Demand For Renewable Energy Resources Research Articles

Estimation of the electricity to be generated at different wind speeds and turbines through fuzzy logic and ANN, A case study of Balıkesir

One of the most significant factors determining the development level of the world’s countries in the economic domain is energy. As technology makes progress, the need of countries for energy continuously increases in parallel with that. Meeting such increasing energy demand with fossil fuels for many years has damaged the living standards of all living beings. Both of these two circumstances have caused an increase in demand for Renewable Energy Resources (RER), with wind power being one of them. In the present study, monthly wind speed, temperature, and pressure measurement data obtained from the Wind Power Plant (WPP) located in the Gonen District of Balikesir Province were averaged out. Using this data and the output data of electricity amounts from different turbine types, an electric power production estimation model was formed through the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Fuzzy Logic (FL) methods. It was intended to determine the electric power required to be generated by the model formed through ANN and FL. When the estimations obtained by the ANN and FL were compared, it was observed that the results were correct and coherent.

Pyrolysis of corn stalks: The potential of using bio-oil as a fuel

Due to the increasing consumption of fossil fuels, there is a growing demand for renewable energy resources. At the same time, a significant amount of agricultural waste accumulates, including corn residues, and efficient management of this waste is a challenge. In this work, the waste biomass, which consisted of the stalks of two types of corn, was characterized and subjected to the pyrolysis process at 400?C. Physicochemical characterization of the obtained liquid fraction (bio-oil) was performed, and the obtained data were compared with literature data for liquid biofuel. The calorific value of bio-oil was above 22 MJ kg-1, which indicates the good potential of waste corn biomass as an energy source. With appropriate further changes in the composition of waste, by adding materials with a higher carbon and hydrogen content, corn stalks can represent a significant energy source, with better regulation of disposal and storage of agricultural waste.

Enhanced performance of hydrothermally prepared Ag2Se/rGO nanosheet composite for energy storage applications

In recent years, there has been a significant focus on variable nanostructured supercapacitors within the research community, which heightened interest that attributed to the growing demand for renewable energy resources. To resolve these issues through the advancement of electrode materials, metal chalcogenides-based rGO nanocomposite have demonstrated significant potential across various sectors, including energy storage and conversion. The presents investigation involves the synthesis of an Ag2Se/rGO nanosheet composite as an electrode material using a facile hydrothermal route for structural, morphological and electrochemical characterizations. However, the electrochemical findings revealed that specific capacitance (Csp) of Ag2Se/rGO composite was determined to 1443 F/g at 1 A/g. Additionally, energy density (Ed) was 77.09 Wh/kg at power density (Pd) was recorded to 310 W/kg at a 1 A/g. Moreover, obtained result suggests that there was high efficiency of ion diffusion observed when there was a low charge transfer resistance (Rct = 0.54 Ω) between Ag2Se and rGO. In addition, it has been observed that the columbic efficiency (η = 96 %) of the Ag2Se/rGO composites electrode remains high even after undergoing 5000th charging-discharging cycles. This remarkable stability demonstrates the excellent life cycle stability and low charge transfer resistance of prepared materials. The results of this study indicate that the Ag2Se/rGO composite electrode exhibits significant potential as an anode material which can be effectively utilized in various energy storage applications.

Development of the Exowave Oscillating Wave Surge Converter

With increasing demand for renewable energy resources, the development of alternative concepts is still ongoing. The wave energy sector is still in vast develop- ment on the way to contribute to the energy production world wide. The present study presents the development of the Exowave wave energy converter made so far. A numerical model has been established supported by wave flume tests performed at Aalborg University during the first phase of the development. Furthermore, a successful open sea demonstration has been performed on 7 meters of water at Blue Accelerator, Belgium, from which the concept has been proven. As part of the ongoing research, verification of the numerical model will be made through experimental testing in the wave tank of Aalborg University, and an open sea demonstration at 14 meters of water depth will be executed off the coast of Hanstholm, Denmark.

Α Reliability Study of Renewable Energy Resources and their Integration with Utility Grids

Reliability analysis is considered an impressive approach for investigating the planning and design processes of industrial and commercial electrical power distribution systems. Reliability analysis is mainly concerned with the analysis of devices and systems whose individual components are prone to failure risk. The demand for renewable energy resources that work in parallel or replace traditional energy resources is significantly increasing. The current research presents the reliability analysis of the IEEE 40-bus system integrated with large-scale PV and wind systems. Reliability parameters evaluation of power distribution systems will be performed using the zone branch methodology to divide the power system layout into several sections (protected zones). The compensating capacitors will be addressed to clarify their impacts on the system reliability indices. The 40-bus system, known as the IEEE Standard 493-1997, integrated with large-scale PV and wind is simulated using ETAP software. The simulation results reveal that the integration of renewable energy resources with the utility grids can improve the reliability indices. These simulation results are consistent with similar works found in literature and some standards in the field of reliability analysis. The integration of power distribution systems with renewable energy resources improves the reliability indices of the distribution grids.

Design and Development of Bidirectional DC-DC Dual Active Bridge Converter for Energy Storage Systems

The ever-increasing demand for renewable energy resources as compared to conventional means of energy generation has resulted in a growing demand for more efficient power storage systems and applications. However, this necessitates the use of different converters that must be employed to achieve efficient voltage conversions right from the generation stage to the point power is stored in the battery banks. To achieve efficient conversions of the voltage levels, Bidirectional DC-DC Dual-Active-Bridge (DAB) converters can be employed. Accordingly, this research work involves use of a closed-loop PI controller for controlling the outputs of a DC-DC converter and compensating for the load disturbances. The Simulink-derived results indicate the input & output characteristics of the converter to achieve the design of a controller that is capable of providing significant tracking reference command without undergoing steady-state error, thereby offering a fast transient response. Hence, by maximizing the performance of the converter, the controller resolves the issues identified in the output current. The system was also implemented on a 400W laboratory experimental model with a view to additionally validate its performance effectiveness. As a whole, a DAB system was successfully designed, simulated, implemented and analyzed for employing in various energy storage applications

Performance Characteristics of In-Line Oil Separator with Various Airfoil Vane Configurations of the Axial-Flow Swirl Generator

Recently, as the industry develops, global energy consumption has been increasing. Power generation using various energy sources is used to meet energy consumption. The demand for renewable energy resources is increasing as well as the demand for fossil fuels. However, fossil fuel reserves offshore are limited, and the continued resource development is causing the depletion of fossil fuels. Accordingly, there is a demand for resource development not only offshore but also in the deep sea. In order to efficiently separate water and oil, it is necessary to study a compact in-line oil separator. In this study, the oil–water separation characteristics according to various airfoil vane configurations of the in-line type oil separator are numerically calculated. The maximum camber and location of the maximum camber of the NACA(National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics) airfoil model were selected as design parameters. As a result, the maximum separation efficiency of 63.9% was predicted when the maximum camber value was 13.51% and the maximum camber position was 50%.

Distributed Stochastic Model Predictive Control for Peak Load Limiting in Networked Microgrids With Building Thermal Dynamics

Today’s increasing in demand for renewable energy resources has attracted a lot of attention towards Microgrids (MGs). Due to their reliability, computation power and performance, a distributed network of MGs seems to be a promising approach to integrate a large number of distributed energy resources, energy storage systems and loads. However, the local privacy, the consensus process and the stochastic behaviors of renewable energy resources are some of the challenges which should be addressed before a wide deployment of such networks. In this paper, we introduce a distributed MGs integrated with buildings, focusing on their ability to provide peak load limiting. The algorithm is formalized as a two-stage stochastic problem, where the first stage variables determine the next time-step buildings’ temperatures setpoints in each microgrid, while the second-stage variables define the power exchange decisions for the purpose of limiting peak load in the network of microgrids. Leveraging by alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM), the proposed framework can work in a real-time environment as a supervisory controller to coordinate MGs.

Facile deposition of palladium oxide (PdO) nanoparticles on CoNi2S4 microstructures towards enhanced oxygen evolution reaction

Strong demand for renewable energy resources and clean environments have inspired scientists and researchers across the globe to carry out research activities on energy provision, conversion, and storage devices. In this context, development of outperform, stable, and durable electrocatalysts has been identified as one of the major objectives for oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Herein, we offer facile approach for the deposition of few palladium oxide (PdO) nanoparticles on the cobalt–nickel bi-metallic sulphide (CoNi2S4) microstructures represented as PdO@ CoNi2S4 using ultraviolet light (UV) reduction method. The morphology, crystalline structure, and chemical composition of the as-prepared PdO@ CoNi2S4 composite were probed through scanning electron microscopy, powder x-ray diffraction, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy techniques. The combined physical characterization results revealed that ultraviolet light (UV) light promoted the facile deposition of PdO nanoparticles of 10 nm size onto the CoNi2S4 and the fabricated PdO@ CoNi2S4 composite has a remarkable activity towards OER in alkaline media. Significantly, it exhibited a low onset potential of 1.41 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) and a low overpotential of 230 mV at 10 mA cm−2. Additionally, the fabricated PdO@ CoNi2S4 composite has a marked stability of 45 h. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy has shown that the PdO@CoNi2S4 composite has a low charge transfer resistance of 86.3 Ohms, which favours the OER kinetics. The PdO@ CoNi2S4 composite provided the multiple number of active sites, which favoured the enhanced OER activity. Taken together, this new class of material could be utilized in energy conversion and storage as well as sensing applications.

The Prediction of Separation Performance of an In-Line Axial Oil–Water Separator Using Machine Learning and CFD

Recently, global energy consumption has increased due to industrial development, resulting in increasing demand for various energy sources. Aside from the increased demand for renewable energy resources, the demand for fossil fuels is also on the rise. Accordingly, the demand for resource development in the deep sea is also increasing. Various systems are required to efficiently develop resources in the deep sea. A study on an in-line type oil–water separator is needed to compensate for the disadvantages of a gravity separator that separates traditional water and oil. In this paper, the separation performance of the axial-flow oil–water separator for five design variables (conical diameter, conical length, number of vanes, angle of vane, and thickness of vane) was analyzed. Numerical calculations for multiphase fluid were performed using the mixture model, one of the Euler–Euler approaches. Additionally, the Reynolds stress model was used to describe the swirling flow. As a result, it was found that the effect on the separation performance was large in the order of angle of vane, conical diameter, number of vanes, the thickness of vane, and conical length. A neural network model for predicting separation performance was developed using numerical calculation results. To predict the oil–water separation performance, five design parameters were considered, and the evaluation of the separation performance prediction model was compared with the multilinear regression (MLR) model. As a result, it was found that the R square was improved by about 74.0% in the neural network model, compared with the MLR model.

Numerical Study for HAWT Wake shape with different Angles of Attack

Increasing world demand for renewable energy resources as wind energy was one of the goals behind research optimization of energy production from wind farms. Wake is one of the important phenomena in this field. This paper focuses on understanding the effect of angle of attack (α) on wake characteristics behind single horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWT). This was done by design three rotors different from each other in value of α used in the rotor design process. Values of α were (4.8˚,9.5˚,19˚). The numerical simulations were conducted using Ansys Workbench 19- Fluent code; the used turbulence model was (k-ω SST). The results showed that best value for extracted wind energy was at α=19˚, spread distance of wake behind single HAWT was inversely proportional with α value. Highest turbulence intensity level was in small values of α =4.8֯ and 9.5֯, which explain presence of meandering phenomenon in these two cases on contrast of α=19֯, while symmetry in wake shape was more obvious in α=19֯ than other cases due to the moderate turbulence intensity which was found in this case, which indicates that lowest aerodynamics loads on rotor components was in α=19˚. So best distribution for turbines in farm could be achieved at use high values of α in comparison to low values.

Design and Development of a Proficient Converter for Solar Photovoltaic Based Sustainable Power Generating System

The demand for renewable energy resources is invigorated due to various issues primarily related to energy security, energy sustainability, and greenhouse gas emissions. The proper utilization of renewable energy resources has certain challenges due to the varying nature of meteorological parameters and atmospheric aerosols. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to extract the maximum power from the photovoltaic systems with the help of proficient converters. Here, a coupled inductor based highly efficient synchronous interleaved boost converter is designed and developed for the grid integrated photovoltaic system. The proposed converter contains an Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) switch in place of the conventional diode to maintain zero leakage current, bared minimum switching losses, and improved conduction time thereby enhancing the overall efficiency and reliability of the system. In addition, the proposed system topology is simple to implement and is capable of controlling power at both the generation as well as the load sides. The results obtained are validated with the help of a laboratory prototype under practical scenarios like varying temperature and solar irradiance. Further, an intelligent technique based on modified particle swarm optimization is utilized to extract the maximum power from the photovoltaic system. Moreover, the power quality indices were monitored and analyzed at the point of common coupling and at the grid level which vets the effectiveness of the proposed topology.

Control and Simulation Analysis on Grid Side of a Doubly-Fed Induction Generator Wind Turbine using Different Controllers

In today’s world scenario electrical energy is playing a crucial and important role in development of any nation. Large and Enormous consumption of non-renewable resources which made them scarce in quantity and increase in cost due to which it has created demand for renewable energy resources. Due to the current requirements for the expansion of renewable energy as sources of electrical energy, wind energy conversion is getting much interest all over the world. The regular traditional wind turbines have fixed turning speeds, while DFIG enables wind turbine to operate in various speeds. In this paper using MATLAB/SIMULINK we study the performance of DFIG using different conventional intelligent controllers. In this paper we use P, PI, PID PI+FUZZY Logic and PID+FUZZY Logic controllers to study the DFIG. The result demonstrates the effectiveness of controllers in boosting the system performance.

Nickel telluride vertically aligned thin film by radio-frequency magnetron sputtering for hydrogen evolution reaction

The demand for renewable energy resources has led to the development of water electrolysis technology. Various transitional metal chalcogenides are investigated to adopt water electrolysis. Nickel telluride, from the family of transition metal chalcogenides, is attractive as a new cathode material for the hydrogen evolution reaction due to its metallic property. However, conventional approaches mainly focus on the solvothermal method and these have difficulty in controlling the alignment of nickel telluride. Therefore, another route to synthesize this material is necessary. In this study, for the first time, a radio-frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering method is used to synthesize a nickel telluride thin film and this method has the benefit of controlling the alignment of the nickel telluride thin film. By RF magnetron sputtering, a nickel telluride thin film is deposited on the substrate along the direction normal to the plane of the substrate, forming a columnar structure with vertical alignment. Its microstructure enables fast flow of electrons, having the advantage of hydrogen evolution reaction as a cathode material. The sample in optimized conditions shows a good performance with an overpotential of 416 mV and a Tafel slope of 63.79 mV dec−1. Therefore, the RF magnetron sputtering method can be adopted as a new approach to synthesize a vertically aligned electrocatalyst.

A New Efficient Step-Up Boost Converter with CLD Cell for Electric Vehicle and New Energy Systems

An increase in demand for renewable energy resources, energy storage technologies, and electric vehicles requires high-power level DC-DC converters. The DC-DC converter that is suitable for high-power conversion applications (i.e., resonant, full-bridge or the dual-active bridge) requires magnetic transformer coupling between input and output stage. However, transformer design in these converters remains a challenging problem, with several non-linear scaling issues that need to be simultaneously optimized to reduce losses and maintain acceptable performance. In this paper, a new transformer-less high step-up boost converter with a charge pump capacitorand capacitor-inductor-diode CLD cell is proposed using dynamic modeling. The experimental and simulation results of the proposed converter are carried out in a laboratory and through Matlab Simulink, where 10 V is given as an input voltage, and at the output, 100 V achieved in the proposed converter. A comparative analysis of the proposed converter has also been done with a conventional quadratic converter that has similar parameters. The results suggest that the proposed converter can obtain high voltage gain without operating at the maximum duty cycle and is more efficient than the conventional converter.

Power Quality Investigation of Single Phase Grid-connected Inverter of Photovoltaic System

There is a growing demand for renewable energy resources in countries all around the world. Among renewable energy resources, solar energy is a prominent and promising alternative to meet future electricity needs. Recently, the renewable energy regulations in Jordan have been modified to allow customers to install their own photovoltaic (PV) generators to cover their full energy consumption. This study investigated the power quality profile of single-phase grid-connected PV system in a typical Jordanian low voltage electrical system. The following electrical parameters were monitored: voltage, current, harmonics contents, total harmonics distortion (THD), active power, reactive power, and power factor. Detailed investigations and analyses were made.

Security Issues on Smart Grid and Blockchain-based Secure Smart Energy Management System

The Smart Grid has emerged to address the shortcomings of one-way existing grid systems, and is the next generation power grid infrastructure that applies smart ICT (Information Communication Technology) to existing grid. The Smart Grid is expected to greatly improve the efficiency and reliability of future power systems with the demand for renewable energy resources. However, because major power facilities are interconnected through communication networks, Smart Grid’s cyber security is becoming an important issue. Cyber-attacks by malicious intruders can lead to serious incidents such as massive outages and the destruction of power network infrastructure, since the cyber-attacks can damage energy data, starting with personal information leakage from grid members. Therefore, as a solution to this issue we will suggest a secure smart energy management system based on the blockchain. The blockchain is a distributed data processing technology in which all users participating in the network distribute and store data. Applying blockchain technology to the Smart Grid will enable more secure management of energy data, and furthermore, it will contribute to the development of the future smart energy industry in the future.

Carbon sequestration and yield performances of Miscanthus × giganteus and Miscanthus sinensis

The demand for renewable energy resources, such as Miscanthus spp., has increased significantly in temperate regions. Miscanthus spp. has the potential to mitigate GHG emissions by replacing fossil fuels and sequestering carbon in soil. However, the biomass yield and C sequestration performance of Miscanthus spp. varies by climate, soil type, management practices, and land-use history. Therefore, there is a need for site-specific research on biomass yield and C sequestration of Miscanthus × giganteus (M × g). An alternative to M × g is the seed-propagated Miscanthus sinensis which could be another option as a bioenergy crop. The objective of this study was to assess the C sequestration rates and biomass yield performance of these two Miscanthus spp. The C sequestration rates were measured in side-by-side comparison plots using the 13C natural abundance technique. The results revealed C sequestration rates of M × g and M. sinensis were 1.96 ± 0.82 and 0.99 ± 0.21 Mg C ha−1 year−1 over 6 years. The average biomass yields of M × g and M. sinensis from 2010 to 2015 were 25.6 ± 0.2 and 31.2 ± 0.5 Mg ha−1 year−1, respectively. It can be concluded that M. sinensis has a higher yield while M × g has a higher potential for immediate C sequestration in cool regions such as Northern Japan.

Optimal capacitor placement on West–East inter-tie in Saudi Arabia using genetic algorithm

The growing demand for renewable energy resources, improved power factor, system stability, reliability and security is the target of Saudi Electricity Company (SEC); most of the loads are inductive and need more reactive power (VARs) thus adequate reactive power need to be provided. SEC has introduced the static voltage compensator (SVC) and capacitive banks to improve volt-ampere-reactive (VAR) power flow. Genetic approach (GA) is used to obtain the optimal data for load flow. This paper provides analysis of new-planned 380 kV West–East transmission line inter-tie networks performance under steady and transient states. It considers the reactive power compensation by the addition of capacitor bank at the terminals of the inter-tie. The GA method is outlined and implemented to dynamically solve the capacitor placement problem. The capacitor bank has improved power losses, operating voltage at different buses.

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF LIQUID FRACTION AND HEAT FLUX IN THE SOLIDIFICATION PROCESS OF ERYTHRITOL IN SPHERES

The demand for renewable energy resources and the need for the development of components which increase how it collects, transforms, stores and distributes this energy, emphasizes the importance of improving current technological systems to meet these demands. Phase change materials (PCM) offer great potential in this area. as they can increase energy efficiency in thermal systems as well as save energy by storing solar energy or waste heat from industrial processes, which is made possible by the high amount of energy stored per mass and volume unit, with low temperature variation. Therefore, it is of high importance that the suggested mathematical and numerical models are capable of analyzing its energy performance. The present work uses a mathematical and numerical model of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), capable of reproducing the solidification process of erythritol in spheres of 10, 20, 30 and 40 mm diameters, with temperature differences of 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 40 K between the sphere wall and the phase change temperature of the material. The problem is considered two- dimensional and transient. The model consists of mass, energy, momentum and volume fraction equations. The mathematical and numerical model is validated with experimental results from the literature, presenting good agreement between them. After space and time discretization tests, we analyze liquid fraction over time and heat flux at the sphere wall. The results show that liquid fraction suffers a strong reduction in the beginning of the solidification process due to the high heat flux in the early stages. As the solid layer near the wall increases, it causes an increase in thermal resistance, causing a significant reduction in heat flux.