Demographic Characteristics Of Residents Research Articles

ISSUES OF SLUM UPGRADING IN ITOKUN/IKIJA, ABEOKUTA, OGUN STATE, NIGERIA

This study investigates the challenges of slum upgrading in the Itoku-Ikija area of Abeokuta North, Ogun State, with a view to propose suitable approaches for improvement. The objectives include assessing the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of residents, identifying existing conditions, examining housing quality, identifying development challenges, and recommending solutions. Data was collected using questionnaires administered on residents, town planners, public agencies, and stakeholders. A total of 400 questionnaires were administered, with 300 retrieved. Additionally, unstructured interviews with town planners were conducted to ensure comprehensive data collection. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistical techniques via SPSS and Excel. The study unraveled comprehensive analysis of slum upgrading challenges in Itoku-Ikija area, Abeokuta, and presented a nuanced understanding of the challenges and potential solutions. The data-driven approach provides valuable insights into the socio-economic dynamics, infrastructure deficits, and governance issues affecting the area. The challenges of slum development are ranked, with the spread of diseases, unemployment, and overcrowding being the most severe. The research made the following recommendations: rehabilitation of infrastructure, creation of incentives for farmers, creation of job opportunities, provision of potable water, and provision of good educational systems, among others.

Public Health Awareness Status of Zoonotic Diseases in Mogadishu-Somalia

Zoonotic diseases cause mild-to-severe illnesses in humans that transmitted from vertebrate animals. The majority of the human diseases originate from animals (61%), and 70% of them are emerging diseases. This study was conducted with the main objective of public health awareness of Zoonotic diseases in Benadir region. Questionnaire was structured into 4 sections namely, socio- demographic characteristics of residents, awareness on domestic animals, wild animals transmission of zoonotic diseases and Zoonotic diseases you heard. Simple random sampling with a total of 80 questionnaires were administered and descriptive statistics was used to analyzed data. The 56 respondents (70%) had domestic animals at home while 27 (33.75%) caged their domestic animals and 36 (45%) respondents vaccinated their domestic animals. The 59 respondents (73.75%) were aware of that the domestic animals (dog, cat, bird, rabbit, goat and cattle) can transmit disease to human. Resident awareness on wild animals’ Zoonosis, showed that 36 (45%) respondents were known of wild animals, while 11 respondents (13.75%) caged their wild animals (Monkey). The 49 respondents (61.25%) were conscious about the transmission of disease to human. Result revealed that the study areas were well aware of zoonotic diseases from both domestic and wild animals. List of Zoonotic diseases that respondents heard were tuberculosis (25%), brucellosis (22.54%), anthrax (17.5%), rabies (20%) and toxoplasmosis (15%). Therefore, we recommend that the people should try the best way to avoid diseases acquired from contact with animals is to thoroughly wash hands with soap and water after close contact with animals can be supervised among adult and young to avoid zoonosis diseases in human. Animal owners must carefully practice biosecurity measures to keep away from diseases contamination both in the animals and human.

Injury-related emergency department use among assisted living residents with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias.

Injuries are a leading cause of emergency department (ED) visits among older adults, and individuals with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) may be at particular risk. We compared injury-related ED use among assisted living (AL) residents with and without ADRD and assessed differences in the risk of injury-related ED visits among individuals with ADRD residing in ALs with memory care designation versus general AL. Using Medicare claims, we identified a cohort of fee-for-service beneficiaries who lived in AL in 2018 and resided in one of 20 states with site-specific information on memory care designation (n=116,754). Outcomes included all injury-related ED visits and injury-related ED visits resulting in hospitalization in the calendar year 2018. We fit multilevel models of the association between ADRD and outcomes, adjusting for resident demographic characteristics and chronic conditions, license type characteristics, and AL characteristics, with random intercepts at the AL and license type levels. Among residents with ADRD, we examined whether memory care licensure was associated with injury-related ED visits. The adjusted risk of injury-related ED use during the year was 20.1% (95% CI: 19.6%, 20.6%) for residents with ADRD compared to 16.1% for residents without ADRD (95% CI: 15.7%, 16.5%; p < 0.001). The adjusted risk of injury-related ED use ending in hospitalization was 4.9% (95% CI: 4.6%, 5.1%) for AL residents with ADRD and 3.9% for residents without ADRD (95% CI: 3.8%, 4.1%; p < 0.001). There were no significant differences in injury-related ED visits between residents with ADRD in ALs with memory care designation and residents in general AL. Injury-related ED visits are common among AL residents with ADRD and residents in memory care, but residents in memory care AL experienced similar risks of injury as those in general AL. Further research should identify modifiable factors that can prevent injury among AL residents with ADRD.

Multiple environmental exposures and obesity in eastern China: An individual exposure evaluation model

Obesity has caused a huge burden of disease. Few studies have explored individuals’ environmental exposure level and the impact of multiple environmental exposures on obesity. The aim of this study was to explore individual air pollution exposure evaluation, and the association between and multiple environmental factors and obesity among adult residents in rural areas of China. In this study, 8400 residents of 14 districts and counties in eastern of China were selected by multistage stratified cluster sampling, and a total of 8377 residents were included in the final analysis. We adopted BMI (Body Mass Index) > 28 kg/m2 as the definition of obesity. First, an individual air pollution evaluation model was established based on the monitoring data of air pollution stations closest to residential address, different demographic characteristics of residents and daily living habits using generalized linear model and random forest model. Then, we used Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR) and Quantile g-Computation (QgC) models to explore multiple environmental exposures on obesity. The results showed that six air pollutants were significantly positively associated with obesity, and green space had a significant protective effect on obesity. The BKMR model showed that the effects of different air pollutants on obesity were significantly enhanced by each other, while green space significantly reduced the positive effect of air pollution on obesity. The QgC model showed a significant positive association with obesity when all environmental factors were exposed as a whole, especially in males, higher household incomes and young people. It suggested that relevant authorities should improve regional air quality and green space to reduce the burden of disease caused by obesity.

Role of financial literacy and awareness of tax impacts in an emerging economy facing tax reform

This study seeks to assess the levels of financial literacy based on demographic characteristics of residents in Bogotá, capital of Colombia. Given the massive public demonstrations against tax reforms that have been taking place in large cities in Colombia in 2021, this paper analyses the knowledge of people of the nature and impact of tax reforms, especifically their financial understanding of the impact of these fiscal policies. Utilizing regression analysis with a quantitative and qualitative research design, the article investigates the degree of financial literacy and the relation between the financial knowledge and the current orientation in tax policy changes and their impact on the population. The data used in this study was gathered from 6,713 households in Bogotá and supplemented by in-depth interviews of representatives of each demographic group selected by careful sampling to represent each demographic characteristic. The results are structured in two parts, firstly, based on the analysis of three variables measuring levels of financial literacy of individuals relating to the interest rate, inflation and the principle of risk diversification. Secondly, qualitative research added two questions on knowledge of tax reform. Logistic regression was used. Results of both qualitative and quantitative research show that there is significant difference in the financial knowledge of people of different age, marital status and education. Interviews showed the best awareness and orientation in the mid-age group, predominantly men, who are seen as leaders. The most vulnerable group is low-educated single women. Limitation of the study is the narrow focus on households in one city. This article provides an insight into the importance of financial literacy, its monitoring, implementation of continuous improvement based on feedback loop in an economy in transition.

Assessment of Residential Satisfaction for Sustainability in Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) Housing Estates in Lagos State, Nigeria

Approaches towards public housing has been noted as Government-sponsored over time, the government have been accorded the responsibility of provision of safe, secure, sanitary, accessible and affordable housing for its citizens, both for low, medium and high incomes. Also in the fulfilment of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), Goal 11; which seeks to make towns, cities and settlements an inclusive habitation that is safe, resilient and sustainable for all categories of people by the year 2030. However, due to various limiting factors, the government have run short of meeting this expectation and in order to bridge this gap, it has brought about the Private-Public Partnership (PPP) schemes to meeting mass housing provision. However, the success of Public-Private Partnership is dependent on certain socio-economic variations. This study assessed the residential satisfaction amongst residents of selected two public-private partnership housing estates in Lagos State, Nigeria. With a view to understanding the performance of the estates in meeting residents housing needs. This is done by identify the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of residents, examining the physical characteristics of housing units in the PPP housing estates and identifying the factors that influence occupants’ satisfaction with the PPP housing estates. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics and categorical regression analysis. The result showed that the housing situations are generally satisfactory to the residents. The residents were mostly satisfied with their housing unit features, followed by their neighborhood environment and least satisfied with the maintenance practices. The study revealed that the residents socio-economic characteristic and demographic is the most significantly predictor to the residents level of satisfaction. The study concluded that satisfaction derived by residents of the PPP housing estates studied can be improved by provision of better housing maintenance practices and effective infrastructures and services.

Attractiveness of Cities during Social Isolation: Views of Residents of the Silesian Voivodeship (Poland)

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has led to the widespread introduction of the principles of social isolation and drastically reduced the right of residents to use the city, limiting mobility and meetings. The article examines whether the temporarily limited mobility due to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, reducing the quality of life in the city, also reduces its attractiveness. The city, assessed from the viewpoint of its attractiveness, aims to strengthen its appeal. We assume that the attractiveness of the city and assessment of the quality of life in the city are based on similar features. We sought answers to the following research questions. (1) Is it really possible to notice a decrease in the city’s attractiveness due to the pandemic? (2) Does a respondent’s opinion (belief) about the city as a living environment influence the assessment of the city in which the respondent lives? (3) Do factors describing the mobility of city inhabitants influence the quality of life? We revealed that the demographic characteristics of residents are to varying degrees related to the assessment of the attractiveness of the city. Gender of respondents has no significant influence on the assessment of the city and current place of residence, while age and educational level of education are important for this assessment. The older is the respondent, the lower is their assessment of the city. Simultaneously, the higher is the educational level, the higher is the propensity to assess the attractiveness of the city. The analysis of mobility revealed that not all examined mobility elements will equally improve the quality of life (measured by the assessment of the place of residence). Out of the 7 factors identified in the study, only 3 turned out to be statistically significant. Therefore, it can be concluded that these factors improve the quality of life of city residents.

Do Graduating Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery Residents Feel Confident in Practicing the Full Scope of the Specialty?

Laskin (2008) suggested that the core of oral and maxillofacial surgery could be divided into 3 levels: 1) areas of expertise, such as oral pathology, oral medicine, dentoalveolar surgery, preprosthetic surgery, and maxillofacial traumatology; 2) areas of competence, including orthognathic surgery, temporomandibular joint surgery, and local reconstructive surgery; and 3) areas of familiarity that include cleft lip and palate surgery, craniofacial surgery, regional reconstructive surgery, oncologic surgery, and cosmetic surgery. The purpose of this study is to assess residents' confidence in practicing the full scope of oral-maxillofacial surgery and their perception of gaps existing in their training. The investigators hypothesized that graduating residents' confidence in practicing the full scope of oral-maxillofacial surgery falls within the suggested levels by Laskin. The investigators implemented a cross-sectional study. A questionnaire was designed, and a link to a Partners REDCap (Nashville, TN) survey was electronically mailed to 252 chief residents in the final month (July 2018) of their program. The questionnaire included resident demographic characteristics, program demographic characteristics, and residents' perceived preparedness, level of proficiency, comfort, and experience for each area. The sample was composed of 78 graduating residents, with a response rate of 31%. Analyses included univariate statistics and a Wilcoxon signed rank test. Significance was set at P<.05. There was no significant difference between orthognathic surgery and each area in the expertise category, and in some cases, a significantly higher perception of ability in orthognathic surgery (P<.05). There was a significantly lower perception of training in oral medicine than each area in the expertise category (P<.05), suggesting a deficit in oral medicine training. Residents perceived that their training in orthognathic surgery was at the level of expertise, higher than expected. They also perceived a training deficit in oral medicine. Training proficiency in dentoalveolar surgery was found to be at a level higher than any other area.

Policy Analysis of Instrument Design: How Policy Design Affects Policy Constituency

This research investigates the extent to which the design of different policy instruments directed towards the same goal shape the constituencies of residents that participate in the program, and discusses the implications of these relationships for policy making and policy design. The theoretical focus is on the constituencies of policy takers that respond to differing policy designs. Based on this framing, participation in energy efficiency programs is empirically estimated, including loan, rebate, and audit, in Tallahassee, Florida, at the household level. Examining community characteristics such as racial, economic and demographic characteristics of residents, the study identifies systematic differences in participation across these policy instruments. In conclusion, the article discusses how the characteristics of potential policy takers might align with policy makers’ motivations to shape instrument design.

Impact of Odor Nuisance on Preferred Place of Residence

Context of the research: Research is increasingly carried out to take into account the social behavior of residents, the type of industry located in the area, and perceived preference for the place of residence. The quality of life in urban space is increasingly seen as a problem of cooperation between various stakeholders. These studies not only identify factors and sources of odor emissions, but also serve as the basis for creating systems to alert people living in areas adjacent to industrial areas or harmful and unpleasant industrial emissions. In recent years, environmental issues, particularly unpleasant sensory experiences, have been one of the most important acceptance criteria. Aim of the article: The aim of the study is to assess the impact of odor nuisance in the south-eastern part of Kraków (Płaszów) on the residents’ decision to leave their place of residence. In particular, the research goal was achieved to indicate which of the unpleasant odors may cause a change of residence, as well as to assess the degree of their impact on the decision to move, taking into account the social and demographic characteristics of residents. New in the article: The novelty of the work was the finding out of the residents’ opinions about the quality of life by accepting the place of residence, taking into account the aspect of odor nuisance. Previous studies on odor nuisance have focused on the emission of odors from individual plants. A novelty of this research is its implementation in an urban area, in which numerous industrial plants are located, with various odors emitted. Research methodology: To assess odor nuisance, a measuring tool developed in accordance with VDI 3883 guidelines was used, based on the latest research results on odor and noise nuisance. The questionnaire was developed based on German experience. Conclusions from the research: The data obtained as a result of the research allow us to state that specific smells are so burdensome that they may cause the necessity to leave the place of residence, because the respondents feel various unpleasant smells that have an adverse impact upon the quality of life that they perceive. A possible need for relocation of domiciles out of the current place of residence due to unpleasant smells would affect the perceptible, specific level of grief—the greater it is, the more attached the residents are to their current place of residence.

Obstetrics–gynecology resident long-acting reversible contraception training: the role of resident and program characteristics

Obstetrics-gynecology residents should graduate with competence in comprehensive contraceptive care, including long-acting reversible contraception. Lack of hands-on training and deficits in provider education are barriers to long-acting reversible contraception access. Identifying the number of long-acting reversible contraception insertions performed by obstetrics-gynecology residents could provide insight into the depth and breadth of long-acting reversible contraception training available to obstetrics-gynecology residents in Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education-accredited residency programs. Our study investigates long-acting reversible contraception-specific training in obstetrics-gynecology residency programs across the United States, including the self-reported number of long-acting reversible contraception insertions per resident and the impact of resident demographic characteristics and residency program characteristics on training. Obstetrics-gynecology residents completed a voluntary electronic survey during the 2016 Council on Resident Education in Obstetrics and Gynecology examination. The survey included resident demographic characteristics and residency program characteristics as well as resident education and training in long-acting reversible contraception (number of intrauterine devices and implants inserted, training in immediate postpartum intrauterine device placement). A binary "long-acting reversible contraception insertion experience" variable dichotomized respondents as having a low level of long-acting reversible contraception insertions (0 implants and/or 10 or fewer intrauterine devices ) or a high level of long-acting reversible contraception insertions (1 or more implants and/or 11 or more intrauterine devices). χ2 tests were used to compare the presence of long-acting reversible contraception insertion experience by postgraduate year, resident demographic characteristics, and residency program characteristics. Adjusted logistic regression was performed to ascertain the independent effects of gender, race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic white vs other), residency program type (university vs community), and residency program geographic region on the likelihood of "low" overall long-acting reversible contraception insertion experience. In total, 5055 obstetrics-gynecology residents completed the survey (85%); analysis included only residents in United States obstetrics-gynecology programs (N=4322). Of the total analytic sample, 1777 (41.2%) had low long-acting reversible contraception insertion experience. As expected, the number of intrauterine device insertions, implant insertions, and overall long-acting reversible contraception experience increased as residents progressed through training. Long-acting reversible contraception insertion experience varied by residency program geographic region: 169 (27.1%) residents in programs in the West had low long-acting reversible contraception insertion experience compared with 498 (39.0%) in the South, 473 (45.3%) in the Midwest, and 615 (46.0%) in the Northeast. Only 152 (14.9%) of all postgraduate year 4 residents had low long-acting reversible contraception insertion experience. Among postgraduate year 4 residents, low long-acting reversible contraception insertion experience was significantly associated racial/ethnic minority status and community-based residency program type (compared with university-based). Postgraduate year 4 residents in programs located in the Northeast and Midwest had 4.25 (95% confidence interval, 2.04-8.85) and 2.75 (95% confidence interval, 1.27-5.97) times the odds of low long-acting reversible contraception experience compared with those in residency programs in the West, even after adjusting for other respondent characteristics and other residency program characteristics. Obstetrics-gynecology residents experience a range of long-acting reversible contraception training and insertions, which differed according to resident race/ethnicity and residency program characteristics (program type and geographic region). Residency programs with low long-acting reversible contraception training experience should consider opportunities to improve competence in this fundamental obstetrics-gynecology skill.

Public awareness of zoonotic diseases and public health implications in Makurdi Metropolis, Benue State, Nigeria.

This study was conducted with the objectives of assessing the level of awareness on zoonotic diseases among residents of Makurdi Metropolis. Questionnaire was structured into 3 sections namely, socio- demographic characteristics of residents, Awareness on domestic animals, and wild animals transmission of zoonotic diseases. Simple and systematic random sampling was used to select sample locations in which a total of 250 questionnaires were administered; Descriptive statistics, Students t-test and chi-square analysis were used to analyzed data. Field result showed that 144 respondents male were interviewed while 106 respondents were female. Residents of Makurdi Metropolis were quite aware of zoonotic diseases in both domestic and wild animals. The commonest domestic animal zoonotic diseases known to residents were: the Mad Dog disease, Bird Flu and Swain Flu. While the commonest wild animal zoonotic diseases known to residents were: Monkey Pox disease, Ebola disease, and Lassa fever, the awareness of residents on these zoonotic diseases could be associated with the recent outbreak of these diseases and in the area . It was therefore recommended that more awareness campaigns on other types of zoonotic diseases and they preventive measures should be given to residents of Makurdi metropolis to forestall future public health hazards.Keywords: Makurdi metropolis, zoonotic diseases transmission, Awareness, domestic and wild animals.

Assessment of Domestic and Wild Animals Pets owned by Residents of Makurdi Metropolis, Benue State, Nigeria.

This study was conducted with the objectives of assessing the Domestic and Wild Animals owned as pets by residents of Makurdi Metropolis. Questionnaire was structured into 2 sections namely, socio- demographic characteristics of residents and ownership of domestic and wild animals pets. Simple and systematic random sampling was used to select sample locations in which a total of 250 questionnaires were administered; Descriptive statistics, Students t-test and chi-square analysis were used to analyzed data. Result showed that 144 respondents male were interviewed while 106 respondents were female. Residents of Makurdi Metropolis owned both domestic and wild animal’s pets. The commonest domestic animal pet was the Dog. While the commonest wild animal pet was the Red Patas Monkey (Erythrocebus patas). It was therefore recommended that more Enlightenment campaigns on the danger of zoonotic diseases transmission and they preventive measures should be given to residents of Makurdi metropolis to forestall future public health hazards.Keywords: Makurdi metropolis, pet Owners, domestic and wild animals.

Assessment of Domestic and Wild Animals Pets Owned by Residents of Makurdi Metropolis, Benue State, Nigeria

Peting is an age-old habit of keeping either domestic or wild animals as man’s companion. In Makurdi metropolis, residents also keep pets. This study was conducted with the objectives of assessing the Domestic and Wild Animal pets owned by residents of Makurdi Metropolis. Questionnaire was used and structured into 2 sections namely, socio- demographic characteristics of residents and ownership of domestic and wild animals pets. Simple and systematic random samplings were used to select sample locations in which a total of 250 questionnaires were administered; Descriptive statistics, Students t-test and chi-square analysis were used to analyzed data. Result showed that, out of the 250 respondents; 144 were male respondents while 106 were female respondents. Residents of Makurdi Metropolis owned both domestic and wild animal’s pets. The commonest domestic animal pet was the Dog. While the commonest wild animal pet was the Red Patas Monkey (Erythrocebus patas). It was therefore recommended that more Enlightenment campaigns on the danger of zoonotic diseases transmission associated with pets and their preventive measures should be given to residents of Makurdi metropolis to forestall future public health hazards.

도시형생활주택의 물리적 현황과 1인 가구 특성이 주택 내 범죄불안감에 미치는 영향 분석 : 서울시 원룸형 주택을 중심으로

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify the physical state of a house and characteristics of its residents targeting at one-room type house in urban-type housing, which is a typical housing type for single-person households, and to analyze whether the two factors affect the fear of crime in housing for single-person households. Method: The research method conducted a survey of single-person households living in urban-type housing and utilized 170 effective copies for data analysis. Data were analyzed through SPSS 23.0 Statistical Program and a fear of crime survey scale was investigated by a five-point Likert scale. The survey contents included social and demographic characteristics of residents, housing characteristics, physical state of houses, and fear of crime in each space. Result: In summary, male had more characteristics of a single-person living in a one-room house than female and the proportion of people in their 20s was high. They also preferred small-sized house and chose traffic environment as an important factor in selecting a house. As the physical state of one-room housing, more than 80% of the lighting was installed for frequently used spaces by residents while spaces used by some residents such as rooftop and parking lot had poor lighting installations. Different ages and occupations showed different levels of space utilization and fear of crime, and it is deemed that CPTED plan should be applied by considering the degree of utilization of space and time of returning home. In case of the space in front of elevators on first floor and inside the elevators, there was less fear of crime in houses with corridors than houses without corridors. Finally, in case of building door control system at night, the password entry system had higher fear of crime than other entry systems.

Resident interaction and social well-being in an oil boomtown in western North Dakota

Previous studies on the social well-being of residents living in energy boomtowns focus primarily on demographic characteristics of residents. These studies do not consider that there could be a relationship between residents’ social well-being and whether they interact with new residents moving into their community. The current study includes a measure of interaction with new residents as it examines five dimensions of the social well-being of residents living in an oil boomtown in western North Dakota. Surveys were distributed door-to-door to residents living in Williston North Dakota during the fall of 2015. Research findings show that people who reported that they interact with new residents moving into their community felt safe from crime and violence in their community; felt more socially integrated in their community; had high levels of community trust and community satisfaction, and believed that they could count on their neighbors. These findings are important because they highlight the significance of social interaction in communities that experience rapid population growth resulting from increased energy production.

Differentials in Metropolitanisation Trends in Lagos Peri-Urban Settlements

This paper examines the differential in the metropolitanisation of Lagos peri-urban settlements and the policy implication on locational quality of the emerging settlements. Two case studies of Ibeju-Lekki and Ikorodu were selected to represent the peri-urban settlements outside Lagos metropolitan regions. Using purposive sampling, thirty four settlements were selected which comprise sixteen and eighteen in Ibeju-Lekki and Ikorodu respectively. Data was sourced primarily through administration of 370 and 384 questionnaires to household heads in the selected settlements in Ibeju-Lekki and Ikorodu. Secondary data was sourced by conversion of analogue spatial images, the land use maps and satellite images of the study area to digital format. Spatial images from 1980 through 2016 were acquired for this study. Acquired satellite images from Google Earth archive were brought into ArcGIS environment for geo-referencing. Quantitative data was analysed using descriptive statistics while qualitative data was analysed using time series and satellite image analysis. Findings show a differential in transformation of the two cases due to varying demographic characteristics of residents, the locational convenience, level of linkages and the regional government housing policy. It is recommended that the regional planning should create a balance between the pace of development and infrastructural provision in the peri-urban to limit the disparity in development in Lagos peri-urban settlements.

Latent Tuberculosis Infection Testing Practices in Long-Term Care Facilities, Boston, Massachusetts.

To describe latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) testing practices in long-term care facilities (LTCFs). Retrospective cohort study. Three Boston-area LTCFs. Residents admitted between January 1 and December 31, 2011. Resident demographic characteristics, comorbidities, LTCF stay, and LTBI testing and treatment. Data for 291 LTCF residents admitted in 2011 were reviewed. Of the 257 without a history of LTBI and with documentation of testing, 162 (63%) were tested; 114 of 186 (61%) with a stay less than 90 days and 48 of 71 (68%) with a stay of 90 days or longer were tested. Of 196 residents with data on prior LTBI testing, 39 (19.9%) had LTBI; 12 of these (30.8%) were diagnosed at the LTCF. Hispanic participants were more likely than black participants to undergo LTBI testing (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 2.4, P = .003). Having a length of stay of less than 90 days (aOR = 0.7, P < .001) and history of illicit drug use (aOR = 0.7, P < .001) were associated with lower odds of LTBI testing. One-fifth of LTCF residents had LTBI, but testing was not always performed. The high prevalence of LTBI in older adults combined with the risk of an outbreak if a case of tuberculosis occurs in a LTCF make LTBI testing and treatment an important prevention opportunity. The importance of LTBI testing in LTCFs needs to be reinforced.

Comparison of Physician Implicit Racial Bias Toward Adults Versus Children

Background and ObjectivesThe general population and most physicians have implicit racial bias against black adults. Pediatricians also have implicit bias against black adults, albeit less than other specialties. There is no published research on the implicit racial attitudes of pediatricians or other physicians toward children. Our objectives were to compare implicit racial bias toward adults versus children among resident physicians working in a pediatric emergency department, and to assess whether bias varied by specialty (pediatrics, emergency medicine, or other), gender, race, age, and year of training. MethodsWe measured implicit racial bias of residents before a pediatric emergency department shift using the Adult and Child Race Implicit Association Tests (IATs). Generalized linear models compared Adult and Child IAT scores and determined the association of participant demographics with Adult and Child IAT scores. ResultsAmong 91 residents, we found moderate pro-white/anti-black bias on both the Adult (mean = 0.49, standard deviation = 0.34) and Child Race IAT (mean = 0.55, standard deviation = 0.37). There was no significant difference between Adult and Child Race IAT scores (difference = 0.06, P = .15). Implicit bias was not associated with resident demographic characteristics, including specialty. ConclusionsThis is the first study demonstrating that resident physicians have implicit racial bias against black children, similar to levels of bias against black adults. Bias in our study did not vary by resident demographic characteristics, including specialty, suggesting that pediatric residents are as susceptible as other physicians to implicit bias. Future studies are needed to explore how physicians' implicit attitudes toward parents and children may impact inequities in pediatric health care.

Relationships Between Program Size, Training Experience, and Career Intentions: Pediatrics Resident Reports From 2010 to 2014

ObjectiveTo determine the relationship between pediatric residency program size and resident demographic characteristics, career intentions, and training experiences. MethodsAnnual national random samples of 1000 graduating pediatrics residents were surveyed between 2010 and 2014. Response years were pooled for analysis, and trends in resident demographic characteristics, career intentions and job search, and training experiences were compared across program class size: small (<10 residents per class), medium (10–19 residents per class), and large (≥20 residents per class). ResultsOverall response rate was 61% (3038 of 5000). Primary care goals at the end of residency varied according to program size: 45.9% for small programs, 43.4% for medium programs, and 35.1% for large programs. Reports of excellent or very good preparation for subspecialty fellowship and hospitalist positions increased across program size, whereas primary care preparation reports decreased. Only half of the residents in large programs who enter primary care believe they are prepared and less than half in small programs who accept subspecialty fellowship positions believe they are prepared for these new positions. Residents in medium and large programs report being most prepared for hospitalist work. ConclusionsNotable numbers of residents in small programs pursue subspecialties and notable numbers in large programs enter primary care. However, residents believe they are less prepared for primary care as program size increases and less prepared for subspecialty training as program size decreases. These findings suggest that the training experiences of some residents do not optimally align with their future practice.