Democratic Tendency Research Articles

The Characteristics of Molière’s Comedy Writing —Centred on Harpagon’s Characterisation

The works of the French classical comedian Molière are of exceptional value. In his satirical comedies, Molière often creates sensible, vivid, contemporary, and real characters through descriptions of detailed behavior and the setting of coincident and conflicts. Harpagon, for instance, has become a global synonym for miserliness due to Molière’s extreme focus on this single character trait. Critics of his time labeled Harpagon as a “flat character”, yet it is precisely this “flatness” that makes the character memorable. Molière possessed a serious spirit of realism and a democratic tendency, using comedy as a means to educate the public. Through characters like Harpagon, he exposed the bourgeoisie’s cruelty, hypocrisy, and greedy exploitation of the lower class, delivering sharp and pungent satire. Molière’s ability to craft such characters not only entertained but also conveyed powerful social critiques, solidifying his importance in literary and social history.

The Early Pythagoreans and the Political Development of Greece in the 6th–4th Centuries BCE

The paper deals with the question of the socio-historical conditionality of the political ideas of the early Pythagoreans. It is established that the philosophy of the early Pythagoreans reflected such traditional values of the polis as political activity, patriotism, collectivism. The weak manifestation of individualism among the Pythagoreans testifies to the existence in their worldview of an indissoluble connection between the polis and the citizen. The political ideas and way of life of the Pythagoreans were conditioned by the flourishing of the polis system in the 6th–4th centuries BCE. The desire of the Pythagoreans for political stability and moderation was associated with the idea of a great danger emanating from anarchy and tyranny. The fear of lawlessness contributed to the formation of Pythagoras and his followers’ idea of the importance of political loyalty. It was also found that in the political preferences of the early Pythagoreans manifested two tendencies — aristocratic and democratic. The aristocratic tendency manifested itself in the elitist nature of Pythagorean teaching, in adherence to aristocratic virtues and distrust of democratic practices. The democratic tendency was associated with the early Pythagoreans’ idea of equality as the basis of laws, justice and friendship. It was shown that the changes in the correlation of these tendencies in Pythagoreanism were also conditioned to the socio-historical development of Greece in the late archaic and classical periods. The predominance of the aristocratic tendency among Pythagoras and his disciples was associated with the dominance of the aristocracy in the Greek poleis of the 6th century BCE. The strengthening of the democratic tendency in the views of Archytas and, possibly, Lysis was due to the rapid development of democracy in the 5th–4th centuries BCE.

LANGUAGE ECOLOGY OF CONTEMPORARY TRANSLATOR’S DISCOURSE

The paper considers the axiological problems of postmodern translator’s discourse in the aspect of the ecology of language. The object of the study is the contemporary translator’s discourse, its subject is the changes in the axiological linguistic scale of this discourse in the postmodern paradigm, reflected in the language (the “text lifting” strategy). The material under consideration is the contemporary translations of the English literary texts into Russian. The paper aims at the revealing of the contemporary translation discourse axiological constants and their linguistic ecology status in the contemporary translator’s discourse, including the situations of political correctness. The linguistic ecology problems of the postmodern translator’s discourse are connected, firstly, with the contemporary global and democratic tendency to transfer the authenticity of the source text, its style and lexis, and secondly, with a decrease in the standards of translation ethics and aesthetics. Translation ethics in such situations is often subordinated to postmodern anti-aesthetics, which challenges the basic principles of the classical Soviet translation tradition.

Other, Change, Time

The theme of the Other remains relevant for both researchers and ordinary people. In the current world of information, characterized by increased social variability, the dynamics of becoming different (which is present in the life of any social subject) is regarded by author as an additional argument in favor of an empathic approach to the Other. Comprehension of one's own internal searches and various social relations is inscribed in the multi-layered social dynamics determined by various actors and their conceptualization (including ideological) of what is happening in the running time. The correlation of the problem of the Other with the theme of change in time is fruitful both ethically, psychologically, and politically, because it is consistent with the request for social integration both within certain groups and on a global scale. The grounds for integration largely determine its character. The shift in the public focus of evaluation, criticism (up to prohibition) from the social actor to his/her specific actions is justified by the democratic tendency in operating with the principle of social exclusion

The Post-Soviet School of Critical Marxism (PSSCM): Particular Characteristics, Main Tendencies, and Its Place in the System of Marxist Studies in Post-Soviet Russia

The author characterizes the main stages in the rise of the Post-Soviet School of Critical Marxism (PSSCM) and highlights its most important features, distinguishing it from other tendencies of Marxist thought in Russia. The latter include the orthodox version of Marxism, the social democratic tendency, and the ‘Russophile’ tendency. In contrast to these trends, the PSSCM is oriented toward elaboration of a dialectical materialist methodology; toward development of creative Soviet and world traditions in the study of social alienation and de-alienation; toward the critical use of Marx and his followers’ achievements with the aim of developing the main elements of the ‘Capital’ of the 21st century; and toward studying the prospects for the future ‘realm of freedom’ (Marx) as the dialectical sublation not only of capitalism, but also of the entire system of relations of social alienation in the context of facing the contemporary global problems. A feature of the article is its extensive bibliography of works by Russian Marxists.

Ethnic Rights, Prosperity and Development in Xinjiang

This article intends to sketch an overview of state policies of China in Xinjiang Uyghur autonomous region. It argues that the situation of China has changed after 1949 with the change in politics. Chinese civilization has deep rooted in the ideas of Confucius which has liberal democratic tendency. The concept of Chinese modern development is pro-people development that aims to meet the basic needs of the common people. Development is for a better and safe life and it appeals to the best of many people. The CPC policy had broader implications for all minority groups, and many of the state policies are a continuation of earlier policies. China’s Muslims are clearly in the threshold in terms of self-preservation and Islamic identity. Uyghur nationalism in Xinjiang was influenced by Muslims of Central Asia, especially Iranian Muslim political ideology. In contemporary China, the growing consciousness of a distinct Uyghur identity should not be linked with political extremist movement –it distorts the political stability and development of the XUAR. China, now, is following its own path of sustainable development while learning from its own classical civilization.

Public Opinion about Climate Change in United States, Partisan View and Media Coverage of the 2019 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP 25) in Madrid

The research examines the news on climate change in different media, through the analysis of agenda setting and framing, in the context of a construction of media discourse. The role of the media has been relevant in the symbolic struggle of climate change images. The polarized public opinion on climate change in the USA, which has led the Trump government to withdraw from the Paris Agreement, as well as the revocation of environmental policies, is analyzed by the coverage that media with Republican and Democratic political tendencies gave to the climate crisis during the 12 days of the 2019 Climate Summit. The 189 news articles broadcast by Fox News, Breitbart, CNN, and the New York Times were identified, analyzed, and contrasted. The results reveal that media with a Republican political tendency were the only ones that broadcast denial news of climate change. Breitbart reported the largest number of news items throughout the sample, mostly denialists, at 71%, using tactics related to the spectacularization of the climate phenomenon, ad hominem attacks on ecologists and politicians, the connection between environmental initiatives and “eco-fascism” or the “radical left”, as well as use of the half-truth fallacy and questionable sources associated with the fossil fuel industry. Fox News practically did not address the issue during the summit. The Democratic political tendency media did not report any kind of denial news; their information and opinions communicated environmental initiatives and climate change consequences.

Lost in the New Deal Realignment: GI Joe

ABSTRACTMilitary service in World War II produced a generation of Democrats. This finding results from an examination of Gallup polls (1945–1953) that probed both party identification and wartime service. The 1944 election afforded soldiers an opportunity to vote for their commander in chief, and they did so by a large margin for Franklin D. Roosevelt—a Democrat. A vote under these circumstances is bound to leave lifelong marks on a cohort in its impressionable years, which was the life stage of many World War II soldiers. Further tests rule out the possibility that the Democratic tendency of soldiers was simply the result of their youthful age, lower socioeconomic status, urban background, union membership, race, or Southern region—all of which predict partisanship. Neither did the return to civilian life erode the Democratic edge of veterans. GI Joe is an unsung hero of what is widely known as the New Deal realignment.

Preservice Special Education Teachers’ Democratic Tendencies and Attitudes towards Children Rights

It is important for special education teachers to have sufficient levels of democratic tendencies in order to have respect for cultural values and have positive attitudes towards children rights to defend rights of children with special needs and their families. In this study, it is aimed to examine preservice special education teachers’ democratic tendencies and attitudes towards children's rights according to demographic characteristics. The sample of the study, which was prepared in accordance with the relational survey model, consisted of 251 preservice special education teachers. As a data collection tool, Attitude Scale towards Children Rights and Teacher Candidate Democratic Tendency Scale were used. The data obtained from the study were analyzed by using SPSS 22.0 statistical program using Mann Whitney U, Kruskall Wallis, Pearson Chi-Square, Phi and Cramer's V test techniques. Results were discussed with relevant literature and recommendations for further research and practics are presented.

DEMOKRASI ESTETIKA DALAM PUISI “SONG OF MYSELF” KARYA WALT WHITMAN

(Title: Aesthetic Democracy in the Poetry of “Song Of Myself” by Walt Whitman). American poet Walt Whitman is widely considered the father of American modern poetry because of his revolutionary concept of poetry writing. Whitman is a (political) thinker as much as a poet, and most notably, a democratic prophet. Through his abundant essays and poems, he preaches what he refers as aesthetic democracy. Employing descriptive-qualitative method, this paper aims at investigating the application of this concept in Whitman’s most famous poem “Song of Myself”. The result of the analysis shows that Whitman presents the concept of democracy of aesthetic in the both form and the content of the poem. The form of the poem signifies Whitman’s rejection to the old poetic conventions and his aspiration of a more democratic poetic. The content of the poem shows a democratic tendency by involving various themes, subjects and personae with no privilege and subordination towards particular themes, subject or personae.Keywords: aesthetic democracy, Whitman, “Song of Myself”

Democratic Tendency, the Fear of Positive and Negative Evaluation as the Predictor of Attitude towards Multicultural Education

Democratic Tendency, the Fear of Positive and Negative Evaluation as the Predictor of Attitude towards Multicultural Education

Understanding the relationship between new media literacy, communication skills, and democratic tendency: Model development and testing

New media provides new sources of information and communication that are crucial for participatory behaviors. Therefore, scholars conceptualize new media literacy (NML) that citizens should have to function successfully in this digital era. This study proposed and tested a structural model that examines multiple relationships among NML, communication skills (CS), and democratic tendency (DT). Data were collected from 1047 Turkish university students and analyzed through structural equation modeling. Using a comprehensive theoretical framework from the literature, NML was operationalized through four factors: functional consuming (FC), critical consuming (CC), functional prosuming (FP), and critical prosuming (CP). The results showed that FC and FP had a positive effect on CC, CP, and CS; CC had a positive effect on CP and DT; and CS had a positive effect on CC and DT. Findings of indirect effects revealed that CC and CS played mediation roles in the relationship of FC and FP with DT.

Transformacja kultury wyborczej na Ukrainie: od praktyk autorytarnych do modelu demokratycznego

<p>Autorzy przeprowadzają analizę transformacji kultury wyborczej na Ukrainie od praktyk autorytarnych do modelu demokratycznego. Korzystanie z reguł metodologicznych współczesnej nauki politycznej, ukształtowanych w angielsko-amerykańskim dyskursie politologicznym, umożliwiły uzasadnienie tego, że zmiany w kulturze wyborczej Ukrainy w kierunku demokratyzacji stały się możliwe w latach 2014–2018. W tym procesie istotną rolę pełniły również czynniki o charakterze cywilizacyjnym. Europejskie stałe cywilizacyjne w postaci tradycji historycznych, wartości kulturowe oraz cechy mentalności mają istotny wpływ na preferencje elektoralne wyborców. Właśnie one kształtują wybór określonego rodzaju narodowego lidera politycznego, który współcześnie ostatecznie uzyskał cechy polityka europejskiego. Jednocześnie pewne archetypy świadomości politycznej Ukraińców – etatyzm, kolektywizm, radykalizm polityczny, uwidoczniają się w ich kulturze wyborczej w postaci orientacji na partię władzy, które z pewnym stopniu hamują ostatecznie zadomowienie się modelu demokratycznego kultury wyborczej na Ukrainie.</p>

A centralidade do juízo oral no Sistema Acusatório: uma visão estratégica acerca do caso penal

O presente artigo visa a debater a questão da oralidade como centro metodológico do sistema acusatório, indicando um formato de administração da justiça pautado no litígio. Para isso, buscou-se apontar que a forma processual escrita, que por muito tempo se colocou como o formato ideal de processo, apresenta-se insuficiente diante da notável influência de elementos diversos, insusceptíveis de apropriação formal, que influenciam no resultado do caso. Neste contexto de litigância oral, é necessário questionar: Há estratégia na apresentação dos elementos no debate oral? Como a noção de estratégia no litígio penal é vista pela comunidade jurídica? Em que momentos do processo essa atuação estratégica deve se implementar? Essas e outras questões serão enfrentadas neste trabalho, que tem como metodologia a investigação teórica de literatura referente a este novo marco teórico, concluindo que a noção de estratégia é uma decorrência natural do novo paradigma processual. Ademais, esta nova forma de pensar o processo é vista como tendência no contexto de reforma processual penal da América Latina ocorrido nas últimas décadas, que busca superar as matrizes inquisitivas do processo, afirmando um sistema acusatório de tendência adversarial verdadeiramente democrático.

Investigation of the relevance between democratic tendencies and classroom management perceptions of preservice physical education and classroom teachers

The main aim of this study is to determine the relevance between democracy tendencies and classroom management perceptions of preservice physical education and homeroom teachers who will teach in primary schools at 1-4 classes. The sample of the research was comprised of 4th grade students of Marmara University Atatürk Faculty Department of Primary Education and Department of Classroom Teaching (n=108) and School of Physical Education and Sport, Department of Teaching of Physical Education (n=30). In order to obtain the data Lutfu Ilgar's Classroom Management Skills Scale (r=0,809 and 0,790) and Democratic Tendency Scale which is composed by Akbaşlı, Yelken and Sünbül (r=0,74) were used. Correlation, t-test and variance analysis statistical techniques were used to analyze the collected data. Researh results show that there is a significantly positive correlation between democracy tendencies and classroom management perception of the preservice teachers (r=,414). Also it is determined that there is no significant difference between democracy tendencies and

The therapeutic community impulse: what makes it grow?

PurposeThis paper seeks to provide a history and a prehistory of the therapeutic community movement, and a series of questions still debated in the field.Design/methodology/approachThe paper discusses the factors which favour the creation of therapeutic communities, drawing on Winnicott's views on democracy and the history of therapeutic community innovations. Some key factors are identified and their implications discussed.FindingsThe paper suggests that the therapeutic community impulse takes root where a number of individuals, with what Winnicott has called the “democratic tendency”, come together in response to a community's need for psychological care and support, and this can happen anywhere.Originality/valueThe paper offers a history and a prehistory of the therapeutic community movement, and draws out some of the implications for the future development of therapeutic communities and the nurturing of the therapeutic community impulse.

Relationship between Power Distance and Autocratic-Democratic Tendencies.

This study aims to examine the relationship between power distance and autocratic and democratic tendencies. Participants in the study were research assistants pursuing graduate degrees in the Sciences and Social Sciences Institutes of Balikesir University and prospective teachers pursuing undergraduate teaching degrees at Necatibey Education Faculty of Balikesir University in 2009 to 2010 academic year; a total of 278 people. The study is designed quantitatively and the “power distance scale” and democratic tendencies scale were used for data collection. Findings of the study showed that both research assistants and prospective teachers have low power distance and autocratic tendency scores and high democratic tendency scores. In addition, a positive and significant relationship was found between power distance and autocratic tendency, and a negative and significant one between power distance and democratic tendency.

Debate: The Reality of Muslim Exceptionalism

Abstract: Alfred Stepan’s contention that the “democracy gap” in the Arab world is due not to religion but to other influences is provocative but not persuasive. Almost all Muslim-majority states score low on surveys of freedom. Several of the more populous states listed as Muslim-majority states of a democratic tendency are dubious candidates for that rubric. Both mainstream and radical Islamic clerics contend that the faith is incompatible with democracy. Various pressures may lead to change, as happened in Christian Europe, but one way or another Islamic beliefs will need to be reconciled with democracy, in Arab and non-Arab Muslim countries.

Continuous regime change from within

Policymakers have tended to oversimplify an otherwise complex Iranian polity and reduced irritating intricacies to apparent irrelevancy. A close look reveals that there is little indication that the democratic tendency introduced during the Constitutional Revolution in 1906 has lost its way.

Mexico under siege: popular resistance to presidential despotism

* 1. Background of the Resistance * 2. Mounting Labor Protests * 3. The Peasant Movement in Morelos * 4. The Revolutionary Teacher's Strike of 1958 * 5. The Railroad Workers' Strikes of 1958-1959 * 6. Launching the National Liberation Movement * 7. Assault on the Madera Barracks, 23 September 1965 * 8. Student Insurgency and the Tlatelolco Massacre * 9. The Guerrilla Movements in Guerrero * 10. Resurrecting the Student Movement * 11. Urban Guerrilla Warfare * 12. The Democratic Tendency of the Electrical Workers * 13. Peasant Land Seizures and Committees of Self-Defense * 14. Galvanizing the Indigenous Peoples of Chiapas * 15. Core Parties of the Resistance * 16. Why the Resistance Failed