Level Of Demand Research Articles

An Assessment of the Urban Streetscape Using Multiscale Data and Semantic Segmentation in Jinan Old City, China

Urban street space is a significant component of urban public spaces and an important aspect of people’s perceptions of a city. Jinan Old City exemplifies the balance between the supply of and demand for green spaces in urban streets. The sense of comfort and the demand level of street spaces are measured via the space demand index. Open platform data, such as those from Baidu Maps and Amap, are evaluated using methods including ArcGIS network analysis and Segnet semantic segmentation. The results obtained from such evaluations indicate that, in terms of the green space supply, the overall level for Shangxin Street in Jinan is not high. Only 24% of the selected sites have an adequate green space supply. The level on Wenhua West Road is higher than that on Shangxin Street. The block on the western side of Shangxin Street has the highest green space demand, with a decreasing trend from west to east. There are several higher selection points in the middle section of Shangxin Street. The demand is lowest in the middle of Wenhua East Road. Shangxin Street’s demand is higher than that of Wenhua West Road. The supply and demand are highly matched on Wenhua West Road and poorly matched on Shangxin Street, with 44.12% of the area in the “low supply, high demand” quadrant. This study proposes targeted optimization strategies based on supply and demand, thereby providing research ideas and methods for urban renewal.

From state financial control to modern audit: evolutionary development in Russia and other countries

The article is devoted to the study of the evolution of state financial control and audit. The historical facts of their origin in the Great Roman Empire, China, India, Great Britain, the USA and Russia are given. Four stages of audit development in modern Russia are identified and a fairly detailed description of each stage is given. The necessity of modernizing the process of self-regulation of the auditing profession is substantiated, taking into account the recommendations of the International Forum of Independent Regulators of Auditing, the development and effective implementation of a new Concept and a new Strategy of Russian audit, the implementation of which will create conditions for the consolidation of the audit professional community, contributing to the development and functioning of mechanisms for involving the audit community in the processes of solving strategic tasks aimed at improving the efficiency of functioning modern models of state financial control and audit, the development of the national economy and ensuring the economic security of the country. Special attention is paid to taking measures to increase the level of demand and value of the audit.

Effectiveness of Apuwood Plants (Pistia Stratiotes) Using the Phytoremediation Method in Reducing Bod Levels in Ciprat Langitan Magetan Batik Waste

The batik industry generally consists of residue, residual dye water, residual wax and batik pelorodan water. The characteristics of batik liquid waste include high levels of Biological Oxygen Demand, Chemical Oxygen Demand, and Total Suspended Solids. Batik industry waste is considered dangerous, because its characteristics can pollute waters such as turbidity in river water. The aim of this research is todetermine the effectiveness of using apu wood plants (Pistia Stratiotes) in reducing the BOD value in Ciprat Langitan Simbatan Magetan batik waste.The method used in this research is experimental, with analysis using Quasi Experimental and using a Pretest-posttest Control Group Design.The results of measuring BOD levels with phytoremediation treatment of apu wood plants on the 3rd day were 114 mg/l, on the 6th day it was 71 mg/l and on the 9th day it was 53 mg/l. The percentage of effectiveness in reducing BOD levels on day 3 was 9.78%, on day 6 it was 45.31% and on the last day it was 58.20%. There was a reduction in BOD levels with phytoremediation using apu wood plants. The effectiveness of the apu wood plant in reducing BOD levels was found with an exposure time of 9 days. Apart from that, a long-standing treatment of more than 9 days can be used to measure the effectiveness of apu wood plants in reducing the BOD levels of batik liquid waste.

Current Use of Patient-Reported Outcome Measures Ignores Functional Demand.

Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) are used in orthopaedic surgery to measure aspects of musculoskeletal function that are important to patients, such as disability and pain. However, current assessments of function using PROMs do not necessarily consider a patient's functional demands in detail. A patient's functional demands could serve as a confounder to their perception of their functional ability. Hence, functional demands may need to be adjusted for when PROMs are used to measure musculoskeletal function. We conducted a cross-sectional study in which new orthopaedic patients completed a questionnaire regarding demographics, function [Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System], functional demand (Tegner Activity Level Scale), pain self-efficacy, and symptoms of depression. 169 eligible patients with diverse orthopaedic conditions were enrolled in the study from an orthopaedic clinic, and 19 were excluded for incomplete questionnaires. The mean Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System score was 36.5 ± 9.1, and the mean Tegner score was 2.6 ± 2.0. In the multivariable regression model, patient-reported function was significantly associated with functional demand (β = 0.17, P < 0.001). Significant associations were observed for pain self-efficacy (β = 0.15, P < 0.001), acuity (β = -0.10, P = 0.004), and age 80 years or older (β = -0.16, P = 0.004). No notable association was observed with depression or age 65 to 79 years. Higher patient-reported physical function is associated with higher levels of functional demand when controlling for psychosocial factors, acuity, and age. Because of its confounding effect on measuring physical function, functional demand should be assessed and included in models using PROMs before and after surgery. For example, payment models using improvements in PROMs, such as the short form of the Hip dysfunction and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score and the Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score after joint arthroplasty, should include functional demand in the model when assessing quality of care. Level II.

Effectiveness of natural herbs on sewage and treated municipal wastewater: A comparative study

Improperly handled sewage is the main cause of water pollution. Nearly 62% of wastewater in urban India remains untreated or partially treated, which further gets disposed of in the natural water bodies. The usual treatment methods include the activated sludge process, oxidation ponds, aerated lagoons, and trickling filters. These methods need spacious areas, a lot of energy and time, which drives up the cost of the treatment. The expense of the treatment process can be decreased by using natural coagulants. The indigenous medical system uses plants, which are abundant in secondary metabolites, to treat a variety of illnesses. The purpose of this study was to comprehend how these indigenous plants can be utilized for treating sewage water, as a low-cost accessible method that can be used by citizens to get access to clean drinking water. Material &amp;amp; Methods: A quick and low-cost method was created to investigate the efficacy of Moringa oleifera (Moringa), Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi), and Azadirachta indica (Neem) in the treatment of sewage water. This herb treated water was then compared to municipal treated water from the Ghatkopar Wastewater treatment facility, managed by the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai (MCGM), Mumbai, India. All the herb-based components were bought from regional markets, and water samples from a lagoon found in the nearby Ghatkopar lagoon in Mumbai. Results: When compared to the lagoon-treated water, the efficacy of the sewage water treated with herbs was higher or comparable. Coliform and copper levels decreased considerably in the treated sample. Herb-treated samples showed a reduction in the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) levels as compared to the treated water. Conclusion: When combined, the herbs had a significant impact on lowering the COD, Copper, and coliform levels, making the native plants a valuable source for the treatment of sewage water.

State-dependent multi-agent discrete event simulation for urban rail transit passenger flow

Urban rail transit passenger flow modeling is the foundation of urban rail transit planning, design, and operation. The motivation of this paper is to accurately and efficiently simulate passenger flow dynamics in urban rail transit systems. To this end, we propose a State-dependent Multi-agent Discrete Event Simulation (SdMaDES). The state-dependence (or congestion-dependence) means that the service abilities (or travel times) of bottleneck facilities (e.g. platform screen doors and transfer corridors) are not constant and they interact with the congestion dynamics. Specifically, we first establish a modular Multi-agent Discrete Event Simulation (MaDES), which includes four types of modules (passenger, train, station, and network modules) and three types of agents (passenger, train, and station agents). The logical connections and event-triggering modes between the modules are analyzed and defined, and thirty types of events are designed. The state-dependence is then captured by an Improved Social Force Model (ISFM), which adds an autonomous obstacle avoidance mechanism. The ISFM reproduces passenger movement behavior within bottleneck facilities of urban rail transit systems at the microscopic level. These state-dependent functions or general rules are explicitly formulated by fitting the results of ISFM and are subsequently applied to the proposed MaDES model, resulting in the SdMaDES. This integration aims to enhance the accuracy of the simulation. We conducted a real case from the Chengdu Metro network. Some interesting results are found. (a) The maximum number of boarding passengers in a train carriage is a complex nonlinear function that is dependent on the state (density inside the train carriage). This challenges the linear function commonly utilized in most studies. (b) Compared to the actual data, the proposed SdMaDES model shows a cumulative error of 9.85% after data smoothing, while the conventional MaDES model exhibits a much higher cumulative error of 21.9% after data smoothing. (c) As the overall traffic demand level increases, the gap between the two simulation models’ results is getting wider and wider due to the amplified nonlinear impact of congestion.

Forward contracting and the endogenous activity of heterogeneous firms

AbstractForward contracting in an ‐firm quantity‐setting oligopoly with heterogeneous costs introduces the possibility that relatively efficient firms deter the activity of inefficient rivals by reducing their margins. The equilibrium number of firms producing positive quantities can be any of depending on the level of demand relative to firm‐specific activity thresholds, with more firms active at higher demand levels. If only one firm is active, the Bertrand outcome is obtained. This potential reduction of the number of active firms may lessen the procompetitive effect of forward sales, but does not eliminate it entirely. We explore the competition policy implications of the endogenous activity of firms, in particular for merger analysis.

Modelling and numerical simulation of sequencing strategies for connected and autonomous vehicles at signal-free intersections

The signal-free intersections employ connected and automated vehicle technology to manage vehicles passing through the intersection. Due to conflicting traffic flows in opposition directions, a proper sequencing of Connected and Autonomous Vehicles (CAVs) at signal-free intersections becomes critical to impacting intersection traffic performance. Based on an examination of CAV queueing rules under the most common sequencing strategies of First-Come-First-Serve (FCFS) and Longest-Queue-First (LQF), commonly employed as benchmarks for evaluating diverse innovative approaches to signal-free intersections, we propose a Dynamic-Queue-Service (DQS) strategy that is tailored to accommodate high traffic demand. To explicitly elucidate the impact of diverse traffic demand in conflicting directions on the queue uncertainty and stochasticity of CAVs, as well as to investigate how various sequencing strategies influence the equity of CAV traffic at signal-free intersections with regard to CAV queueing dynamics under different strategies, we have developed a double-input traffic queueing model and derived a range of metrics, including the queue length, delay, conditional queue length, and variance of queue length. In addition, for the three strategies, we performed a series of numerical simulations to investigate the queueing process of CAVs at signal-free intersections. Numerical results show that under different levels of traffic demand in the conflicting directions, the FCFS, LQF, and DQS strategies output diverse traffic queueing performances, and the DQS strategy is confirmed to be well-suited for the situation of high traffic demand in both conflicting directions.

Leadership Challenges in The Era of Globalization for Poverty Alleviation in Sabu Raijua District, East Nusa Tenggara

Globalization has developed into a cliché where some people think that globalization is a force to reduce adversity, others think that globalization has negative implications and is seen as an increase in inequality, poverty, unemployment and environmental destruction. Globalization has played a key role in the standard of living and development of a country. Global poverty is one of the worst problems facing the world today. The world's poorest people are often hungry, have far less access to education, are regularly without light at night, and suffer from far poorer health. Therefore, making progress against poverty is one of the most pressing global goals. About 8 percent of the world's population lives in extreme poverty. Most of the population in Sabu Raijua Regency, 82.3 percent work as farmers out of a total population of 74,403 people, although they work as farmers, the number of paddy fields in Sabu Raijua Regency is only 2.49 percent and the rest is dry land with a percentage of 97.52 percent. This shows that some of the people of Sabu Raijua has just reached the stage of subsistence farming, where this method of production has a high level of demand for water. This means that the agricultural sector has not been able to save the people of Sabu Raijua in alleviating poverty.

Context effects in cognitive effort evaluation.

When given a choice, people will avoid cognitively effortful courses of action because the experience of effort is evaluated as aversive and costly. At the same time, a body of work spanning psychology, economics, and neuroscience suggests that goods, actions, and experiences are often evaluated in the context in which they are encountered, rather in absolute terms. To probe the extent to which theevaluation of cognitive effort is also context-dependent, we had participants learn associations between unique stimuli and subjective demand levels across low-demand and high-demand contexts. We probed demand preferences and subjective evaluation using a forced-choice paradigm as well by examining effort ratings, taken both on-line (during learning) and off-line (after choice). When choosing between two stimuli objectively identical in terms of demand, participants showed a clear preference for the stimulus learned in the low- versus high-demand context and rated this stimulus as more subjectively effortful than the low-demand context in on-line but not off-line ratings, suggesting an assimilation effect. Finally, we observed that the extent to which individual participants who exhibited stronger assimilation effects in off-line demand ratings were more likely to manifest an assimilation effect in demand preferences. Broadly, our findings suggest that effort evaluations occur in a context-dependent manner and are specifically assimilated to the broader context in which they occur.

Myocardial Fibrosis in Young and Veteran Athletes: Evidence from a Systematic Review of the Current Literature.

Background: Exercise is associated with several cardiac adaptations that can enhance one's cardiac output and allow one to sustain a higher level of oxygen demand for prolonged periods. However, adverse cardiac remodelling, such as myocardial fibrosis, has been identified in athletes engaging in long-term endurance exercise. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging is considered the noninvasive gold standard for its detection and quantification. This review seeks to highlight factors that contribute to the development of myocardial fibrosis in athletes and provide insights into the assessment and interpretation of myocardial fibrosis in athletes. Methods: A literature search was performed using the PubMed/Medline database and Google Scholar for publications that assessed myocardial fibrosis in athletes using CMR. Results: A total of 21 studies involving 1642 endurance athletes were included in the analysis, and myocardial fibrosis was found in 378 of 1595 athletes. A higher prevalence was seen in athletes with cardiac remodelling compared to control subjects (23.7 vs. 3.3%, p < 0.001). Similarly, we found that young endurance athletes had a significantly higher prevalence than veteran athletes (27.7 vs. 19.9%, p < 0.001), while male and female athletes were similar (19.7 vs. 16.4%, p = 0.207). Major myocardial fibrosis (nonischaemic and ischaemic patterns) was predominately observed in veteran athletes, particularly in males and infrequently in young athletes. The right ventricular insertion point was the most common fibrosis location, occurring in the majority of female (96%) and young athletes (84%). Myocardial native T1 values were significantly lower in athletes at 1.5 T (p < 0.001) and 3 T (p = 0.004), although they had similar extracellular volume values to those of control groups. Conclusions: The development of myocardial fibrosis in athletes appears to be a multifactorial process, with genetics, hormones, the exercise dose, and an adverse cardiovascular risk profile playing key roles. Major myocardial fibrosis is not a benign finding and warrants a comprehensive evaluation and follow-up regarding potential cardiac disease.

Tailoring the geometry of visible and near-infrared light active CuSe nanostructure for enhanced photocatalytic activity

Semiconductor photocatalysts play a pivotal role in fostering a sustainable environment by harnessing solar energy directly into chemical energy to achieve various photocatalytic processes. Therefore, a visible-infrared active photocatalyst is the next level of demand for solving the alarming environmental issues. In this regard, the present article reports the investigations of crucial mechanisms and conditions leading to pure and defect-free hexagonal 2D CuSe nanosheets (NSs) and the influence of their structural architecture on visible-infrared active photocatalytic performance. Here, it was achieved by the conventional hydrothermal method by varying the pH of the reaction mixture. XRD analysis was used to examine the crystal structure and lattice parameters of CuSe NSs. The presence of H+ ions was suggested to significantly influence the observed anisotropic crystallite growth across different pH conditions. EDS and XPS analysis exhibited the purity and stoichiometry of 2D CuSe NSs, revealing that the obtained stoichiometry was consistent with CuSe composition. The morphological characteristics were investigated using FE-SEM as well as HR-TEM analyses, and the specific surface area was determined using Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis in which a significant change occurred in response to the variation in reaction conditions. The optical properties of optimized 2D CuSe NSs show excellent absorption in the visible and near-infrared region utilizing full solar with a notable decrease in emission intensity, suggesting a reduction in recombination rates due to pH-induced changes in the nanoarchitecture. Herein, methylene blue, a well-established model dye, was used as a probe to assess the photocatalytic activity of the synthesized CuSe NSs. Notably, the CuSe NSs synthesized under neutral conditions demonstrate a remarkable methylene blue degradation efficiency, reaching approximately 98 % within approximately 45 minutes, indicating a high degradation rate. Finally, an in-depth exploration into the intricacies of photocatalytic performance, degradation mechanisms, and the recyclability test was conducted, accompanied by a thorough investigation into the feasibility of CuSe NSs for their practical application in photocatalytic wastewater treatment.

Multi-objective optimization of the configuration of Electric vehicle charging piles based on scenario analysis

Abstract The optimization of electric vehicles (EVs) charging piles configurations is explored across varying demand levels, land prices, and unit time cost, with the aim of minimizing users’ waiting times and construction operation and maintenance costs. The analysis indicates that a significant reduction in user waiting times can be achieved through the increase of charging piles, with only a marginal rise in construction operation and maintenance cost, proving to be economically beneficial, especially in scenarios of high user time cost. After determining the minimum number of charging piles according to the charging demand, adding 1 to 4 charging piles based on it is the most direct and convenient method to determine the configuration of charging piles.

Профессиональная востребованность педагога в цифровой образовательной среде

&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;The relevance of the study of the problem of professional demand for teachers, which has both an objective and subjective, personal dimension, is due to the need to develop methods of psychological support for their personal and professional development in conditions of increasing demands on the results of the educational process in modern socio-cultural conditions. The article examines the substantive characteristics and levels of formation of professional relevance based on the provisions of L.M. Mitina&amp;rsquo;s concept of the internal determination of personal and professional development as complementary and mutually reinforcing processes. A stable, correlated relationship and the relationship between the characteristics of the results of activity and personal characteristics allows the teacher to achieve a high level of professional demand. The purpose of the article is to study the professional relevance of a teacher in the context of professionalism of activity and professionalism of a person, to determine the levels of formation and factors preventing its achievement.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Analysis of the effect of component size and demand pattern on the final price for a green hydrogen production system

Hydrogen emerges as a pivotal energy carrier, shaping the future of the energy landscape. This study explores the potential of utilizing solar energy for green hydrogen production, presenting a promising avenue for low-carbon energy generation. Despite its potential, uncertainties stemming from the intermittent nature of solar energy, demand fluctuations, and economic considerations pose challenges to its widespread adoption. The paper delves into the performance of a power-to-hydrogen system, employing solid oxide electrolyzers to convert electricity from solar arrays into green hydrogen. Two distinct system architectures are proposed: the dedicated configuration, where the owner of the solar array and power-to-hydrogen facilities are the same, and the non-dedicated configuration, where the power-to-hydrogen system purchases solar electricity from the owner of the solar power plant. Simulation results from the case study reveal that the non-dedicated system offers superior economic performance compared to the dedicated system. Considering different hydrogen demand levels and electrolyzer sizes, the levelized cost of hydrogen in the non-dedicated scheme is below 2 $/kg, demonstrating competitive pricing within the realm of renewable technologies. However, solar-assisted green hydrogen faces tough competition with traditional sources of hydrogen production when considering economic aspects.

Patterns of neural activity in prelimbic cortex neurons correlate with attentional behavior in the rodent continuous performance test.

Sustained attention, the ability to focus on a stimulus or task over extended periods, is crucial for higher level cognition, and is impaired in individuals diagnosed with neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders, including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, schizophrenia, and depression. Translational tasks like the rodent continuous performance test (rCPT) can be used to study the cellular mechanisms underlying sustained attention. Accumulating evidence points to a role for the prelimbic cortex (PrL) in sustained attention, as electrophysiological single unit and local field (LFPs) recordings reflect changes in neural activity in the PrL in mice performing sustained attention tasks. While the evidence correlating PrL electrical activity with sustained attention is compelling, limitations inherent to electrophysiological recording techniques, including low sampling in single unit recordings and source ambivalence for LFPs, impede the ability to fully resolve the cellular mechanisms in the PrL that contribute to sustained attention. In vivo endoscopic calcium imaging using genetically encoded calcium sensors in behaving animals can address these questions by simultaneously recording up to hundreds of neurons at single cell resolution. Here, we used in vivo endoscopic calcium imaging to record patterns of neuronal activity in PrL neurons using the genetically encoded calcium sensor GCaMP6f in mice performing the rCPT at three timepoints requiring differing levels of cognitive demand and task proficiency. A higher proportion of PrL neurons were recruited during correct responses in sessions requiring high cognitive demand and task proficiency, and mice intercalated non-responsive-disengaged periods with responsive-engaged periods that resemble attention lapses. During disengaged periods, the correlation of calcium activity between PrL neurons was higher compared to engaged periods, suggesting a neuronal network state change during attention lapses in the PrL. Overall, these findings illustrate that cognitive demand, task proficiency, and task engagement differentially recruit activity in a subset of PrL neurons during sustained attention.

Consumer Social Connectedness and Persuasiveness of Collaborative-Filtering Recommender Systems: Evidence From an Online-to-Offline Recommendation App

Consumers often rely on their social connections or social technologies, such as (automated) system-generated recommender systems, to navigate the proliferation of diverse products and services offered in online and offline markets and cope with the corresponding choice overload. In this study, we investigate the relationship between the consumers’ social connectedness and the economic impact of recommender systems. Specifically, we examine whether the social connectedness levels of consumers moderate the effectiveness of online recommendations toward increasing product demand levels. We study this novel research question using a combination of datasets and a demand-estimation model. Interestingly, the empirical results show a positive moderating effect of social connectedness on the demand effect of online-to-offline recommendations. Further delving into the findings, we also provide empirical evidence that social identification might explain why denser social connectedness with local users accentuates the effects of collaborative-filtering online-to-offline recommendations. Our study enhances the understanding of community factors affecting the efficacy of social technologies in multichannel operations while also extending the social identity theory in operations in the digital realm. The results also have intriguing operational implications for operations managers and practitioners, while suggesting several interesting avenues for future research on social technologies and operations management.

Horizontal and Vertical Spatial Equity Analysis Based on Accessibility to Living Service Amenities: A Case Study of Xi’an, China

Accessibility is closely related to residents’ well-being and quality of life and is a potential indicator of social equity. This study aims to present a methodology for assessing the combined equity of living service amenities (LSAs) based on accessibility. This study focuses on fourteen types of LSAs in six dimensions and improves the three-step floating catchment area (3SFCA) model by considering the behavioral demand characteristics of different age groups. Taking the main built-up area of Xi’an as an example, the modified 3SFCA model is applied to assess the accessibility of LSAs, and the supply–demand index is used to measure the supply and demand level of the horizontal dimension. Furthermore, random forest regression was used to screen the key socioeconomic indicators affecting the accessibility of LSAs, and then the binary spatial correlation local index was used to reveal the spatial distribution characteristics between LSA accessibility and key socioeconomic indicators in the vertical dimension. Finally, the comprehensive equity of LSAs is evaluated by space superposition. The results showed that there was a serious imbalance between the supply and demand of LSAs in Xi’an’s main built-up area, with polarized oversupply and weak supply areas, especially for accessibility to low-grade LSAs. Accessibility is relatively low for children and young and middle-aged groups, and intergenerational inequalities were particularly pronounced among them. The lower-income group was generally at a disadvantage in accessing the high-demand amenities, and those who resided in affordable housing in the periphery of the city were more likely to face social exclusion. This study emphasizes the importance of distributing urban resources equitably among different social groups, which can help decision makers achieve a balance between horizontal equity and vertical equity in the allocation of urban LSAs and promote spatial equity and sustainable social development.

Risk Conditions for Stress, its Coping and its Relationship with Trait-State Anxiety in Nursing Students of a Public University in Guadalajara, Mexico

The level of demand during the academic training of nursing students is high and when there is the presence of risk conditions for stress together with the lack of adequate coping styles, it is very likely that they may present high levels of trait-state anxiety, which can affect the academic performance and health of these students, Therefore, the aim of this study was to establish two multiple regression models, one to analyze the relationship of Trait-State Anxiety and the other for Trait-State Anxiety and its relationship with stress risk conditions and coping styles in nursing students at a public university in Mexico. A total of 740 students were assessed, the models were determined by multiple regression analysis. This study established that nursing students at a public university in Mexico, who make negative evaluations have a higher risk of presenting A-State, and that students who present type A behavior and make positive evaluations, as well as those who consume tobacco, alcohol and/or drugs, increase the risk of A-Trait, Therefore, it is recommended to implement educational programs aimed at providing coping strategies that help to lower the levels of Trait-State Anxiety, as well as to create the choice of healthy practices through the use of protective coping styles to prevent these conditions before they have a negative impact on the health, academic performance and university dropout of nursing students in Mexico.

Optimization of Raw Material Inventory using Always Better Control (ABC) Analysis and Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) Method Approach in the Warehouse of a Bolt Manufacturing Factory in Indonesia

There is a problem in the raw material procurement process at the Contractor Company, such as running out and excess stock of raw materials, as well as difficulties in determining how many raw materials to order that meet the company's economic value. Running out of raw material stock results in delays in production activities, while excess raw material stock can fill warehouse capacity, thereby increasing storage costs. To overcome this problem, research was carried out using a quantitative descriptive method to determine the level of production cost efficiency and production effectiveness level in order to achieve optimization of raw material supplies using Always Better Control (ABC) Analysis and the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) Method at Bolt Companies. ABC analysis plays a role in determining which raw materials have the highest level of demand and the EOQ method plays a role in determining the amount of raw materials to be ordered in order to meet the company's economic value. The research results show that the combination of ABC Analysis and EOQ Method can reduce ordering costs and raw material inventory. There are 4 items out of 10 raw material items that are included in Category A or the most prioritized category. From the results of calculations using the EOQ method, the Bolt Company can save total orders and raw material inventory (TIC) in the period January to December 2023 amounting to IDR 2,147,403,-.