was weakly and negatively correlated with body mass index ( r = -0.078) and moderately and positively correlated with the lumbar spine BMD ( r = 0.619). The patients' lowest BMD values among those measured at multiple sites revealed a higher rate of osteoporosis (32.5%) than those measured at individual sites. Degraded TBS were noted in 21.2% of the participants, and a combination of BMD and TBS results predicted more individuals (7.8%) at a high risk of fracture than did the BMD result only. The rates of both osteoporosis and degraded TBS increased with age. Bone mineral density and TBS can be used in combination to predict osteoporosis in a greater number of postmenopausal Taiwanese women. Because the incidence of osteoporosis is the highest among older women, clinicians should pay careful attention to TBS degradation among older patients without low BMD.

Written information and health professionals are the information sources about alcohol use in pregnancy most often used by pregnant women.

Alcohol use in pregnancy remains common in Australia, despite national guidelines recommending that pregnant women abstain. The aims of this study were to investigate where pregnant women obtain information about alcohol use in pregnancy and the relationship between the information source used and women's demographic characteristics and alcohol use. In this cross-sectional survey of pregnant women attending public maternity services in the Hunter New England region (New South Wales), women were asked, 'Where did you get information to help you make decisions about alcohol use during pregnancy?'. The number and types of information sources were analysed using descriptive statistics. Associations between women's information sources, and their demographic characteristics and alcohol use in pregnancy were assessed using chi-square tests and logistic regression. Of 4511 pregnant women surveyed, 80.1% used at least one type of information source (range 0-5). Written/electronic information (45.4%), health providers (37.6%) and family/friends (19.5%) were the sources most reported. Higher use of written/electronic information, antenatal health providers and family/friends was associated with first pregnancy, younger age and higher education. The type of information source used was associated with alcohol use in pregnancy. Women who reported alcohol use were more likely to receive information from written/electronic sources. Almost 20% of women (older, multiparous [>1 pregnancy] and more highly educated) obtained no information regarding alcohol use in pregnancy. Antenatal providers should routinely provide information on alcohol use in pregnancy, including for women least likely to access available information.

A STUDY OF KNOWLEDGE, AWARENESS, PREVALENCE, AND RISKFACTORS OF POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN SYNDROME

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is one of the endocrine disorders in women of reproductive age. Women with this syndrome may have infrequent menstrual periods due to excess androgen levels. It is important to make an early diagnosis in order to prevent early and late sequel of the syndrome. To assess the level of knowledge, awareness, prevalence and risk factors of PCOS among South Indian region, to identify factors that influenced the awareness, and to improve health care. This is a cross sectional online and offline study was conducted for a period of 8months (October 2021 to May 2022) among South Indian region womens whose age ranged between 18 to 45 years. Women demographic characteristics, reproductive health, knowledge, awareness, prevalence, risk factors of PCOS were analysed through an Online/Google form validated questionnaire. The outcomes of the study indicates that majority of the women 69.81 % (155) participants were under 20 years of age and 30.18% (67) were above 20 years of age, 73% (162) participants had good knowledge about PCOS, and 25.9% (42) participants were aware that menstrual irregularity is a symptom of PCOS. While only 16.2% (36) participants had believed that PCOS may lead to infertility, 13.1% (29) participants are believed that medications as treatment for PCOS, 3.2% (07) participants felt hypertension as risk factor of PCOS, 92.9% (206) participants felt none of them are risk factors of PCOS, and 41% (91) participants had believed that PCOS can treated with allopathy method. Conclusively, the present study observed that the current level of awareness on PCOS among the South-Indian population is still in low key though relatively better than past decades. With regard to knowledge and attitudes of PCOS, patients are still in the grey zone which could be overcome by extensive awareness programme. The present study emphasized the need to health education and awareness programmes to be incorporated in educational system improve to combat the low knowledge among rural population especially utilizing different sources, targeted approach to provide clear, appropriate and tangible information and preventive measures. Keywords: PCOS, excess androgens, menstrual irregularity, awareness, knowledge, prevalence and risk factors.

Domestic Violence in Childhood and the Associated Risk of Spousal Violence in Adulthood: Cultural Influence on Women's Experience

Purpose: To examine the association between childhood violence and spousal violence within the culture of women visiting primary health care centers. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, participants were approached in waiting areas of health care centers. Data about five types of childhood violence and four types of spousal violence were investigated. Chi square was implemented to study the association between spousal violence and women's demographic characteristics. Further, logistic regression associated with 95% CI was implemented to study the risk of spousal violence based on women's exposure to childhood abuse. Results: It was found that women in general were subjects to domestic violence in childhood and during adulthood. Emotional and physical types of childhood violence were the most prevalent in our participants. Regarding spousal violence experience, two-thirds of the women reported control by the spouse. In addition, half of them reported being physically victimized using different violence tactics. Except for sexual abuse, all other types of childhood violence were, generally, significant risk factors for spousal violence victimization. Conclusion: Experiencing childhood violence, witnessing parental violence, tendency to compensate for the deprivation in childhood, and inherited beliefs about spousal violence were factors expected to explain the association between childhood violence and spousal violence in women. Traumatic events in childhood are under-recognized factors in the development of spousal violence in the current population. Therefore, efforts to prevent these forms of violence need to be emphasized by health professionals who are in direct contact with women in different health care facilities.

Efficacy and safety of dexmedetomidine-ropivacaine versus sufentanil-ropivacaine for epidural labor analgesia: a randomized controlled trial.

Sufentanil combined with ropivacaine is commonly used for epidural labor analgesia, but it may cause some adverse effects. Dexmedetomidine is suitable for long-term and short-term intraoperative sedation and analgesia, and it can reduce the use of the opioid sufentanil. This study compared the efficacy and safety of dexmedetomidine and sufentanil combined with ropivacaine for epidural labor analgesia. A randomized, triple-blinded, controlled trial was performed for epidural labor analgesia. All included parturient women were randomized 1:1 by computer to receive ropivacaine combined with dexmedetomidine (group RD) or sufentanil (group RS) from October 2020 to February 2021. The primary outcomes were the pain relief of parturient women assessed by the visual analog scale (VAS) score, and the physical status of newborns assessed by the neonatal behavioral neurological assessment (NBNA) score and Apgar score. Secondary outcomes included the duration of labor stages and adverse reactions of parturient women and newborns. A total of 160 parturient women were included in this study, with 80 in each group. The VAS scores were lower in both groups after the injection of analgesics (in 120 min; RD: 2.6±1.0 vs. RS: 2.5±0.8; P=0.489), and there was no significant difference. The newborns' NBNA (RD: 39.9±0.4 vs. RS: 39.8±0.5; P=0.368) and Apgar scores (RD: 9.8±0.7 vs. RS: 9.7±0.8; P=0.424) were higher than normal standard (NBNA >37; Apgar >7) in both groups, and there were also no significant differences. No differences in parturient women's demographic characteristics, vital signs, Ramsay Sedation Scale (RSS) values, blood loss, duration of labor stages (first and second stages), onset time of analgesia, and dose of analgesics were found between the 2 groups (all P>0.05). The incidence of adverse reactions in parturient women and newborns was low in both groups. Dexmedetomidine or sufentanil combined with ropivacaine for epidural labor analgesia had similar analgesic effects in clinical practice. Chinese Clinical Trial Registry ChiCTR2000038702.