Demand For Weapons Research Articles

The Impacts of Russo-Ukrainian War on World Economy: Energy, Finance and Crop Markets

With the outbreak of the Russian-Ukrainian war, the world economy has been deeply affected. Some countries that depend on Russian energy imports are in an energy crisis at this time. With the increase in demand for weapons and equipment, the war stimulated the development of Russian military-industrial complexes. The world's financial markets have also become volatile. Ukraine's fertile black soil feeds four million people. However, as the war escalated, wheat cultivation in Ukraine was also deeply affected, endangering the security of the global food supply chain. What strategies will some countries adopt to deal with the energy crisis? How can global investors plan their portfolios? How will the shortage of wheat affect the global food supply chain? In the face of a series of sanctions by Western countries led by the United States, how will Russia respond? This article attempts to analyze the impact of the Russia-Ukraine war on the world economy from three perspectives: energy and manufacturing, financial markets, and agricultural product markets.

GLOBAL ARMS MARKET: KEY PLAYERS, FEATURES, TRENDS

This article analyzes the current situation in the global arms market. The authors of the article study the role of the main players in the international arms and military equipment market, determine the main trends in the development of the world arms market, analyze the current statistical data characterizing the state of this market. The analysis allows us to conclude that, despite significant dynamic and structural changes, the demand for weapons in the world is not decreasing, as is the competition between the main suppliers of weapons. The intensification of military-political tensions led to an acceleration in the growth rates of the world arms trade. In addition, the geographic vector of development is changing in the global arms market. If in the second half of the twentieth century the Middle East actively acted as importing countries, then in the twenty-first century the center of world trade in military products shifted to Asia and Oceania, where the main importers of weapons are India, Pakistan, Vietnam, Singapore, South Korea, Indonesia, Japan and Australia. Most recently, there has been a new increase in demand for weapons from the Middle Eastern states, primarily Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Kuwait and Egypt.

SHAPING OF MILITARY-TECHNICAL COOPERATION STATE POLICY: INTERNATIONAL AND STATE LEGAL ASPECTS

The article examines the international and legal aspects of the shaping and implementation of state policy in the field of military-technical cooperation, particularly in the context of arms and military equipment exports. The urgency of the study of this issue is due to the increasing scale of weapons’ trade and the number of participants in economic relations in the world arms market. Recently, there has been an increase in demand for weapons and ammunition due to rising tensions in international relations and the concentration of a significant number of states in their efforts to gain a much greater role in the world order. Increased competition in the arms market, the willingness of individual states to strengthen military power under any circumstances and the inconsistency of export control systems that exist in different states, have led to an intensification of the activities of unscrupulous arms exporters. As a result, the number of arms sales operations that provide the basis for armed conflict has increased. In this regard, the international community has focused on strengthening controls on the movement of weapons. As for today, the most effective regulatory system for controlling the transfer of weapons has been established within the European Union. Its effectiveness is determined by the binding nature of the treaties for the EU member states. International treaties, in particular the International Arms Trade Treaty, contain recommendations for countries around the world on the rules of conduct in the field of arms trade and do not specify strict measures to control arms exports. In this regard, the countries of the world use their own approaches to establishing rules for the export of weapons, which creates the conditions for the existence of different standards of export control. In these circumstances, there is a significant threat to increase the scale of the activities of unscrupulous arms exporters. Given the imperfection of the international legal regulation of arms exports, the urgency of the efforts of arms exporting states to harmonize their national legislation with international treaties, which define the rules of commercial entities in the arms market. Accordingly, a transparent and clear state policy in the field of arms trade should be considered one of the most important factors in the successful participation of the state in international relations.

Perspectives and the role of Bosnian defense industry in national innovation system

The increased global demand for weapons is growing fast both military and civilian grade equipment. The defense industry is experiencing an increase in its trades and production over the globe. Currently global market trade of arms is about US$ 1.9 trillion, with a trend of increase. This paper investigates global trends in defense through analysis of global defense spending and R&D activities with the focus to Bosnian defense industry perspectives. It was observed that Bosnian defense industry has potential to be one of the key players of the national innovation system through which the national R&D output would make notable positive impact on the national economic performances.

The implication of diachronic changes reflected in LBA bronze assemblages of Central Kazakhstan

The Late Bronze Age in central Kazakhstan may be considered an incubation time for significant social and political changes that would soon transpire with the coming of the Early Iron Age. In seeking material evidence that might predict the imminence of such changes, differences in technology and artifact makeup were noted in the visual and microscopic investigation of local LBA bronze assemblages separated in time by one to three centuries. During this period, tin alloying in copper became more prominent while there was growing dependence on casting for fabrication. This change in technology apparently came with the increasing demand for weapons and decorative items, signifying the emergence of conflicts and social differentiation. No evidence was noted, however, of the fabrication of the metallic horse harness or of the use of lead or arsenic in copper alloys. The diachronic differences, clearly visible when viewing the LBA bronze assemblages in comparative perspectives, indicate that the emergence of conspicuous technological and social transformations at the turn of the EIA era could be regarded as an intensification of the changes already in progress in central Kazakhstan during the LBA period.

Curbing the Demand for Mass Destruction

We live in an age when the supply of weapons and materials of mass destruction easily meets the demand of Islamist extremists all too willing to use them. It is essential but not enough to reduce and secure the supply of weapons and materials of mass destruction. A comprehensive approach to catastrophic terrorism requires that we manage both the supply and demand for weapons of mass destruction. Nonproliferation strategies that focus solely on supply are merely buying us time.

« Boys will be Men and Girls will be Boys »

Évoquer la première guerre mondiale comme un moment d'ouverture provisoire, favorable aux ouvrières en usine, est devenu un lieu commun de l'histoire des femmes. Si l'on en croit cette version de l'histoire, à partir de 1914, dans beaucoup d'industries et particulièrement dans l'armement, les employeurs étendirent le domaine du travail féminin en autorisant les femmes à accomplir différentes tâches bien payées, jusque-là réservées aux hommes. Mais avec le retour de la paix et la démobilisation des soldats, ces emplois convoités furent rendus à leurs possesseurs et les femmes retournèrent précipitamment à l'obscurité des travaux domestiques et des emplois féminins traditionnels : employées de maison, ouvrières du textile. I! fallut attendre une autre guerre en Europe pour qu'employeurs, technocrates et hommes politiques entendent l'appel des femmes pour l'égalité du travail et infléchissent les politiques des usines et des bureaux, où les femmes devinrent de plus en plus nombreuses après 1945.

European Arms Industries in the 1980s: A Study in Corporate Crime

U.S. scholarship on corporate and governmental illegality has often drawn examples from the U.S. defense industry, but comparative and international examples have not been widely used. European defense corporations have likewise been involved in extensive abuses and criminal activities, which have often involved the illegal export of weapons to prohibited destinations. This is illustrated by the massive sanctions violations perpetrated by arms manufacturers during the Iran-Iraq War of 1980-1988, when a clandestine corporate network emerged to meet the illicit demand for weapons. This study considers the economic and political roots of the widespread corporate deviance that was apparent in those years and further emphasizes the parallels between that situation and instances of organized or syndicate criminality.

How elastic is the government's demand for weapons?

We estimate the elasticity of the government's demand for specific weapons by econometric analysis of the relationship between quantity and cost revisions across the population of major weapon systems. The cost revisions are due in part to technological information generated in the course of research and development. The elasticity of demand is 0.55, and is significantly different from both zero and unity. Thus, the government's demand for specific weapons is inelastic, but not perfectly inelastic. Weapons acquisition is evidently characterized by increasing returns: the elasticity of total cost with respect to quantity is about 0.75.

The Consequences of Expensive Oil on Arms Transfers

This article examines the short-term effects of expensive oil on the supply and demand patterns for conventional weapons. It pools the cross-section and time-series data on petroleum and arms trade, and uses a crossed-error regression model to estimate these effects for three groups of countries. The results offer some tentative support for several widely shared impressions. They indicate a linkage between oil and arms trade, thus providing the necessary although not sufficient condition for proving that weapons have been used by the Western industrialized nations to recycle petrodollars from the OPEC countries. They also show that dependency on foreign fuel, increasing trade deficits, and low per capita GNP do not restrain the demand for weapons by those countries that are both oil and arms net importers. Most of these countries are developing nations, and their demand seems to be relatively inelastic in the short term.