Demand For Low-cost Research Articles

Carbon Micro/Nano Machining toward Miniaturized Device: Structural Engineering, Large-Scale Fabrication, and Performance Optimization.

With the rapid development of micro/nano machining, there is an elevated demand for high-performance microdevices withhigh reliability and low cost. Due to their outstanding electrochemical, optical, electrical, and mechanical performance, carbon materials are extensively utilized in constructing microdevices for energy storage, sensing, and optoelectronics. Carbon micro/nano machining is fundamental in carbon-based intelligent microelectronics, multifunctional integrated microsystems, high-reliability portable/wearable consumer electronics, and portable medical diagnostic systems. Despite numerous reviews on carbon materials, a comprehensive overview is lacking that systematically encapsulates the development of high-performance microdevices based on carbon micro/nano structures, from structural design to manufacturing strategies and specific applications. This review focuses on the latest progress in carbon micro/nano machining toward miniaturized device, including structural engineering, large-scale fabrication, and performance optimization. Especially, the review targets an in-depth evaluation of carbon-based micro energy storage devices, microsensors, microactuators, miniaturized photoresponsive and electromagnetic interference shielding devices. Moreover, it highlights the challenges and opportunities in the large-scale manufacturing of carbon-based microdevices, aiming to spark further exciting research directions and application prospectives.

Comparative study of the reduction techniques of Graphene Oxide for Zinc Ion hybrid Storage Application

The increasing demand for low cost and high energy storage devices has given rise to the hybrid supercapacitor device. To overcome the safety issues of the Lithium and Sodium-based devices Zinc ion hybrid supercapacitors (ZIHSCs) are a promising alternative. These devices amalgamate the energy density and power density requirements which makes them suitable for varied applications. The device construction comprises of a zinc anode, zinc-based electrolyte and capacitive type cathode material. Carbon based nanomaterials such as reduced graphene oxide (RGO) are predominantly used as potential cathodes. The strategies involved in obtaining RGO changes the structural characteristic of the samples. This study compares three different strategies such as Chemical reduction (c-RGO), Microwave reduction (m-RGO) and Solar reduction (s-RGO). It was observed that the employment of each these techniques render the change in the physical properties of the materials like number of defect, change in the surface are, porosity and in-situed developed functional group, especially oxygen species. These changes were analyzed thoroughly by various techniques like Raman, Fourier, X-ray diffraction and X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The overall study reveals that solar reduction route shows enhanced surface area and porosity and decrease in defect concentration. Further due to this enhanced property in s-RGO the zinc ion storage capacitance of the fabricated ZIHSC was 200 F/g with a high cyclic stability of 5100 cycles at a current density of 10 A/g. The enhanced energy density thus obtained was 111 Wh/kg corresponding to a power density of 10 KW/kg.

OxySaver: highly conserving demand oxygen delivery system with increased throughput

Since the beginning of the twentieth century, oxygen has been an essential therapeutic drug. Patients with chronic lung disease and other conditions rely on supplemental oxygen provided by oxygen cylinders for treatment. Because of the sudden increase in oxygen demand caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, combined with a lack of oxygen supply, new methods of oxygen delivery have been investigated as a potential solution. We propose OxySaver, a novel low-cost (∼60$) demand oxygen delivery system that may significantly reduce oxygen consumption. The proposed system consists of a pressure sensor that detects the patient’s demand for oxygen, a normally open solenoid valve that switches the supply ON/OFF on demand, and a processing unit that ensures the supply of oxygen only during the patients’ inhalation. It is simple to install using existing oxygen cylinders and oxygen pipelines in hospitals. The preliminary prototype tests have been promising, with OxySaver able to save up to 67% more oxygen than conventional methods. OxySaver’s pulse setting can reach 18 LPM, as opposed to the 0.2–4 LPM typically found in oxygen concentrators. The system only needs 3.72 W at 50 bpm, which is less than other similar devices. OxySaver in multiplexing mode has the potential to reduce the logistical challenges associated with oxygen refilling and transport. The device is now ready for clinical testing at the bedside.

Research on the analog-to-digital hybrid square wave encoder signal error compensator

Photoelectric encoders are important electronic components, widely used in motion control systems, position measurement systems, and can measure angular displacement or displacement with high accuracy. Encoders widely used today output analog sine waves or digital square waves. The resolution of the encoder determines the measurement accuracy of the encoder, because the sine wave encoder can be more easily subdivided, which gradually replaces the square wave encoder in many occasions, but the square wave encoder is still widely used in the system with low demand for accuracy and low cost. The prerequisite for high subdivision of the output of the square wave encoder is good signal quality. Through the study of the signal output by the ideal encoder, this paper proposes the characteristics of distinguishing the error signal from the ideal signal, divides the error into two categories, designs a filter with two steps to compensate separately, and uses Simulink to establish a simulation model for verification.

Experimental Analysis of the Improvement of Heat Transfer in Tube Heat Exchangers via Passive Flow Generators Using Wire Coil Inserts

Abstract Due to their high performance and low-cost demands, internally treated tube heat exchanger surfaces are one of the passive heat transfer enhancements that have caught the industry's attention. At bulk temperatures of 30 °C, an experiment for the insertion of 1 mm and 0.5 mm wire coils with a constant pitch length of 8 mm was carried out in this study. The results on the improvement of heat transfer, including the velocity profile, Nusselt number, friction factor, and thermal enhancement efficiency, were significant. Based on a lower surface temperature recorded beyond the uncertainty value, the results demonstrated an improvement in heat transfer for smaller diameters of wire coil inserts. Interestingly, this improvement is concentrated at low Reynolds numbers, indicating that there may be a point at which an increase in wire thickness does not necessarily result in an equivalent improvement in heat transfer. For both wire thicknesses, a Nusselt number increase of up to 5 times was observed. The friction factor penalty, however, varies depending on the wire thickness, with a higher magnitude (3.2-fold increase) obtained for 1mm as opposed to a 1.8-fold increase for the lower counterpart. This distinction results in the 0.5 mm coil insert gaining better overall performance with an average of 2.2 for the thermal performance ratio, further solidifying the advantage of this technique for enhancing heat transfer in conduits.

Method of measuring atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> based on Fabry-Perot interferometer

CO<sub>2</sub> is one of the main greenhouse gases. Its emission and accumulation lead to the strengthening of the greenhouse effect, which in turn causes global climate change. Therefore, it is of great significance to obtain the change of CO<sub>2</sub> concentration in the atmospheric environment for the study of climate change. In order to meet the requirements of low cost, fast, on-line and accurate measurement of CO<sub>2</sub> in atmospheric environment, a CO<sub>2</sub> gas concentration measurement system based on Fabry-Perot interferometer is built in this work. The thermal radiation source based on micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) technology is used as a light source of the Fabry-Perot interferometer system, and the transmission optical path is designed to replace the common refractive optical path. By electrostatically controlling the distance between the two lenses and changing the interference spectrum, the interference peak adjustment of the center wavelength of the 10 nm step is realized, and the absorption spectrum is obtained by scanning. Based on the principle of differential optical absorption spectroscopy, the concentration of CO<sub>2</sub> gas is obtained, and the real-time on-line monitoring of CO<sub>2</sub> concentration is realized. Using the sample gas calibration system and the commercial photoacoustic spectroscopy multi-gas analyzer to verify the system, the results show that the detection limit of the system is 1.09×10<sup>–6</sup>, the detection accuracy is ±1.13×10<sup>–6</sup>, and the measurement error is less than 1%. Real-time online monitoring of atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> has been conducted in Huaibei, a coal city. A comparative observational experiment is performed between this system and a commercial photoacoustic spectroscopy multi-gas analyzer. The two systems show consistent trends in measuring CO<sub>2</sub> variations, with a correlation coefficient of <i>R</i>=0.92. It shows that the Fabry-Perot interferometer system can meet the requirement of rapid, convenient and high precision measurement of CO<sub>2</sub> concentration in the environment.

EDCompress: Energy-Aware Model Compression for Dataflows.

Edge devices demand low energy consumption, cost, and small form factor. To efficiently deploy convolutional neural network (CNN) models on the edge device, energy-aware model compression becomes extremely important. However, existing work did not study this problem well because of the lack of considering the diversity of dataflow types in hardware architectures. In this article, we propose EDCompress (EDC), an energy-aware model compression method for various dataflows. It can effectively reduce the energy consumption of various edge devices, with different dataflow types. Considering the very nature of model compression procedures, we recast the optimization process to a multistep problem and solve it by reinforcement learning algorithms. We also propose a multidimensional multistep (MDMS) optimization method, which shows higher compressing capability than the traditional multistep method. Experiments show that EDC could improve 20x, 17x, and 26x energy efficiency in VGG-16, MobileNet, and LeNet-5 networks, respectively, with negligible loss of accuracy. EDC could also indicate the optimal dataflow type for specific neural networks in terms of energy consumption, which can guide the deployment of CNN on hardware.

Micro-cones Cu fabricated by pulse electrodeposition for solderless Cu-Cu direct bonding

In the post-Moore’s era, Cu-Cu direct bonding has garnered significant attention as a promising alternative to solder joints for chip interconnection in advanced electronic packaging technology. Its advantages lie in reduced process restrictions and steps, as well as lower bonding temperature, which align with the demands for low cost and high compatibility. In this study, (110)-oriented micro-cones Cu was fabricated via template-free pulse electrodeposition, enabling solderless Cu-Cu direct bonding at 250 ℃ under three distinct bonding pressures without chemical mechanical polishing (CMP). The contact bonding area and shear strength gradually increased corresponding to the applied bonding pressure. Seamless bonding interface was achieved under high bonding pressure, leading to high shear strength of 116.4 MPa for Cu-Cu bonding joints. The obtuse polygon pyramid micro-cones, characterized by an enlarging cross-sectional area from apex to base, coupled with inherent mechanical properties, induce high applied stress at micro-cone’s tip and a low yield stress, facilitating the initiation and propagation of plastic deformation during the bonding process. This study has demonstrated the feasibility of utilizing the micro-cones Cu for low-temperature bonding without CMP treatment, offering valuable insights into the advanced interconnection technologies.

Feasibility study of energy storage using hydraulic fracturing in shale formations

Electric energy storage is currently the primary solution for addressing the intermittency and fluctuation of renewable energy sources. Traditional energy storage methods often struggle to simultaneously meet the demands of long storage duration, large capacity, high efficiency, and low cost. In this study, we present and verify the feasibility of a new energy storage method that utilizes hydraulic fracturing technology to store electrical energy in artificial fractures. Our study analyzed factors that impact energy storage capacity and efficiency, which provides a theoretical basis for optimizing hydraulic fracturing design for energy storage. This study also shows a promising direction for transforming depleted shale oil and gas wells into energy storage wells.

3D Xanthium-like of Ni-Co-Zn ternary alloys as superhydrophobic coatings toward porous Ti surface for its anti-icing performances

Super-hydrophobic surface has attracted great interests as functional coatings in spacecraft wings and wind-turbine fans. With the ever-increasing demands of durability and low cost, the scopes for industrial application of hydrophobic coatings have been restricted. Herein we proposed an innovative and simple approach for electroplating Ni0.12Co0.88-xZnx (x = 0–0.36) coatings toward porous Ti substrate. Featuring as 3D Xanthium-like spherical textures, the Ni-Co-Zn ternary alloy coatings were achieved by optimizing the Zn2+ concentration and complexing agent (Na3Cit) in bath. Results validated that its crystal size was refined into ∼300 nm, leading into pinning growth through hole-hole linked porous channel of Ti substrate to increase interfacial strength. Based on the wettability tests, it depicted the water-droplet contact angle (WCA) value of 126.3° attached with sliding angle (SA) of 17.5° for coating samples after being exposed in air for 14 days. Further studies of different ageing treatments on micro structural evolution and super-hydrophobic characteristics were well explored. Through artificial ageing at 200 °C, its attained super-hydrophobic surfaces shorted than 7 days, showing the maximal WCA value up to 153.2° and SA ≤ 7.8° for Ni0.12Co0.88-xZnx (x = 0.24) samples, which was mainly contributed to the self-assembly of multi-tentacles ZnO dendrites. Meanwhile the anti-icing behaviors were compared and featured as peach blossom at −10 °C for all the samples. The icing-delay time of water droplets on coating samples was >1425 s, which was 20 times longer than that of porous Ti substrate. Similarly, it was higher than 90 % for its self-cleaning efficiency based on salt pollutants. Besides the mechanical durability of tested samples against the abrasion-resistant tests and water impact-resistance tests were studied. Results implied that good durability was achieved for Ni-Co-Zn superhydrophobic coatings, but sanded surfaces within a serious decrease of WCA was obtained after a continuous testing for 30 min by abrasion-resistant tests because of the partial destruction of Xanthium-like spherical textures. With the respect to reconstructing of multi-tentacles ZnO dendrites onto the Ni-Co-Zn coatings in air, it was the bio-inspired strategies for self-healing super hydrophobic metal coatings used in warship surfaces, etc.

Comparison of Least-Cost Pathways towards Universal Electricity Access in Somalia over Different Timelines

Access to electricity is a prerequisite for development, included in both the Agenda for Sustainable Development and the African Union’s Agenda 2063. Still, universal access to electricity is elusive to large parts of the global population. In Somalia, approximately one-third of the population has access to electricity. The country is unique among non-island countries as it has no centralized grid network. This paper applies a geospatial electrification model to examine paths towards universal access to electricity in Somalia under different timelines and with regard to different levels of myopia in the modeling process. This extends the previous scientific literature on geospatial electrification modeling by studying the effect of myopia for the first time and simultaneously presenting the first geospatial electrification analysis focused on Somalia. Using the Open Source Spatial Electrification Tool (OnSSET), the least-cost electrification options towards 2030 and 2040, respectively, are compared. We find that under the shorter timeline, a deployment of mini-grids and stand-alone PV technologies alone provides the least-cost option under all but one scenario. However, under the longer timeline, the construction of a national transmission backbone would lower overall costs if there is high demand growth and/or low cost of centralized grid electricity generation. We also compare different levels of myopia in the modeling process. Here, OnSSET is first run directly until 2040, then in five-year time-steps and annual time-steps. We find that running the model directly until 2040 leads to the lowest costs overall. Running the model myopically leads to a sub-optimal, more costly technology mix, with a lock-in effect towards stand-alone systems. On the other hand, the myopic approach does provide additional insights into the development of the system over time. We find that longer-term planning favors the centralized grid network, whereas short-sighted myopic planning can lead to higher costs in the long term and a technology mix with a higher share of stand-alone PV.

Ultrasensitive strain sensor based on graphite coated fibrous frameworks for security applications

The increasing demands of low cost, flexible, foldable and disposable electronic devices have directed the attentions of researchers towards applications of paper substrates. Here, we report the fabrication of strain sensor based on graphite-on-paper strategy. Graphite coating is applied on cellulose paper by direct drawing method. SEM and EDS analyses of the graphite electrodes are performed which respectively inform about the morphological features and elemental composition of the samples. Moreover, XRD, FTIR spectroscopy and UV–visible spectroscopy of the graphite electrodes are performed to investigate their structural and optical features. A device is fabricated using the graphite electrode which acts as strain sensor. The sensor responds to applied bending strain by showing changes in its relative resistance. The response of sensor towards applied strain is linear with linearity as 0.997. The sensor responds differently for applied inward and outward bending strains. An exceptional sensitivity of 122,701 is recorded for outward strain and 4,021 for inward bending strain. The response time of the sensor is measured as 0.59 s, while that of recovery time as 0.69 s. The sensor is applied on a door at its axis of motion for which it responds when the door is opened or closed. The results show that the demonstrated sensor could be worthful for advanced security applications.

A Nonlinear-Model-Based High-Bandwidth Current Sensor Design for Switching Current Measurement of Wide Bandgap Devices.

With the growing adoption of wide bandgap devices in power electronic applications, current sensor design for switching current measurement has become more important. The demands for high accuracy, high bandwidth, low cost, compact size, and galvanic isolation pose significant design challenges. The conventional modeling approach for bandwidth analysis of current transformer sensors assumes that the magnetizing inductance remains constant, which does not always hold true in high-frequency operations. This can result in inaccurate bandwidth estimation and affect the overall performance of the current sensor. To address this limitation, this paper provides a comprehensive analysis of nonlinear modeling and bandwidth, considering the varying magnetizing inductance in a wide frequency range. A precise and straightforward arctangent-based fitting algorithm was proposed to accurately emulate the nonlinear feature, and the fitting results were compared with the magnetic core's datasheet to confirm its accuracy. This approach contributes to more accurate bandwidth prediction in field applications. In addition, the droop phenomenon of the current transformer and saturation effects are analyzed in detail. For high-voltage applications, different insulation methods are compared and an optimized insulation process is proposed. Finally, the design process is experimentally validated. The bandwidth of the proposed current transformer is around 100 MHz and the cost is around $20, making it a low-cost and high-bandwidth solution for switching current measurements in power electronic applications.

Waveform-to-Waveform End-to-End Learning Framework in a Seamless Fiber-Terahertz Integrated Communication System

Seamless fiber-terahertz integrated communication has emerged as a promising technology in the special field of 6G, including mobile fronthaul and wireless bridges. Electronic terahertz communication systems have the advantages of high-level integration, small form factors, and potentially low costs, but their drawbacks are their small bandwidths and high harmonic interference levels. In this paper, an end-to-end learning-based waveform-to-waveform automatic equalization framework (W2WAEF) is proposed to overcome the above shortcomings in a seamless fiber-terahertz integrated communication system. An attention-based three-tributary heterogeneous neural network (ATTH) is designed to simulate the channel model of a seamless fiber-wireless communication system, taking fiber optics, optical-to-electrical conversion, and electrogenerated terahertz waves into account. With the proposed method, a data rate of 80.78 Gbps is experimentally demonstrated for discrete multitone modulation (DMT) signals over 5 km of fiber and 1 m of 209-GHz terahertz signals under a 20% soft decision-forward error correction (SD-FEC) threshold of 2.4 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">−2</sup> . Compared with an approach without preprocessing, a receiver sensitivity gain exceeding 1.3 dB is successfully achieved at a data rate of 60 Gbps. The proposed method is a promising scheme for meeting the high speed and low-cost demands of future seamless fiber-terahertz integrated communication systems.

Assessment of the compressive mechanical behavior of injection molded E-glass/polypropylene by mechanical testing and X-ray computed tomography

Nowadays, thermoplastic composite materials are considered among the most promising ones as they are gaining the interest of many industrial sectors due to their eco-friendly features such as their recyclability and their low-cost demand while being produced in high volumes. Among the most concerning issues regarding the injection molded, short fiber-reinforced composites are the fiber distribution, the fiber orientation, and their effect on the overall mechanical performance. In the present work, the effect of the injection molding on the compressive properties is investigated experimentally. In this context, compressive mechanical tests have been conducted in a range between subzero and elevated temperatures using specimens oriented parallel and perpendicular to the injection direction. In addition, X-ray computed tomography is implemented for characterizing some crucial features such as the fiber volume fraction, in local and global scale, and the orientation of the fibers through the thickness and length of the material. The results revealed a different compressive mechanical behavior between the two specimen categories in all the testing temperatures. In addition, the results obtained by the nondestructive testing revealed a significant variation of the fiber content locally and a notable difference between distinct zones through the thickness.

Energy aware Load Balanced Clustering using Golden Eagle Optimization in MS based LR-WPAN

Escalation in the real world applications using Internet of Things (IoT) now demands low cost and minimum power consuming devices having sensing, communicating, and computing capabilities. Low-rate Wireless Personal Area Network (LR-WPAN) is an emerging solution which can provide these capabilities with low data rate and less complexity. The longevity and connectivity of the network is a critical issue during the data collection in LR-WPAN. An Energy aware Load Balanced Clustering (ELBC) approach is proposed in this paper that enhances the network life time by minimizing the energy consumption. Clustering is done using the Golden Eagle Optimization (GEO) and by taking connectivity, Average energy of cluster, balancing factor and cohesion as parameters for optimal cluster head selection. Mobile Sink based data collection strategy using Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA) is used to collect data from clusters. The simulation is done in network simulator-3 and the result shows that, the performance of ELBC-GEO is better in terms of network lifetime, average energy of nodes, and data collection delay.

Effects of wood fiber on the properties of silicoaluminophosphate geopolymer

Silicoaluminophosphate geopolymer is an important class of inorganic cementitious material, which attracts increasing attention due to the excellent mechanical properties, high thermal resistance and low dielectric properties. However, like most of the pristine or unreinforced cement based materials, silicoaluminophosphate geopolymer still suffers from brittle failure, which seriously limits its popularization and application. Based on the characteristics that silicoaluminophosphate geopolymer is almost a Ca-free material forming in acidic environment and driving by the demands of low carbon, environmental friendly and low cost, this paper adopts wood fiber as a reinforcing material to improve the toughness of silicoaluminophosphate geopolymer. Results show that the incorporation of wood fiber can effectively reduce the brittleness and increase the fracture toughness of silicoaluminophosphate geopolymer by the excellent bonding performance between reaction products and wood fiber. However, the addition of wood fiber is unfavorable to the setting and hardening behaviour, reaction degree and compressive strength of silicoaluminophosphate geopolymer. Although the hydrolysis of wood fiber in acidic environment results in some local defects on its surface, these defects have little effect on the improvement of silicoaluminophosphate geopolymers toughness due to the repairing effect of reaction products.

Recent Progress in Synthesis and Application of Biomass‐Based Hybrid Electrodes for Rechargeable Batteries

AbstractThe rapid growth in electronic and portable devices demands safe, durable, light weight, low cost, high energy, and power density electrode materials for rechargeable batteries. In this context, biomass‐based materials and their hybrids are extensively used for energy generation research, which is primarily due to their properties such as large specific surface area, fast ion/electron kinetics, restricted volume expansion, and restrained shuttle effect. In this review, the key advancements in the preparation of biomass derived porous carbons using different synthesis strategies and their modifications with species such as heteroatoms, metal oxides, metal sulfides, silicon, and other carbon forms are discussed. The electrochemical performances of these materials and the ion storage mechanisms in different batteries including lithium‐ion, lithium–sulfur, sodium‐ion, and potassium‐ion batteries are discussed. Special attention will be paid to the challenges in using porous biomass‐derived carbons and the current strategies employed for maximizing the specific capacity and lifetime for battery applications. Finally, the drawbacks in current technology and endeavors for the future research and development in the field to catapult the performances of the biomass derived materials in order to equip them to meet the demands of commercialization are highlighted.

A Nonlinear Car-Following Controller Design Inspired by Human-Driving Behaviors to Increase Comfort and Enhance Safety

This paper investigates the car-following problem and proposes a nonlinear controller that considers driving comfort, safety concerns, steady-state response and transient response. This controller is designed based on the demands of lower cost, faster response, increased comfort, enhanced safety and elevated extendability from the automotive industry. Design insights and intuitions are provided in detail. Also, theoretical analysis are performed on plant stability, string stability and tracking performance of the closed-loop system. Conditions and guidelines are provided on the selection of control parameters. Comprehensive simulations are conducted to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed controller in different driving scenarios.

Development of a High-Precision Optical Force Sensor With μN-Level Resolution

Unknown micro-contact forces may affect operation accuracy in micro-operation technology and high-precision contact measurement. Existing micro force sensors are unable to meet the demand for high resolution, large range, and low cost. Therefore, a more economical solution for high-precision force measurement is needed. A high-precision optical force sensor (OPFS) with a simple sensing principle is proposed in this study. The OPFS is mainly composed of a laser diode, a force-sensitive structure, and a four-quadrant photodetector (QPD). When force is applied to the measuring platform, the force-sensitive structure produces the corresponding elastic deformation, which is sensed by the QPD. The multi-range and customized resolution of the OPFS can be achieved by adjusting the stiffness of the force-sensitive structure. The design and optimization of the OPFS are completed via theoretical modeling and simulation analysis. The performance of the OPFS is examined experimentally. The OPFS is found to have a sensitivity of 0.27 mV/ <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{N}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> , a measuring range of 0–2.71 mN, and a resolution of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$32\mu \text{N}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> . The measurement uncertainty of the OPFS due to nonlinearity, resolution, repeatability, and drift is <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$82\mu \text{N}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> . The effectiveness of the OPFS in the measurement of micro-forces is verified. Finally, the OPFS is used to measure the contact force of a micro/nano contact probe. The results show that OPFS can be used for force calibration in micro/nano contact measurement instruments.