Delivery Sector Research Articles

Determinants of Consumers’ Intention to Use Autonomous Delivery Vehicles (ADVs): A Fuzzy-Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis Approach

While numerous studies have investigated the factors associated with autonomous delivery vehicles (ADVs), there remains a paucity of research concerning consumers’ intentions to utilize these technologies. Prior research has predominantly concentrated on the effects of individual variables on outcomes, often neglecting the synergistic influence of various factors on consumer intention. This study seeks to examine the collective impact of pro-environmental motives (including awareness of consequences and ascription of responsibility), normative motives (such as subjective norms and personal norms), risk factors (COVID-19 risk and delivery risk), and individual characteristics (including trust in technology and innovation) on consumers’ intentions to adopt ADVs. Employing a fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA), this research analyzed data from 561 Chinese consumers collected via an online platform. The results yielded six distinct solutions, indicating that multiple combinations of antecedent factors could lead to a higher intention to adopt compared to any singular factor. These findings offer significant theoretical and practical implications for the effective implementation of ADVs in the last-mile delivery sector.

Thermo-reversible gel synthesized by 4-α-glucanotransferase with sol-gel transition tuned by subtle amylose manipulation

Thermo-reversible gels have garnered significant interest in food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and therapeutic delivery sectors. The increasing demand for plant-based ingredients has further propelled research into plant-derived gels. This study investigates the application of 4-α-glucanotransferase from Thermus thermophilus STB20 (Tt4αGT) to synthesize thermo-reversible gels from seven starches. Detailed rheological analyses and fine structural characterizations were conducted to elucidate the mechanisms underpinning gel formation. The results indicate that amylose content and amylopectin chain length distribution are pivotal factors; specifically, an amylose content exceeding 5% is essential for gel formation was proposed for the first time. Modified starches exhibited a higher proportion of both short (DP 6–8) and long chains (DP > 26) compared to their native counterparts. Rheological assessments demonstrated that these gels maintained thermal stability through repeated heating and cooling cycles between 90 °C and 4 °C. Notably, Tt4αGT treatment significantly enhanced gel strength, particularly in tapioca starch (TS), and improved the thickening performance and reversibility of starch. The gel network structure was primarily stabilized by hydrogen bonds, supplemented by electrostatic interactions. These findings highlight the potential of Tt4αGT-treated starches as versatile materials for various industrial applications.

Managing the road safety risks of last mile deliveries with telematics: Views among drivers and managers in the UK

BackgroundParcel delivery drivers work under significant time pressures and admit to violating speed limits to get the job done. Telematics presents a promising avenue for mitigating these risks, yet its road safety impacts in the home delivery sector remains underexplored. This research explored the use of telematics to monitor speeding among home delivery drivers. MethodsIn-depth interviews were conducted with 20 fleet managers who used telematics and 39 delivery drivers, half using telematics. Template analysis was used to codify the data and verbatim quotes were used to illustrate themes. ResultsManagers emphasised the financial benefits derived from telematics, with safety considerations being secondary. Technology difficulties were also highlighted. Drivers who used telematics, still faced pressure to take risks to meet schedules, but believed telematics helped prevent speeding. Non-telematics users viewed telematics with scepticism. ConclusionsManagers and drivers using telematics considered them a useful tool in managing road safety. Recommendations include making telematics easier to use, sharing data with drivers and using it to praise and reward safe driving. It is argued that work related road safety needs to be monitored nationally via in depth analysis of fatal and serious incidents involving delivery drivers.

Approaches, enablers and barriers to govern the private sector in health in low- and middle-income countries: a scoping review

IntroductionThe private sector plays a substantial role in delivering and financing healthcare in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Supporting governments to govern the private sector effectively, and so improve outcomes...

The potential of autonomous delivery services to increase fast food consumption.

Technological innovations in the online food delivery sector include the use of autonomous delivery vehicles. The aim of the present study was to investigate consumers' intentions to use these services once they are widely available and their motivations for using them to access unhealthy food. Online survey including a vignette describing a future world where autonomous food deliveries are in common use in both metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas. Australia. 1078 Australians aged 18 years and older, nationally representative by sex, age, and location (metropolitan versus non-metropolitan residence). Around half of the sample reported intending to use an autonomous food delivery service at least once per week for fast food (53%) and/or healthy pre-prepared food (50%). Almost two-thirds (60%) intended using autonomous vehicle deliveries to receive groceries. Around one in five (17%) anticipated an increase in their fast food intake as a result of access to autonomous delivery services compared to one in two (46%) expecting others' total fast food intake to increase. The most common reason provided for using autonomous food deliveries was increased convenience. More frequent current fast food ordering, higher socioeconomic status, younger age, and regional location were significantly associated with an anticipated increase in fast food consumption. The emergence of autonomous food delivery systems may bring both benefits and adverse consequences that in combination are likely to constitute a substantial regulatory challenge. Proactive efforts will be required to avoid negative public health nutrition outcomes of this transport evolution.

Meaningful app-work? Exploring meaningful work experiences of food delivery couriers in Poland

PurposeThe rise of app-based work in the gig economy, particularly within the food delivery sector, challenges traditional employment paradigms and raises questions about the potential for achieving meaningful work experiences. This study explores whether such work can be considered meaningful for food delivery couriers in Poland.Design/methodology/approachThis research adopts a qualitative, case-study approach, conducting 30 in-depth interviews with food delivery couriers in Poland. The study investigates how these workers perceive the meaningfulness of their work, focusing on the interplay between subjective and organisational aspects of their work.FindingsThe findings reveal that despite the precarious nature of app-based work, couriers often find meaningful experiences through perceived autonomy, gamified control and the physical demands of their job. The study highlights the dual nature of app work, where the same elements that contribute to worker engagement and a sense of independence also perpetuate exploitation and job insecurity.Research limitations/implicationsThe study’s reliance on a convenience sample of 30 interviews conducted via social media may not represent the broader population of food delivery couriers. Future research should expand the sample size and include a more diverse range of participants to improve generalisability.Practical implicationsThe insights from this study can inform platform designers and policymakers to create more supportive environments for gig workers. Enhancing algorithmic transparency, providing better social protections and implementing fair gamification strategies can help mitigate the negative aspects of gig work and improve job satisfaction.Social implicationsThe study underscores the need for regulatory changes to ensure minimum guaranteed earnings and health and safety provisions for gig workers. By fostering a supportive and transparent work environment, the gig economy can better contribute to worker well-being and social equity.Originality/valueThis research contributes to the limited body of literature on meaningful work within the gig economy, particularly focusing on food delivery couriers in Poland. It provides new insights into how workers create and perceive meaningful work in a highly digitised and algorithmically managed environment.

Assessing adherence to Government's sugar, salt, and calorie reduction targets of the top 20 UK restaurants' menus in 2024: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundTo address high obesity rates in adults and children, the UK government published voluntary targets for industry to reduce the sugar, salt, and calorie content of food products. Initial reports indicate little progress, however there has been limited assessment of the eating out, takeaway, and delivery sector. This study aims to assess the proportion of menu items that meet the government's sugar, salt, and calorie targets, from the 20 highest-grossing chained restaurants in the UK. MethodsWe identified the top 20 UK chained restaurants using data from market research company Euromonitor International. Nutritional information for 4054 products was collected directly from restaurant websites. Each product was assigned an overall category (eg, main meals, sides, etc.), and categories defined by the sugar, salt, and calorie targets. Findings36% (n=207) of products met sugar targets, 60% (n=1411) met salt targets, 72% (n=1592) met calorie targets, and 43% (n=1269) met all applicable targets. Categories with the highest proportion of products meeting the respective target were ‘Breakfast Items’ for sugar (73%, n=138), ‘Burgers’ for salt (100%, n=85), and ‘Salads’ for calories (96%, n=44) and all applicable targets (96%, n=44). Restaurants with the highest proportion of products meeting the respective target were Leon for sugar (63%, n=15), Burger King for salt (97%, n=32), Dominos for calories (95%, n=209), and Subway for all applicable targets (78%, n=62). InterpretationThe calorie targets were reasonably well adhered to whilst a large proportion of products still exceeded the target levels for sugar and salt. Ambiguities in the targets’ food categorisation makes their application somewhat subjective, risking low transparency and hindering a level playing field between companies. These findings can inform which companies and food groups need to be prioritised when implementing similar public health schemes in the future. FundingAOH is funded by the SALIENT project, which is funded by the ESRC (ES/Y00311X/1). RP is funded by a Royal Society and Wellcome Trust Sir Henry Dale fellowship (222566/Z/21/Z). RP is also supported by NIHR Oxford Health Biomedical Research Centre. HF is funded by the COPPER project. The COPPER project is funded by the NIHR Public Health Research programme (NIHR133887). The views expressed are those of the author and not necessarily those of the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care. LB is funded by NIHR Applied Research Collaborations (ARC) Oxford and Thames Valley. The funders had no role in the study design, data collection, analysis or interpretation. The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the funders.

Leveraging brand reputation for job engagement in the digital food delivery context

The rise of alternative work arrangements, driven by technological advancements, has become a significant aspect of the gig economy, particularly in the digital food delivery sector. The appeal of flexible work and instant deliveries offered by food delivery apps represents a key trend within the gig economy, and lay the forefront of gig workers' organizational commitment and job engagement. This study empirically examines the association between digital food delivery and the job engagement of gig workers. Although, for gig workers who seek opportunities on digital platforms, it is essential for them to become partner with a reputable brand mainly to showcase their best selves to potential employers. Hence, the study explores the effect of brand reputation as a moderator on the relationship between gig workers' organizational commitment and job engagement. The survey questionnaire was used to collect data from 354 gig workers in the digital food delivery industry, primarily from metropolitan areas. In this study, a two-step approach was employed to analyze the relationship between the variables. Initially, a theoretical model was developed based on the strategic paradigm found in the literature. Subsequently, structural equation model analysis was performed to identify significant associations between the variables. The results of the study demonstrated a significant positive relationship between digital food delivery and the job engagement of gig workers. Additionally, the moderating effect of brand reputation was observed, with a more substantial impact seen among workers employed by brands with a strong reputation. These findings suggest that digital food delivery platforms and brands should prioritize improving gig workers' job engagement. Finally, the study discussed implications and recommendations for future research.

Optimizing Attended Home Delivery: Multiple recovery options and customer availability profiles to face synchronization failures

In the growing sector of Attended Home Delivery, unsynchronized deliveries between couriers and recipients affect both customers’ satisfaction and companies’ costs. Hence, reducing such failures improves companies’ service quality and logistics efficiency. To address this issue, we study an Attended Home Delivery Problem with Recovery Options (AHDPRO) in which customers specify their probability of being at home during different timeslots of the day and their preferred recovery option in case of a synchronization failure. The options include leaving the package in a predefined safe location, bringing it to a generic collection point, or scheduling a second delivery attempt. Each alternative involves different costs and, in most cases, additional operational decisions. The AHDPRO aims to complete all customer deliveries while minimizing overall routing times as well as the overall penalty due to the recovery actions implemented and weighted by the probability of a synchronization failure to occur. We propose a branch-and-cut algorithm, including valid inequalities and heuristic procedures, to solve a Mixed-Integer Linear Programming model based on an expanded graph. Using the developed method as a tool for evaluating costs and operations, we conduct an experimental campaign on scenarios adapted from the literature involving lexicographic-based optimization procedures able to address the multiple attributes of the solutions. The results obtained allow us to assess the impact of the different recovery options on the optimal solutions and their values. Additionally, the results yield several managerial insights for companies operating in the Attended Home Delivery sector, such as the timeslot length, perceived service quality, and other key operational factors contributing to efficient planning and improved customer satisfaction.

Chromatography and Spectroscopic Technique-Based Rapid Characterization of Nano-Carrier Pharmaceuticals.

A nanocarrier is a novel colloidal system whose particle size ranges between 1-100 nm. It is extensively utilized in drug delivery and various other sectors, such as the pharmaceutical, food, and dairy industries. The nanocarrier systems, including solid lipid nanoparticles, micelles, liposomes, and other encapsulated compounds, have improved stability, solubility, bioavailability, and quality. Nanocarriers offer therapeutic effectiveness with low toxicity because of their biocompatibility and ability to cross body barriers. Various analytical techniques, such as chromatography and spectroscopy, are crucial in qualitative and quantitative analysis of nanocarrier-based formulations. Molecular identification and drug content determination require chromatographic techniques, particularly HPLC. Spectroscopic techniques such as LC-MS, NMR, GC-MS, CE-MS, Raman, and IR are used to analyze the interaction and molecular structure of the sample. Nanocarriers have several benefits but face various challenges like stability, drug loading, regulatory standards, and biocompatibility. Future surface engineering and nanocarrier design advancements could improve targeted drug delivery and sustained diagnostic applications, significantly impacting healthcare.

Early Lessons From Working With Local Partners to Expand Private-Sector Health Care Networks in Burundi and Mali.

The private health care sector is an important source of service delivery in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Yet, the private sector remains fragmented, making it difficult for health system actors to support and ensure the availability of quality health care services. In global health programs, social franchising is one model used to engage and organize the private health care sector. Two social franchise networks, ProFam in West Africa and Tunza in East and Central Africa, provide health care through branded networks of facilities. However, these social franchise networks include a limited number of private health care facilities, and in fragile contexts, like Burundi and Mali, they have faced challenges in integrating with national health systems. The MOMENTUM Private Healthcare Delivery (MPHD) project in Burundi and Mali sought to expand the number of health facilities it engaged beyond the existing ProFam and Tunza networks. The expansion aimed to help improve service quality in more private facilities while advancing localization and reducing fragmentation for improved stewardship by health system actors. MPHD achieved this expansion by removing barriers for private health facilities to join inclusive, nonbranded networks and engaging local partners to build and maintain these networks. We share lessons learned regarding the growing role of local organizations as actors within mixed health systems and provide insights on strengthening stewardship of the increasingly heterogeneous private health care delivery sector in LMICs, particularly in fragile settings.

Adoption of Online Food Ordering Platforms: A Study on Consumer Behavior and Brand Influence of Swiggy and Zomato

The swift advancement of digital technologies alongside the evolving lifestyles of consumers has profoundly reshaped the food service sector, resulting in the extensive utilization of online food ordering platforms. This review manuscript seeks to investigate the principal determinants affecting the acceptance and expansion of these platforms, emphasizing consumer behavior, technological innovations, and branding methodologies. By synthesizing knowledge from prevailing literature and research concerning notable platforms like Swiggy and Zomato, the manuscript scrutinizes essential motivators such as convenience, pricing strategies, service excellence, user engagement, and promotional initiatives. Furthermore, it delves into the influence of trust, security, and social dynamics in molding consumer perceptions and preferences. Through a thorough examination of these variables, this manuscript endeavors to furnish a more profound comprehension of the mechanisms underlying consumer adoption and retention within the online food delivery sector. The conclusions underscore potential avenues for platforms to refine their strategies to align with the shifting expectations of consumers and uphold a competitive edge in an increasingly crowded marketplace.

Managing the road safety risks of last mile deliveries: Do telematics have a role to play?

Objective The research aimed to understand the impact of telematics in reducing traffic violations and crashes among drivers working in parcel delivery and the perceived utility, effectiveness, and acceptability of telematics among drivers using them. The objective was to carry out an online survey among drivers who have telematics versus drivers who do not and compare their behaviors in terms of risks and violations controlling for key demographics an exposure. Methods An online anonymous survey was conducted of 780 home delivery drivers of which 430 used telematics in 2022. The survey was conducted by a fieldwork company and participants were compensated for their time. Univariate and multivariate analysis was conducted on the data. Results Telematics users did not report less crashes than drivers who did not use telematics. Most drivers, irrespective of telematics use agreed that the time pressure of delivery work increased speed limit violations and unsafe or hazardous parking. Multivariate analysis indicated that damage collisions for all drivers were associated with factors such as, driving medium to large vans, hazardous behavior related to parking, and having penalties for violations, especially related to speed. Delivery drivers, while generally facing pressure to speed and take risks to meet delivery schedules, did perceive telematics as a tool for safety enhancement and information dissemination, as well as for the management of performance. Non-telematics users viewed it with skepticism. Conclusions Telematics alone may not ensure the safety of last-mile deliveries and could potentially increase the pressure of deliveries. This research underscores the need for a holistic approach to road safety in the home delivery sector, combining telematics technology with a proactive safety culture.

The Roles of SERVICOM in Service Delivery in Nigeria

Governments all over the world including Nigeria, have preferred better ways to provide welfare services to the citizens with fewer resources. Service Compact (SERVICOM) with all Nigerians was a direct response to improving service delivery in Nigeria which sought ways to provide welfare services to all the citizens with limited resources, enhancing transparency and accountability of public servants. This paper examined the extent to which the application of SERVICOM as a public policy has improved upon service delivery of the Nigerian public service, arising from the background that it serves as the machinery upon which governmental policies are implemented. This paper brought to the fore the critical importance of public service delivery to the citizens in a timely, honest, appreciable and effective manner under democratic dispensation. The importance of SERVICOM has resonated in all public organizations, with an emphasis on healthcare delivery and education sector. The paper however unearthed that some of the reforms of government including SERVICOM has not changed the attitudes of some public servants and other public officers. This paper relied heavily on secondary data collection which included review of related literature, online analysis of some related reforms, use of some periodicals, upon which findings were made. This paper recommended amongst others training, and retraining with ICT touch, and the establishment of monitoring teams to enforce adequate compliance. The national orientation agency should also be empowered to commence enlightenment campaigns for the entire citizens.

Exploring the influence of online restaurant promotions on consumer behavioral intentions

PurposeConsumer behavior is evolving rapidly due to the increasing role of technology in daily life. Online food ordering has emerged as a key channel in this changing landscape. This paper investigates the relationships between online promotions, consumer skepticism, information sharing on social media and the intention to purchase food and beverages through online delivery services.Design/methodology/approachMeasures were developed based on a review of existing literature. Data from 402 participants were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM).FindingsThe study reveals that online promotions significantly impact consumers' sharing of restaurant posts. Additionally, consumer skepticism about online food sales affects both their sharing behavior and their intention to purchase online. Engagement in sharing restaurant posts online is a strong predictor of online food purchasing intentions.Practical implicationsThe findings offer valuable insights for restaurant operators, policymakers and technology developers in the competitive online food delivery sector. They emphasize the importance of implementing innovative promotions and crafting appealing food presentations. These strategies can accelerate customer decision-making, attract new customers and contribute to market expansion and customer base sustainability.Originality/valueThis research provides significant insights for restaurant owners and contributes to the limited literature on online promotions, consumer skepticism and information sharing in the restaurant industry. It also lays the groundwork for future studies aimed at deepening understanding in this field.

LEGAL ANALYSIS OF VIOLATION OF PRIVACY RIGHTS BY SHOPEE EXPRESS COURIERS WHEN PHOTOGRAPHING CONSUMERS AS PROOF OF RECEIPT OF GOOD

General Background: The rapid growth of e-commerce in Indonesia has brought to light critical issues regarding privacy rights, particularly in the context of delivery services. Specific Background: This research specifically addresses the actions of Shopee Express couriers who take photos of package recipients without their consent, raising significant concerns regarding personal data protection and privacy violations. Knowledge Gap: Despite the existence of laws aimed at protecting personal data, there is insufficient analysis of how these laws apply to courier practices in e-commerce. Aims: The study aims to examine the legal implications of these privacy violations and the adequacy of existing regulations in safeguarding consumer rights. Results: Utilizing a normative juridical methodology with a statutory approach, the findings indicate that such actions contravene multiple Indonesian laws, including the 1945 Constitution, Law No. 8 of 1999, and various governmental regulations concerning data protection. Novelty: This research adds to the existing literature by highlighting the intersection of e-commerce practices and privacy law, emphasizing the need for more robust legal frameworks. Implications: The findings suggest that enhanced policies and stricter law enforcement are necessary to protect consumer privacy rights effectively and maintain public trust in Shopee Express services. Potential sanctions for couriers include warnings and civil lawsuits, reinforcing the importance of accountability in the delivery sector.

Will e-consumers wait longer for a more sustainable on-demand food delivery? A choice experiment using green information

ABSTRACT The rapid growth of on-demand food delivery has sparked concerns about its societal and environmental impact. While alternative solutions like group ordering and electric bikes aim to address these issues, their adoption is hindered by inconveniences, mainly due to the longer delivery times, which are critical in food delivery. Price incentives such as discounts have traditionally been used as compensation, but questions about their long-term feasibility persist. This study assesses whether providing carbon footprint information can reduce the reliance on price incentives, especially when compensating for longer delivery times. Through a mixed-design experiment with 215 e-consumers in Greater Jakarta, we found that green information effectively encourages more sustainable delivery choices, similar to discounts. However, combining green information with discounts adds little value, suggesting that emphasizing green information alone could reduce financial costs and foster intrinsic motivation. Additionally, female and younger consumers are more responsive to green information, indicating the potential for targeted sustainability efforts in the on-demand food delivery sector.

Online and offline delivery qualities: O2O satisfaction and loyalty through technology acceptance model

This study presents an in-depth examination of customer satisfaction dynamics within the rapidly growing O2O food delivery (OFD) sector. Recognizing the exponential market growth and the gradual rise in consumer complaints, we seek to address the gaps in current academic research that tends to overlook the distinction between online and offline service experiences, as well as the psychological foundations of technology adoption. We propose a series of hypotheses grounded in a comprehensive theoretical framework that distinguishes between online and offline dimensions of consumer satisfaction and explores their interrelation by incorporating the technology acceptance model (TAM). We posit that, regarding online satisfaction, the quality of food information, the quality delivery tracking service, and user privacy protection functions from OFD applications hold positive significance for online customer satisfaction. Additionally, considering offline satisfaction, we assert that delivery quality and environment of the delivery service (i.e., delivery scape) contribute positively to offline customer satisfaction. We adopt trust transfer theory to hypothesize a positive relationship between online and offline satisfaction to comprehend a continuous flow in how consumer satisfaction develops. The paper also examines the pathway by which online satisfaction influences consumer loyalty through TAM. By investigating the dynamics regarding these relationships, this study contributes to offering valuable insights that could enhance OFD users’ satisfaction and their loyalty.

Burnout experience among healthcare workers post third COVID-19 wave in India; findings of a cross-sectional study

Background The pandemic exacerbated burnout experienced by healthcare personnel, whose mental health had long been a public health concern before COVID-19. This study used the Copenhagen burnout inventory (CBI) tool to assess burnout and identify predictors among Indian healthcare workers managing COVID-19. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from June to December 2022, after the third pandemic wave. A web-based, fillable Google form was used to recruit COVID-19 management professionals from multiple Jaipur district hospitals. Healthcare professionals provided socio-demographic, work-related, and CBI scores. Multiple linear regression was used to control for model covariant independent variables. Results We evaluated the responses of a total of 578 participants with a mean age of 36.59 ± 9.1 years. Based on the CBI cut-off score of 50, 68.1% reported burnout. A total of 67.5%, 56.4%, and 48.6% of healthcare workers reported work-related, personal, and patient-related burnout, respectively. High burnout scores were significantly associated with the nursing profession (β = 7.89, 95% CI; 3.66, 12.11, p < 0.0001). The p-value indicates the probability of observing the data if the null hypothesis is true, and the confidence interval shows the range within which we can be 95% confident that the true effect lies. An independent relationship exists between male gender and higher personal-related burnout scores (β = 4.45, 95% CI 1.9–6.9). Conclusion This study identified key indicators that need further emphasis and the need for organizational and individual-level burnout monitoring in healthcare delivery sectors. Health workers continue to experience burnout due to a combination of personal, professional, and patient-related factors. This underscores the need for targeted organizational and individual interventions. The findings also suggest that the CBI tool could identify healthcare worker burnout risk groups.

Community Participation in Development Planning: A Socio-Historical Analysis of Its Strengths and Weaknesses

Numerous studies and development theorists have identified the potential of community participation (CP) in development planning. However, limited studies have synthesised existing literature to compare its strengths and weaknesses. This article, therefore, fills this knowledge gap by synthesising critical academic perspectives to (a) contrast the case for and against the promotion of CP theory in development planning and (b) detail its historical effects and contributions to the water service delivery sector. Overall, findings on the weakness reveal that (a) participation at times overrides existing legitimate decision-making processes, (b) reinforces the interest of the already powerful through knowledge acquisition and manipulation, (c) drives out those advantages participation cannot provide, and (d) leads to opportunistic behaviours, that is, free-rider syndrome. On the strengths, participation can lead to the realisation of (a) improved project design, (b) increased project acceptability, (c) a more equitable distribution of benefits, (d) increased resource mobilisation, and (e) improvements in sustainability parameters. Taken together, the authors premise that unless these strengths and weaknesses are fully documented and appreciated from a historical standpoint, efforts to take full advantage of CP as a theory in development planning will remain futile.