Delta State Of Nigeria Research Articles

Analysis of the Impact of Strategic Thinking on Organizational Performance of Manufacturing Firms in Delta State Nigeria.

This study was carried out to examine the analysis of the impact of strategic thinking on organizational performance of manufacturing firms in Delta State, Nigeria. The objective of the study was to examine the impact of strategic thinking on organizational performance of manufacturing firms in delta State Nigeria. Structured questionnaire was used to obtain primary data from the employees of the manufacturing organizations, namely, Asaba Textile Mill Ltd, Coca-Cola Nigeria Plc, and Delta Glass Nigeria Plc. The hypotheses formulated were subjected to statistical tests using Regression analysis and correlation with the aid of SPSS. The findings or results of the study revealed that strategic thinking has a significant effect on corporate performance of manufacturing firms in Delta State Nigeria with the R2 value of 0.662. Strategic thinking is significantly and positively related on employee productivity of manufacturing firms in Delta State. That strategic thinking has a significant and positive relationship on employee efficiency of manufacturing firms in Delta State, Nigeria with R2 value of 0.681. From the findings of the study, it was concluded that strategic thinking has a significant positive impact on organizational performance since the majority of the stated variables are statistically significant with one another. The study therefore, recommended that in order to enhance or promote strategic thinking, an organization should emphasize to the employees the importance of strategic thinking for the growth of the organization. Finally improvement in the award scheme on the part of management in order to encourage managers and employees.

Assessing the Influence of Financial Management Practices on Selected Small and Medium Scale Enterprises in Delta State Nigeria

Assessing the Influence of Financial Management Practices on Selected Small and Medium Scale Enterprises in Delta State Nigeria

Perception of antibiotic misuse and awareness of antibiotic resistance among adults in delta state Nigeria

BackgroundMisuse of antibiotics leads to propagation and proliferation of resistant bacteria strains. Antibiotic resistance is a public health problem on a global scale. It occurs when changes take place in bacteria that impair the bactericidal or bacteriostatic action of antibiotics on bacteria.ObjectiveTo determine the knowledge of antibiotics, the perceptions of antibiotic misuse and the awareness of antibiotic resistance among adults in Delta state.MethodsA cross-sectional study was carried out among adults who are non-healthcare providers in Delta state, Nigeria. A total of 420 participants were enrolled in the study. An internet based pretested questionnaire was used to collect data. SPSS version 24, was used to run both descriptive and inferential statistics, with a p ≤ 0.05 considered statistically significant. Pearson’s chi-square test was used to determine the association between the measured variables.ResultsMost of the respondents exhibited good knowledge of antibiotics; 296 (73.1%), with 266 (65.7%) respondents observed to have a good perception of antibiotic misuse. However, 234 (57.8%) respondents had poor awareness of antibiotic resistance.ConclusionsDespite having good knowledge of antibiotics and good perception of antibiotic misuse, most of the respondents exhibited a lack of comprehensive awareness about the intricacies of antibiotic resistance. Addressing the awareness gap surrounding antibiotic resistance is an essential step towards creating a more informed and responsible populace, ultimately contributing to the global effort to preserve the effectiveness of antibiotics.

Assessment of land surface temperature and factors influencing urban green space dynamics in Sapele, Delta State of Nigeria

Assessment of land surface temperature and factors influencing urban green space dynamics in Sapele, Delta State of Nigeria

Social Intelligence and Counselling Competencies of Prospective Counsellors in Public Universities in Nigeria

This study investigated the social intelligence and counselling competencies of prospective counsellors and the difference in sexes in Public Universities in Edo and the Delta States of Nigeria. To achieve the objectives, three research questions were raised and one corresponding hypothesis was formulated and tested at a 0.05 level of significance. A survey research design adopting the correlational approach was employed in the study. The population of the study comprised all master's students in public universities in Edo and Delta States in the 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 sessions who had completed practicum counselling courses. A sample of 89 prospective counsellors was used for the study. The researcher used two types of instruments to collect data, practicum scores were one of the data for this study. The instruments used are the Tromso Social Intelligence Scale (TSIS), and the Counsellors Competency Scale (CCS). The instruments were validated by the researcher’s supervisors and one test expert in the Department of Educational Evaluation and Counselling Psychology. The reliabilities of the instruments were established, using the Cronbach alpha statistics. A reliability coefficient of 0.84 was obtained for the Social Intelligence scale. Coefficients of 0.81, 0.90, and 0.80 were obtained for knowledge, skills and behavioural sub-scales for the Counsellor Competency Questionnaire. Data analyses were carried out and the hypothesis was tested using Fisher’s-Z test statistics. The study's findings revealed no significant difference in the relationship between social intelligence and counselling competencies of prospective counsellors by sex in public universities in Edo and Delta States.

Diagnostic ratios of polyaromatic hydrocarbons for the identification of pollution sources in clams from Okwagbe, Delta State Nigeria

Diagnostic ratios of polyaromatic hydrocarbons for the identification of pollution sources in clams from Okwagbe, Delta State Nigeria

Radiological impact of hydrocarbon waste release on drinking water of ughievwen and udu communities, delta state Nigeria

Well water quality has been characterized with constant and continuous changes via the interaction of rock, soil and natural nano-filters which terminates at the aquiferous layer for clean well-water collection. The continuous exploration and production of crude oil has resulted significant increase of unwanted elements such as naturally occurring radionuclides in the water-bed which necessitates this study. The study determines the radionuclides based health impact or hazards associated with drinking water from crude oil exploration/production release in Ughievwen and Udu communities of Delta State, Nigeria. Sixty well water samples (three samples from each community) were collected and analyzed using sodium iodide (Nal (Tl)) detector. The obtained mean values of 238U, 232Th and 40K are 6.91 ± 1.62BqL−1, 4.39 ± 1.47 BqL−1 and 24.54 ± 1.59 BqL−1 respectively. The 238U, 232Th and 40K results showed that the measured values are higher than the world standard (UNSCEAR; WHO) and the control values The mean values of total annual effective dose of different age groups are: 11.08 mSvy−1, 2.54 mSvy−1, 1.93 mSvy−1, 2.52 mSvy−1, 7.03 mSvy−1 and 1.12 mSvy−1 respectively. While the mean committed effective dose of adult is 55.94 mSvy−1. The total annual effective dose, committed effective dose, cancer risks and hereditary effects are all lower than recommended limit (WHO; ICRP; USEPA) and reported scientific values except 11.08 mSvy−1 and 7.03 mSvy−1 that are higher than limit. It is evident from obtained results that the drinking water may not be radiologically safe for use by the public, which necessitates routine monitoring and caution to circumvent increase in radiation and the radiological of the studied communities’ drinking water. This is to avoid long term radiological risk arising from accumulation of such release in the studied communities.

COVID-19 Pandemic, Economic Livelihoods, and the Division of Labor in Rural Communities of Delta and Edo States in Nigeria

The COVID-19 pandemic affected economic, social, health, and political aspects of most global, national, and local populations, including urban and rural communities. Government measures like lockdowns resulted in the closure of schools and businesses, while social distancing preventing group gatherings impacted public and private spaces. Based on key informants’ interviews with 36 participants drawn equally from three senatorial districts of Edo and Delta states of Nigeria, we analyzed the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the type of work men and women do and division of household activities, such as cooking, child, and family care. The findings show that traditional gender role ideology (GRI) defines and shapes rural men’s and women’s work, with women more engaged in farming, rearing livestock, and trading while men are engaged in farming, rearing livestock, and carrying out skilled jobs like carpentry, plumbing, and blacksmithing. The lockdown of schools and workplaces resulted in women disproportionately bearing the burden of cooking and caring for children, the elderly, and the sick. A few rural men shared childcare, while women spent more time on housework and childcare activities than in the pre-pandemic period when children were in school for 6–7 h daily. During the pandemic, rural men and women spent more time with the children, such that rural women stayed at home or took children to the farms and marketplaces where possible. Older siblings and the elderly also provided support for women. In conclusion, work and family activities during COVID were, to an extent, difficult to manage as parents had to cope with increasing food insecurity, economic and transportation costs, and social deprivation fostered by social norms, values, and practices that perpetuate gender inequality and marginalization of women.

English Language Teaching and Learning in Secondary Schools in Isoko North Local Government Area of Delta State: Problems and Prospects

This paper studied the problems of teaching and learning English as a second language in junior school certificate examination in Isoko North Local Government Area of Delta State. The study sought to establish the extent to which students in Junior Secondary School and teachers should value English as the language of instruction. The framework adopted is the behaviorist theory of bilingualism. The simple percentage method of data analysis was employed to analyze data. The population comprised students in junior secondary schools in Ozoro precisely the students of Opute Grammar School, Ozoro and Heroes Group of Schools, Ozoro both in Delta State of Nigeria. The sample size was 100, and the instrument for data collection was the questionnaire which was tested and retested on some other students to ensure that it was reliable. It was found out that the majority of the students consider the English language a difficult subject because of their inability to understand every aspect, which the English language entails. It was also found out among others that the level of infiltration of mother tongue into the respondents’ English is very high. This research recommended that good reading habits should be developed in the students and also well-equipped libraries should be provided in the schools and communities in order to improve better performance in their study of English language. It concluded that the problems of teaching and learning English as a second language is as a result of the impact of mother’s tongue, inadequate textbooks, poor language background and lack of professional growth and development of teachers. If these discovered factors are not checked there will be a drastic decline in standard of education.

COMPOSITION, ABUNDANCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF NON-CICHLID FISH COMMUNITY IN OGBO STREAM AND ITS FLOODPLAIN, ENHWE, DELTA STATE, NIGERIA

A preliminary survey of the composition, abundance and distribution of non-cichlid fish community was carried out at Ogbo stream and its floodplain in Enhwe, Delta StateNigeria. Water samples and fishes were sampled and analyzed using APHA methods and standard fishing gear respectively. The physicochemical parameters revealed distinct values for station 1 (Temperature: 25.63°C, Transparency: 25.09 cm, Sulphate: 7.56 mg/L) and station 2 (Temperature: 23.60 °C, Transparency: 19.90 cm, Sulphate: 6.68 mg/L). Among the parameters, only Temperature, Transparency, and Sulphate exhibited a noteworthy difference (p<0.05) between the two stations. Transparency had a negative correlation with other parameters in Station 1.A total of 725 individual fish species belonging to eight families and genera were sampled. Among the notable findings, Clariidae emerged as the most abundant family, constituting 82.90% of the total relative abundance across both stations. Clarias camerunensisexhibited the highest abundance, comprising 62.20% of the total individuals sampled. Parachanna africanaand Clarias pachynemaalso demonstrated significant presence, contributing 15.00% and 13.20% to the total relative abundance, respectively. ANOVA indicates a significant difference in the composition and abundance of fish species between the stream and floodplain (p < 0.05), emphasizing the influence of habitat-specific factors. The Margalef’s richness (1.67), dominance (0.64), diversity (1.32) and evenness (0.34) index of fishes was higher in the stream than in the floodplains. Magnesium, sulphate, temperature, and transparency were positively correlated to the distribution patterns of Pantodon bucholzi, Clarias jaensis, Phractolaemus ansorgei, and Heterotis niloticusin station 1, with the exception of P. africanaand Polypterus senegalus. There was a negative association between dissolved oxygen, nitrate, pH, and Iron, and the distribution of fishes in station 2. Ogbo stream and its floodplain have low abundance and distribution of fish species. Therefore, it demands for sampling efforts and long-term studies to unravel the checklist of species

Impact of water quality and morphometric indices on the spatio-temporal prevalence of fish endo-parasites and diversity in the Ase River, Niger-Delta, Nigeria.

Three stations along the Ase River, Delta State Nigeria provided water and 85 fish samples which were analyzed. The fish were measured and examined for endoparasites according to established protocol. All water quality parameters investigated were within the WHO-acceptable values for surface waters. Station variation of physicochemical parameters was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Fish body conformation indices positively correlated with the prevalence of parasites in Clarias gariepinus, Heterobranchus longifilis, Parachana africana, Chromidotilapia guntheri guntherii, and Denticeps clupeodes. The overall parasite prevalence of 63.53% was established with the most abundant parasite being Trichodina mutabillis. The parasites had a predilection for the gastrointestinal tract with a high occurrence of 307 individuals. Stations 1, 2, and 3 had 326, 213, and 259 parasites, respectively, out of a total of 798 parasites detected. P. laevis was absent in station 1. All parasites were found in stations 2 and 3. Statistically, there was a significant difference (p < 0.05) in the prevalence in all stations. The correlation index of T. mutabillis and R. congolensis in stations 1 and 3 was positively strong (p < 0.05) with the concentrations of water quality. However, water conditions in stations 1 and 3 had a deleterious impact on P. laevis. T. mutabillis maintained a high positive correlation with physicochemical water quality in all three stations. Shannon-Weiner's index in station 3 (H = 1.337) shows that the parasites were more diverse. PCA and biodiversity indices have enabled us to comprehend how parasite-host-environment systems interact.

Impact of ethical leadership and psychological ownership on employees' voluntary pro-environmental behaviour: a case study of selected organisations in Delta State Nigeria

AbstractThere is a need to complement strategic policies with discretionary environmentally friendly behaviour to ensure sustainable performance is recognised and accepted. This research investigates the impact of ethical leadership and psychological ownership on employees' voluntary pro-environmental behaviour and whether psychological ownership amplifies the impact of ethical leadership on employees' voluntary pro-environmental behaviour. The study was conducted amongst employees of selected public and commercial organisations in Nigeria. A cross-sectional survey of 163 employees provided the analysed data. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire, including three established scales. The mean age of the participants was 36.34, with a 7.88 standard deviation; men were 43.6%. Data analysis was conducted using statistical regression complemented with Process Macro. The findings indicated that ethical leadership has a positive association with voluntary pro-environmental behaviour (β = 0.64, 95% CI [0.46–0.68], t = 10.53, p &lt; 0.001). Furthermore, psychological ownership was also found to predict voluntary pro-environmental behaviour as well (β = 0.23, 95% CI [0.10–0.35], t = 3.56, p &lt; 0.001). However, psychological ownership did not moderate the relationship between ethical leadership and voluntary pro-environmental behaviour. Since this is a pioneer study, it could be tentatively concluded that although ethical leadership and psychological ownership energised the voluntary pro-environmental behaviour of the employees, their interaction did not.

Effect of nutrition education on serological variables of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients attending Nigerian National Petroleum Company Limited Clinic Warri, Delta State Nigeria

Background: The increasing prevalence of diabetes mellitus around the world appears as dramatic as to have been characterized as an epidemic. Diabetes mellitus causes prolonged ill-health, imposes morbidity and mortality risks, and necessitates a change in lifestyle, with a meticulous daily routine and long-term self-care. Objective: The objective of the study was to assess the effect of nutrition education on serological variables of the type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Methodology: Two Hundred and Thirty (230) out of 258 subjects who participated in the longitudinal study were confirmed Type 2 diabetics. One hundred and Fifty (150) subjects were grouped into education group and Eighty (80) subjects into control group. Information on socio-demographic, life-style characteristics, and management regimens of the diabetes were collected using structured, validated and pretested questionnaire. Subject’s serological variables such as glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG), 2-hours post prandial and fasting lipid profile were collected. Nutrition education was instituted and was performed in a group of 15 patients per session in 2 hours. Results: Most of the subjects (70.0%) in the education group at baseline had elevated HbA1c with a mean baseline HbA1c level of 8.08+1.88%. While most of the subjects (65.00%) in the control group at baseline had normal HbA1c with a mean baseline glycated hemoglobin level of 7.01+1.86%. However, there was a significant difference (P&lt;0.05) in the mean and percentage number of HbA1c of the subjects in education and control group. Only 6.7% of the subjects had low Fasting Blood Glucose (&lt;4.2mmol/l), 58.0% had high Fasting Blood Glucose (&gt;7.0mmol/l) and 35.3% had normal Fasting Blood Glucose (4.2-5.9mmol/l). After three months follow up, the number of subjects who had normal FBG increased from 35.3% to 54.7%, the low FBG levels increased from 6.5% to 10.0% but high Fasting Blood Glucose levels reduced from 58.0% to 35.3%. Conclusion: There was significant reduction in the glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG) of the subjects after nutrition education and follow up, indicating that nutrition education and follow up has positive impact the serological variables of the subjects who are diabetics.

Assessment of Farmers’ Willingness to Adopt Rice-Cum-Fish Technology in Edo and Delta States, Nigeria

Strengthening rice farmers’ economic profile requires seeking alternative production systems to boost their livelihood; however, of pertinent interest is the readiness of the farmers to incorporate recommended technologies into the existing production system. This paper, therefore, examines the adoption prospects of rice-cum-fish technology among rice farmers in Edo and Delta States of Nigeria. The technology was piloted by the Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research (NIOMR), and targeted at rice farmers with the hope of enhancing income and food security. Data were collected using a validated questionnaire from 355 farmers, sampled from 18 communities across six local governments in the study area. Analysis of data was done using descriptive statistics, logit regression, and binomial tests. Results revealed the farmers were aware of some of the rice-cum-fish production technologies especially when fish enter the rice field from the river/stream (47.89%). The majority (81.13%) of the respondents expressed willingness to adopt any of the rice-cum-fish production technologies, and Binomial test results (p &lt; 0.05) indicate this proportion was significant, compared to those who expressed unwillingness. This indicates a high prospect for the adoption of the technology among the farmers in the study area, when introduced. Significant factors found to influence the respondents’ likelihood of adopting the proposed technology were age (b=0.08), sex (b=2.91), educational level (b=-1.22), farming experience (b= -0.08), farm size (b = 0.93) and intercrop status (b=1.15). The study thus recommends proper extension targeting of farmers to convince the latter of the need to adopt the rice-cum-fish technology.

Performance evaluation of grower snails fed varying levels of groundnut cake

This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of groundnut cake (GNC) fed to grower snails as the main protein source at varying levels, of inclusion 23%, 25%, and, 27%. This experiment was carried out at the Federal College of Education Teaching and Research Farm, Asaba, Delta state of Nigeria. The snails were four (4) months old each and the experiment lasted for 12 weeks, forty-eight (48) grower snails were randomly divided into three (3) groups of sixteen snails each per treatment, which were replicated four (4) times. The parameters considered were growth performance, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, carcass, and shell characteristics. Data collected were analyzed by use of one-way analysis of variance and significant means were separated using Duncan’s multiple ranged test at a 5% level of probability (SAS, 2011). The study showed that snails fed 27% of GNC supported higher body weight, live weight, and dressing percentage. However, no significant (P&lt;0.05) differences were recorded in the final shell circumference, shell circumference gain, final shell length, and shell length gain. A formulated ration containing as much as 27% GNC will go a long way in ensuring the all-year availability of feed for commercial snail production.

Effect of Different Tillage Practices on the Growth and Yield of Sweet Potatoes (Ipomoeo Batata L) in Asaba, Delta State Nigeria.

The research was carried out to determine the effect of different tillage practices on the growth and yield of sweet potatoes (Ipomoeo batata L) in Asaba, Delta State Nigeria. Field experiment was carried out at the teaching and research farm of Federal College of Education (Technical),Asaba, Delta State Nigeria. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) made up of four treatments: To – control (ridge tillage), T1 – Zero tillage, T2 – Mound tillage, T3 – Flat tillage and was replicated three times (4 x 3). Land area of 100m x 100m was cleared and divided into three to represent, replicates 1, 2 and 3. Random samples of five plants were tagged for data collection at four, six and eight weeks’ intervals after germination of plants to measure the growth parameters, while yield was measured in kg using weighing scale. Data analysis was carried out using the statistical package of social science (SPSS) with general linear model procedure analysis of variance (ANOVA) to determine the treatment effect and Duncan Multiple Range Test was used for mean separation difference in mean were considered significant at an alpha level of 95% or higher (p ≤ 0.05). Findings from the study revealed that tillage practices had significant effect (p&lt;0.05) on the growth and yield of sweet potatoes. The study recommended the adoption of ridge tillage practices for increased growth and yield of sweet potatoes.

Establishment of customers loyalty through brand communication in the banking industry in Nigeria

The study examined the effects of brand communication on customer loyalty of selected banking industry in Delta State. The specific objectives are to; determine the effects of information quality on customer loyalty of selected banks in Delta State and evaluate the effect of information source credibility on customer loyalty of selected banks in Delta State. The cross-sectional survey research design was adopted for the study. A sample size of 237 respondents was selected from 5 deposit money banks in Asaba, Delta State. The stratified random sampling technique was used for the study. Structured questionnaire was used as the research instrument for the study. Content, validity was taken into consideration to validate the research instrument. To establish the reliability of the instrument, a test-retest method was used. Descriptive statistics like frequency distributions and inferential statistics like correlation and multiple regressions were used to analyze the data collected for the study. Findings showed that the dimensions of brand communication accounts for 53% change in customer loyalty. The study concluded that brand communication has significant positive effect on customer loyalty of deposit money banks in Delta State Nigeria. Information quality (β =0.300, p=0.000&lt; 0.05) and information source credibility (β =0.334, p=0.000&lt; 0.05), has significant positive effect on customer loyalty of deposit money banks in Delta State Nigeria. The study recommended amongst others that banks should regularly monitor online customer reviews across various platforms. Respond promptly to both positive and negative reviews, addressing customer concerns and expressing appreciation for positive feedback. The study established that clear and relevant information empowers customers to make informed decisions, leading to a greater likelihood of choosing and remaining loyal to a bank.

Influence of Workplace Flexibility on the Satisfaction of Employees: A Study of Selected Local Government Areas in Delta State, Nigeria

This study investigated the influence of workplace flexibility on the satisfaction of employees in selected Local Government Areas in Delta State of Nigeria. The study employed the social exchange theory and identified two workplace flexibility dimensions (compressed work-weeks and job-sharing) so as to see their influence on employees’ satisfaction. The survey design was used and one hundred and eighty (180) questionnaires were administered on employees of eight (8) local government areas’ headquarters in Delta State, Nigeria. The analysis of data entailed descriptive statistics (frequency counts, simple percentages, mean, standard deviation, minimum, maximum values and Pearson correlation); diagnostic statistics (variance inflation factor and Breusch-Pagan and Cook-Weisberg) and inferential statistics (simple regression). The simple regression results revealed that workplace flexibility dimensions of job-sharing (F-value = 9.44; p-value = 0.0000) and compressed work-weeks (F-value = 14.01; p-value = 0.0000) had significant positive influence on the satisfaction of employees. On the basis of the findings, it was recommended that management of local government areas should strive towards ensuring increased flexibility in the workplace; this can be realized by making sure that employees are accorded decreased work-weeks while at the same time, job role among the workforce should be adequately jointly or collective done.

Child Rights Acts and Girl Child Education in Rural Communities in Oshimili South Local Government Area, Delta State-Nigeria&amp;nbsp;

Child Rights Acts and Girl Child Education in Rural Communities in Oshimili South Local Government Area, Delta State-Nigeria&amp;nbsp;

Toxicological Risk Evaluation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Soils from a Petroleum Spillage Site at Kokori in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widespread environmental contaminants that are produced by the incomplete combustion of organic sources and are widely found in soils. This present research was carried out to evaluate the concentrations and toxicological risk assessment of the United States Environmental Protection Agency's sixteen priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (16 priority PAHs) in soils from the vicinity of an oil spillage site in Delta State of Nigeria. The level of pollution and potential toxicological health hazards of the PAHs were assessed in surface soil samples using soxhlet extraction of and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Thirteen out of the sixteen USEPA priority PAHs were detected in the soil sample. The concentrations of PAHs in the petroleum-contaminated soils in this investigation ranged from 0.01181 ppm to 1.16054 ppm, with the total estimated concentration of the 16 priority PAHs being 5.6713 ppm. Furthermore, the distribution of the PAHs in the study area was predominated by LMW PAHs (62%) over HMW PAHs (38%). Additionally, the total toxicity equivalency quotients TEQ (B[a]Peq) result of the carcinogenic potency of the USEPA priority PAHs was calculated as 0.08689 ppm (8.689%) and was discovered to be within the Canadian TEQ (B[a]Peq) threshold of 0.6 ppm. This suggests that the soil in the study area is safe based on the Canadian TEQ (B[a]Peq) standard and does not constitute a carcinogenic risk. However, the long-term bioaccumulation of these low quantities of PAHs in human has been found to constitute a potential health concern due to bioaccumulation in living systems.