Demands Of Women Research Articles

Elite women's soccer match demand can be described using complexity-based analyses and multifractals

The present study aimed to investigate the variability of the displacements in elite women soccer players during official matches according to the position of the players and to the match progression using non-linear analyses (entropy and multifractal spectrum).Sixty-three velocity profiles from global positioning devices of elite professional women soccer players were analyzed. The mean, coefficient of variation, and maximum velocity were calculated during the match using four equal segments. Sample entropy and seven parameters derived from the multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis were also calculated. The players were split into five field playing positions: forwards (FW), offensive midfielders (OM), defensive midfielders (DM), central defenders (CD), and lateral defenders (LD).No significant playing position × period interaction was found for the different parameters analyzed. However, most parameters showed a significant main effect for playing position (p < .01) and period (p < .01). Compared to the other players, FW and OM have the lowest entropy. All players showed a dominance of small velocity fluctuations but FW players showed the widest multifractal spectrum primarily. In contrast, CD had a narrow spectrum and reduced amount of small fluctuations. As the game progressed, mean velocity and entropy significantly decreased. In contrast, the multifractal peak value significantly alongside with changes in asymmetry.From the present results, velocity profiles during elite women's soccer games depicted multifractal features sensitive to player position and match segment, which can help to understand the dynamics and variability of players' responses during a match.

The effects of women's double working hours on professional nursing practice

Objective: Reflect on the double working day of female nurses and its consequences for professional practice. Methodology: This is a theoretical and reflective study based on the theoretical perspective of the sociology of work, together with the theoretical references of Simone de Beauvoir and Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. A narrative review of the literature was carried out in a non-systematic way in order to establish relationships between the theoretical framework selected and current issues in nursing, as well as women's experiences. Results: The logical-reflective exposition is anchored in three fundamental aspects: the working nurse; the double working day and the health of working nurses. It's not possible to look at women only as workers, since their biological reality is closely linked to their social representation. This implies the need to investigate how the social construction of women directly interferes with their lives in an integral way. Such reflection can contribute to valuing nursing work, as well as fostering discussion about the social role of women. Conclusion: This reflection needs to be present in society as a whole, not just in the context of nursing, so that women's demands, which have been evident throughout history, can be noted.

A Study to Determine the Influence of Higher Education among Female Students in Saudi Arabia

Women now have more options to pursue higher education in Saudi Arabia due to better access to higher education despite a number of restrictions. These options don't, however, fully address women's demands for higher education or provide equitable access for all citizens of the country. The purpose of this study is to review the literature that has been written about women's higher education in Saudi Arabia, with a particular emphasis on teaching methods, pedagogy, history, and barriers. Also the study focusses on understanding the women’s interest to pursue higher education and her ambition. The major findings of the study are the Saudi women irrespective of their cultural barriers they are highly interested to get employed and earn their living. Hence the women aspire to get more education for better job opportunities. The Saudi Government also motivates their women to focus in more career opportunities and also provides more knowledge-based training for women interested in business. The study helps to understand the influence of Saudi women in higher education to avail the job opportunities in Saudi Arabia.

Integrated women's football teams can attract larger stadium crowds

ABSTRACT Research Question Women's sports have seen a trend of diversification recently, with women's and men's teams merging to form integrated football clubs. While such integrated clubs (e.g. Paris Saint-Germain), in particular, have determined the media headlines with record attendances, governing bodies have begun drafting policies to accelerate such strategic integrations. However, empirical evidence on whether integrated women's football teams (which may benefit from brand spillover effects, among other things) attract larger crowds to their stadiums is limited at best. Naturally, this raises the question of whether being an integrated football club matters for women's football stadium attendance demand. Research Method Using ordinary least squares regression with season-level fixed effects with a dataset of 1,506 games played over 11 seasons before and after the COVID pandemic in Germany, France, and Sweden, we are the first to present robust evidence on the association between being an integrated football clubs and stadium attendance demand for European women’s football across multiple markets. Results and Findings We find that integrated women's football teams can attract larger crowds. Intriguingly, such demand synergies, however, are not a given emerging from a strong brand effect, per se. Instead, women's football club executives must proactively unlock these synergies to avoid adverse effects. Implications Our findings suggest that women’s football may achieve a higher potential through integration, but only if the women’s team is managed as more than an ancillary second team. As such, despite being formulated with the best intentions, forced integration policies might backfire.

The state of play for contact training and coaching in women's rugby

AbstractThis article aims to review and comment upon the current “state of play” for research around contact and tackle training in women's rugby, covering tackle injury risk, match contact demands, players' experiences of contact coaching and contact skill preparation. In women's rugby, the tackle is the most common match technical‐physical contest, accounting for around two‐thirds of all injuries and carrying the greatest injury burden. Players' experience and technical abilities are key determinants of tackle safety and performance. Despite this, there is limited research available that connects insight into women's rugby contact demands with the how and why of effective tackle and contact training and coaching in context. This review suggests that adapting and adopting progressive tackle skill training frameworks and gender‐responsive coaching practices can aid tackle skill learning in women's rugby. Creative transdisciplinary research and more effective translation and implementation activities that take place within the vibrant and growing context of women's rugby can enhance science and safety whilst working as a medium for social change.

Energy access and female labor force participation in developing countries

Access to reliable modern energy services and female economic empowerment are vital for sustainable development of developing countries. While micro-level evidence suggests that energy access can alleviate women's household burdens and enhance their labor market participation, there is little macro-level evidence on this relationship and limited insights on how institutional environments influence it. This study fills this gap using a national-level dataset covering 78 developing countries from 2000 to 2020 and analyzing how access to electricity and clean cooking fuels affects women's labor supply and demand, respectively. Results show that clean energy access increases female labor force participation, particularly in rural areas and small island developing countries. Electricity access reduces female unemployment, especially in urban areas and African countries. Moreover, the importance of country risk and governance capability in shaping this relationship is highlighted. These findings provide valuable insights for enacting synergy policies targeting sustainable development goals.

Can a feminist foreign policy be undone? Reflections from Sweden

Abstract In 2022, Sweden retracted its feminist foreign policy (FFP). What are the consequences for Swedish foreign policy and for FFPs elsewhere? We published an extensive report on the Swedish FFP in 2023, based on a survey that went out to all Swedish diplomats, interviews with more than 30 key foreign policy officials, and hundreds of steering documents from the Ministry for Foreign Affairs. The article draws out new insights from the report. The retraction is likely to result in a deprioritization of gender equality in Swedish foreign policy. Sweden will likely lose its international leadership role on gender issues. However, FFPs may be more resilient than anticipated because of how foreign policy is governed. Governments that wish to retract FFPs are constrained by three key governance features: First, international agreements and soft law on women's rights place demands on policy content. Second, the decentralized nature of foreign policy implementation allows considerable autonomy on the ground, so that implementors may continue to work with gender equality. Third, longstanding international expectations for Sweden as a gender equality champion create a role-based constraint. These factors contribute to the ‘stickiness’ of FFPs, suggesting that a retraction is unlikely to result in a wholesale abandonment of gender equality activities. The article also examines the enduring legacy of the Swedish FFP beyond its formal retraction, highlighting adoption of FFPs by a growing number of states in different parts of the world.

More than sports? A study of Norwegians’ opinions on sports’ social and political responsibilities

Sports are criticised for their lack of social and political responsibility. In this study, I ask people about the extent to which they think it is important that sports should be sociopolitically responsible regarding ten issues: health, social communities, gender, racism, integration of minorities, sexual orientation, social inequality, disabilities, doping, and the environment. Next, I investigate how people’s opinions vary according to their social backgrounds, affiliation with sports, and political party voting. The study is based on a survey of a representative sample of Norwegians (N = 1,131, age 18–79, response rate 26%). I analyse data using simple relative frequencies and logistic regression models. I build a theoretical framework based on various issues’ closeness to sports’ and how politically contested they are. I found that many Norwegians think it is ‘very important’ for sports to be sociopolitically responsible − 80% (most) saying this for doping and 47% (least) doing so for the environment. Women demand more sociopolitical responsibility for sports than men, and those affiliated with sports state that health and social relations should be issues for sports and political orientations influence the view on politically contested issues. The support for sports being sociopolitically responsible could indicate a potential for sports to be involved in social and political issues. How sports organisations meet these challenges will influence sports’ capacity to recruit volunteers, political legitimacy, and ability to attract commercial sponsors.

Security and Empowerment as Justice: Yezidi Women's Demands and Perceptions of Post-Genocide Justice

This article examines how Yezidi women's experiences before, during, and after the 2014 genocide have shaped their perceptions and demands for justice. Drawing from interviews conducted between 2018 and 2021 among Sinjari Yezidis in Iraq and in the diaspora, I found diverse demands: older women prioritize a safe return to Sinjar, while younger women seek socioeconomic rights and an end to structural violence, and survivors of captivity emphasize retribution. These demands converge around Yezidis' longing for equality, security, and empowerment in Iraq, highlighting the necessity of a human security approach to attain transformative justice for minorities in the country.

Feminist Voices in Boys Love Literature: Subverting Gender Norms and Empowering Women

Boys Love (BL) literature is a creative genre that has become popular online in the past 20 years. It mainly describes the emotional life of homosexuals, especially gay men. It is an important and controversial part of the Internet subculture active among young people. However, contrary to its content, the creators behind BL literature are often non-gay young women. Women create and appreciate BL novels through the Internet to express their demands for aesthetics, pure love, and equality. This kind of gender writing that breaks tradition has a bright spot of feminism, and though this may take a long time, it can help create a more friendly living space for women in a patriarchal society. This article analyzes female writers' subversion of male images in BL novels, thereby proving that BL culture satisfies women's demands for a more profound social status and equal rights and contributes to breaking the patriarchal society.

Exploring Consumer Demand in Women’s Professional Basketball

This research aimed to conceptualize the relationships between consumer demand and WNBA spectatorship from the Stimulus-Organism-Response perspective to better understand what product features of WNBA events impact consumption. As a league that fully embraces fan engagement through social justices initiatives, we do not know what specific core product features in the contemporary landscape of the WNBA lead to high perceptions of product quality and increased consumer demand. The Conceptual Framework of Consumer Demand for Core Product Features of the WNBA Live Game introduces Interactive Activity and Advocacy Programming as a way to understand the unique environmental features of WNBA consumption.

Machine learning modeling for identifying predictors of unmet need for family planning among married/in-union women in Ethiopia: Evidence from performance monitoring and accountability (PMA) survey 2019 dataset.

Unmet need for contraceptives is a public health issue globally that affects maternal and child health. Reducing unmet need reduces the risk of abortion or childbearing by preventing unintended pregnancy. The unmet need for family planning is a frequently used indicator for monitoring family planning programs. This study aimed to identify predictors of unmet need for family planning using advanced machine learning modeling on recent PMA 2019 survey data. The study was conducted using secondary data from PMA Ethiopia 2019 cross-sectional household and female survey which was carried out from September 2019 to December 2019. Eight machine learning classifiers were employed on a total weighted sample of 5819 women and evaluated using performance metrics to predict and identify important predictors of unmet need of family planning with Python 3.10 version software. Data preparation techniques such as removing outliers, handling missing values, handling unbalanced categories, feature engineering, and data splitting were applied to smooth the data for further analysis. Finally, Shapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) analysis was used to identify the top predictors of unmet need and explain the contribution of the predictors on the model's output. Random Forest was the best predictive model with a performance of 85% accuracy and 0.93 area under the curve on balanced training data through tenfold cross-validation. The SHAP analysis based on random forest model revealed that husband/partner disapproval to use family planning, number of household members, women education being primary, being from Amhara region, and previously delivered in health facility were the top important predictors of unmet need for family planning in Ethiopia. Findings from this study suggest various sociocultural and economic factors might be considered while implementing health policies intended to decrease unmet needs for family planning in Ethiopia. In particular, the husband's/partner's involvement in family planning sessions should be emphasized as it has a significant impact on women's demand for contraceptives.

Women's participation and social demands in the Italian 1960s: the case study of the National Council of Italian Women

ABSTRACT The National Council of Italian Women (CNDI) was an internationally-oriented confederation of women's associations founded in Rome in 1903, which was affiliated with the International Council of Women (ICW). Previous studies on the Italian Council have considered its origins and the biographical aspects of its members in the first half of twentieth-century Italy, while the Council developments and action during the democratic regime of the second half of the twentieth century have been less studied. First, this article aims to understand the impact of female associations on Italian social policy developments by examining the CNDI between 1958 and 1963. The study makes a historical reassessment of an emancipatory narrative, addressing the participation and social demands of Italian women in the context of the ‘economic miracle’. Second, this article reflects on the role of NGOs and voluntary activism in shaping welfare state developments in the post-war period. The analysis will use primary and edited sources from the CNDI and the Ministry of Labour held at the Central Archive of the State in Rome. The CNDI represents a significant case study that aids in our understanding women's social demands from below.

“A marriage without fidelity is a house without a foundation”: Black Brazilian women's demands for respect in marriage

AbstractEthnographic studies of romantic love and companionate marriage in Latin America and the Caribbean focus on why and how intimate ideologies are changing, the effects of these changes for couples and communities, and the complexities surrounding the practical and symbolic meanings of money and love. Here, I discuss how in a community in which the romantic love and companionate marriage ideals seemed unattainable due to the prevalence of infidelity, Black women emphasized the locally salient value of respect in their discourses surrounding marriage. I explore how women's and men's competing views on respect represented shifts in women's agency, household authority, and the marital bargain. I argue that the perspectives of working‐class Black Brazilian women reveal how the value of respect is central to the dignity and self‐respect of minoritized and marginalized women and why, for these women, the disrespect of infidelity was the impetus for divorce.

"You could find a good or a bad provider, I would say you just have to go and see": A qualitative study of the influence of perceptions of service quality on family planning service use in Burkina Faso.

This qualitative study from Burkina Faso explores community-level perceptions of family planning (FP) service quality among FP users and non-users. It examines how perspectives on service quality may influence women's motivation to seek modern methods from health facilities. For this study, twenty focus group discussions were undertaken with non-users and current users of modern FP including unmarried, sexually active women ages 15-19 and 20-24 and ever married women ages 15-24 and 25+ in Bobo Dioulasso and Banfora, Burkina Faso. The findings demonstrate that respondents prioritized a welcoming environment, positive provider-client exchanges, the full provision of information (especially about side-effects), a pain-free experience, a short waiting time, and privacy and confidentiality. Poor service quality did not, in general, reduce women's demand or need to use a FP method. Some women who were reluctant to use formal health services used a non-facility-based method (calendar method, withdrawal, condoms or abstinence). Importantly, many unmarried, younger women and adolescents, who were more likely to be stigmatized by providers, exhibited agency by proactively seeking a method despite the potential for a negative experience. They prioritized their health and wellbeing over and above any interpersonal barriers they were likely to encounter. Incorporating strategies to improve the quality of FP services based on locally defined elements of quality should be a specific programmatic goal. These strategies can be identified through quality assessments employing a woman-centered lens. Women who visit facilities can be encouraged to share their positive experiences with their networks to improve community-level perspectives of facility quality. Improving service quality can attract new users, especially adolescents, and retain those who have already adopted a FP method. Through these multi-pronged actions, women's (and community) expectations and experience of quality can improve. This, in turn, may lead to greater client satisfaction and associated higher FP prevalence.

The Communıcatıon of Turkısh Femınısts wıth Socıety ın the Years of Transıtıon from the Ottoman Empıre to the Republıc of Turkey

Women, who had an important power and respected status in state administration in pre-Islamic Turkish states, were later excluded from social life in Ottoman society. Especially after the Tanzimat Edict, the daughters of elite families began to take a prominent role in the defense of women's rights. Women's associations and feminist newspapers established in the Ottoman Empire, brought the women's movement and women's demands to the agenda of social life. After the establishment of the Republic of Turkey significant efforts were made to ensure that women could receive the same education as men and participate in the social life on an equal basis with men. With the adoption of the Turkish Civil Code in 1926, significant progress was made in terms of equality between women and men in the family and social life. In 1934, Turkish women became legally equal to men in politics, even before many European countries.

Unmet need and intention to use as predictors of adoption of contraception in 10 Performance Monitoring for Action geographies

The determinants of fertility typically feature demand as the key motivation driver for contraceptive use. Yet relatively little is known about the extent to which demand for contraception predicts future contraceptive use, primarily due to the lack of longitudinal data that captures these measures at different time points. Two ways in which demand is often measured are unmet need and intention to use. Despite its intended use as a population measure, unmet need is commonly used in individual-level analyses and as a marker for individual-level demand for contraception. Few studies have assessed the extent to which unmet need predicts or reflects women's true latent demand as demonstrated by their future contraceptive use; the same is true for intention to use contraception in the future. We expand on previous research to assess whether and the degree to which unmet need and intention to use contraception predict adoption of contraception within a year, among nonusers in ten representative geographies using Performance Monitoring for Action (PMA) data. Findings show that in nine of ten sites, intention to use within a year was significantly associated with subsequent adoption, while in eight of ten sites, unmet need for spacing or limiting was not associated with adoption. Our results are important for programs as they try to identify true dynamic demand for contraception.

Mind the gender gap in ride-hailing from the demand side

Improving the transport system to enhance women's access to social opportunities and services has been a key initiative in mitigating gender inequality. Studies have examined women's different travel demands and experiences from men, and the mismatch between women's demands and transport services. However, little attention has been given to the gender gap in ride-hailing usage in the context of the fast development of platform economy-based new transportation services. Thus, this paper examines the nexus between gender and inequalities in ride-hailing from the demand side. Two key questions are explored: if ride-hailing serves women more/less, how does this gender difference in using ride-hailing occur? Does the emergence of ride-hailing mitigate or deteriorate the existing gender gap in capability to move? An innovative integration of big data and time-space geography approaches is developed to examine the multi-source data collected from Chengdu, China. The modelling results indicate that ride-hailing emerges as an affordable travel mode addressing women's demand for long-distance travel in the Chinese context of women's high labour participation and thus the existence of a considerable number of employed women with a sizeable daily activity space and a considerable income. The gender gap in capability to move is thus mitigated by ride-hailing at an aggregate level. This paper calls for a more nuanced and context-specific understanding of how ride-hailing may provide challenges and opportunities to gender equity in daily travel.

Performing gender: Social workers’ roles during the COVID-19 pandemic in China

Women social workers' roles during COVID-19 have been under-researched. We contribute to filling this gap by examining patriarchal inequalities in the pay and status of women social workers in Wuhan, China to determine whether change occurred when they replaced men in first-tier responder or protector roles when the government replaced men in frontline social work with women social workers. We conducted a qualitative investigation into these practitioners' work during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in Wuhan from 23 January to April 7, 2020 through 30 in-depth interviews of women social workers (11 working in Residents' Committees, 12 in NGOs from Wuhan and six other cities; and 7 in other local organizations). The findings highlight how women social workers' roles shifted during the pandemic from being second-tier responders to assuming the first-tier responder or ‘protector’ roles previously held by men while they continued their second-tier responders' and traditional caring roles. Despite this shift, the data show that women's demands for higher pay and status and involvement in decision-making structures remained unmet. Although women resisted unequal gender relations, doing men's roles as protectors loaded them with a ‘triple’ burden as protectors, second-tier responders and carers. The lack of gender equality for these women social workers highlights an urgency for policymakers and practitioners to promote gender equality by implementing women social workers' entitlements to pay parity, engagement in decision-making, and assumption of leadership roles, i.e., as men's equals.

The design of the Moon Center based on the female perspective

With the opening of China's three child policy and the continuous development of social economy, China's industrial structure has changed constantly. As a new economic growth point, the maternity and infant industry has become a hot industry in recent years. New service industries such as Moon Sister and Moon Center have developed rapidly. The scientific and comfortable modern moon center is increasingly favored by young women. It is undeniable that the emergence of maternity care institutions has timely met the needs of women for puerperal care today. However, there are always many imperfections in the development of emerging industries at the time of their inception, and the Moon Club entered the mainland market late and is in the initial stage of industrial development. From the actual situation of the few existing Moon Centers, it only meets the immediate needs and hasty response, and fails to fundamentally improve and enhance the reasonable, humanized, scientific planning, design and research of Moon Centers. The space function and design style are not mature enough, and there is no deep concept to support it. It is a superficial form, so women's demand for the existing indoor space of postpartum care center has not been met. Therefore, the interior design of postpartum care center must start to change the original design thinking, no longer simply pursue the excessive exaggeration and blandness in style and decoration, but should design a warm and comfortable interior space that conforms to the consumption psychology and aesthetic psychology of newborn mothers based on emotional needs, especially for the functional care of related nursing spaces and its feasible humanized and emotional design.