Medical Delivery Research Articles

Literature Synthesis of Emerging Last-Mile Delivery Technologies and their Applications to Rural Areas: Drones, Autonomous Delivery Vehicles, and Truck-Drones

Rural areas have the distinct opportunity to become trendsetters of innovation and technology, molding and optimizing delivery advances to operate in a way that meets their needs. Drones, autonomous delivery vehicles (ADVs), and truck-drones have the potential to improve rural delivery services significantly. However, rural environments have considerably different characteristics than urban or suburban areas. Therefore, delivery services must be evaluated specifically for the rural use case because the outcome of rural drone delivery is likely different from urban. This study conducted a systematic literature review about the current state-of-the-art drone, ADV, and truck-drone package delivery in rural areas (excluding medical or healthcare delivery). Drones can significantly reduce rural delivery emissions and costs while increasing efficiency. ADVs have the potential to greatly improve rural delivery efficiency. The truck-drone solution is one of the best mode choices for rural delivery because the truck can travel longer distances while the drone can cross challenging geography without delay. The literature review identified a general need for more drone, ADV, and truck-drone delivery research focusing on rural locations. There also is a need for research about the specific economic, environmental, and societal impacts of drone, ADV, and truck-drone delivery in rural areas. There is a significant gap in the literature on realistic rural delivery modeling and gaps about attitudes and perceptions of drone, ADV, and truck-drone delivery services in rural areas. With additional research, innovative delivery modes and technologies can become more cost-effective, accessible, and efficient in rural areas.

Floating Microsphere as Gastro-Retentive Drug Delivery System

The goal of writing about floating microspheres is to gather the most recent research, paying particular attention to the basic idea of floatation as a means of achieving stomach retention. When a floating medication delivery system comes into touch with the stomach contents, it is expected to float for an extended period of time, improving the drug's bioavailability. Researchers and developers are currently working on the many floating formulations, which include films, tablets, powders, pills, capsules, granules, and capsules. Floating microspheres (FM) are becoming more and more important due to their wide range of applications in drug delivery to the stomach. These less dense floating microsphere, known as gastro retentive floating microspheres, have the capacity to float and disperse uniformly across the entire gastric fluid, reducing the likelihood of gastric emptying and guarantee a longer duration of drug release. Additionally, the floating microsphere improve patient compliance by reducing the frequency of dosing. FMs could be used to significantly improve the therapeutic efficacy of medications with short half-lives. We will go over the foundations of floating microspheres in this overview, as well as some contemporary uses for them.

Nanomedicines: Nano based Drug Delivery Systems Challenges and Future of nanomedicines

Over the past ten years, the research and delivery of drugs has emerged as a rapidly expanding, highly capital-intensive, and demanding industry. This procedure is costly and time-consuming, and it has to deal with issues with rapid excretion, degradability, toxicity, low efficacy, biocompatibility, and low bioavailability. Nanomaterial are superior to conventional drug because they have remarkable qualities such as a high invasion rate, regulated, targeted, and gradual drug release, as well as easy receptor accessibility. Despite all of its importance, one of the main issues with different nanoparticles utilized as medication delivery systems is their toxicity. This review discusses the issue surrounding conventional drugs, the importance of nanomedicines in medication administration, and their potential for toxicity and also their future aspect that helps to improve health.

Development and Evaluation of Mucoadhesive Buccal Patch of Losartan Potassium

The buccal mucosa is regarded as an ideal location for administering medications for both local and systemic absorption. Mucin and polymers interact chemically during the mucoadhesion process. Much emphasis has been paid to the use of mucoadhesive polymers in buccal medication delivery. There are now many mucoadhesive dosage forms available, including pills, patches, disks, wafers, ointments, and gels. Buccal patches stand out among them for their higher comfort and flexibility. With their effective carrier capacity, smart materials like stimuli-responsive hydrogels, liposome-based patches, polymeric micelles, etc. play a crucial role in the development of these drug delivery systems by extending the drug's residence time at the site of absorption, improving drug bioavailability, reducing the frequency of dosing, and increasing patient compliance. Different designs and production techniques, including as electrospinning, electrospraying, and 3D printing, are thought to be novel and effective ways to manufacture buccal patches with certain distinctive qualities in comparison to conventional procedures like solvent casting. Aiming to develop buccal mucoadhesive patches as a novel controlled drug delivery system, this review aims to examine and introduce the most promising smart polymeric materials, new designs, and production techniques.

SECURE FLOW - “A Life Saving Intravenous Drip System”

Intravenous (IV) therapy is a common medical procedure that involves the delivery of fluids, medications, or nutrients directly into a vein. Intravenous drips are often used in hospitals and clinics to treat a variety of conditions, including dehydration, sepsis, and chemotherapy. Traditionally, Intravenous drips are controlled manually by healthcare professionals or nurses. In recent years, there has been growing interest in the development of automated Intravenous drip systems. These systems can help to improve the accuracy, efficiency, and safety of Intravenous therapy. The system “Secure flow” is proposed to use solenoid valve to control the flow of fluid, and the load cell is used to measure the weight of the Intravenous bag. If the weight of the Intravenous bag decreases below a certain threshold, the solenoid valve is activated to stop the flow of fluid and also sends an alert notification to the registered number. It also has a potentiometer which can be used to adjust the preset value of the liquid in the solenoid to flow through the patient’s body. Overall, this system has the potential to improve the safety, efficiency, and accuracy of Intravenous therapy. This system can be a valuable tool for hospitals and clinics that are looking to improve the quality of care that they provide to their patients.

Assessment of the dynamics of inpatient health care delivery in Poland before and throughout the COVID-19 pandemic

A situation of emergency involving the whole population introduces changes in the dynamics of the health services that are provided. The magnitude of these shifts should be also linked to the medical speciality within which the health benefits are delivered. The aim of the paper was to identify changes in tendencies in inpatient medical service delivery during the COVID-19 pandemic by medical specialties. On the basis of a database extracted for in-patient treatment received from the public payer, a retrospective analysis was carried out. Comparing the values of the dynamics of the services provided in each medical speciality, the period before the COVID-19 pandemic was collated to the years of the pandemic (2020–2021). In the period before COVID-19, positive patient dynamics were observed in more than half of the specialities. Between 2020 and 2021, virtually all specialties reversed the trend and negative dynamics were recorded. The dynamics in 2021 indicate a process of return to the values from 2015 to 2019. Emergency situation has affected the dynamics of healthcare provision in different specialities to various extent. The most resistant to the negative impulses of the state of emergency were the areas that are strictly organisationally and financially defined (e.g. the group of “therapeutic and drug programmes”).

MHD Casson ternary hybrid nanofluid flow through a vertical porous plate with thermal radiation: A finite difference approach

AbstractThis entire study aims to investigate the impacts of linear thermal radiation and MHD Casson ternary hybrid nanofluid flows over a vertical porous plate for comparison of nanofluid, hybrid, and tri‐hybrid nanofluids with Newtonian and non‐Newtonian fluids. We used a ternary hybrid nanofluid, Blood contains three types of oxides and metals: spherical ferric oxide (Fe3O4), platelet‐shaped zinc (Zn), and cylindrically‐shaped gold (Au) nanoparticles. The coupled nonlinear dual partial differential equations (PDEs) are turned into PDEs using nondimensional quantities. The Finite Difference Method (FDM) and the Perturbation Method are then used to solve the PDEs. The impacts of different parameters on temperature, velocity, Nusselt number, and Skin friction profiles have been discussed. The increase in viscosity occurs because an increase in Gr also causes an increase in the velocity field for nanofluid, hybrid, and tri‐hybrid nanofluids. A tri‐hybrid nanofluids performs better among the three, such as nanofluid, hybrids and tri‐hybrid nanofluids. As the volume fractions (Fe3O4) increase, the temperature increase for both Newtonian and non‐Newtonian fluids. The increase in temperature is due to the thermal conductivity of nanoparticles, which is enhanced by growth estimates of the nanoparticle volume fraction. The high temperature of the fluid is observed for large estimates of nanoparticle volume fraction. An increase gold (Au) also increases the temperature for shapes (cylinder, platelet, and spherical). A spherical shape performs better among the three, such as cylinder, platelet, and spherical. In this model, biomedical applications such as antiviral and therapeutic, treatment of the COVID‐19 virus, cancer treatment, and anticancer medication delivery systems.

Decentralized Health Care System

Decentralized medical systems represent a shift in medical delivery that distributes rights and information across the network rather thanrelying on a central location. This model leverages blockchain technology to ensure medical records are secure, transparent, and tamper-proof. Patients can have more control overtheir information, allowing or revoking access as needed. Collaboration has improved, making the exchange of information between doctors easier. Smart contracts automate, secure, and streamline the billing and insurance process. This decentralized framework increases privacy by reducing the risk of serious data breaches

AN OPTIMIZED PORTABLE INTEGRATED NEBULIZER WITH AUTOMATIC OVERHEAT SHUTDOWN AND TIME-SPECIFIC APPLICATION CONTROL ENHANCING LONG-TERM PATIENT CARE

Compressor nebulizers play a crucial role in treating respiratory conditions by facilitating the effective delivery of medications to the lungs. However, prolonged usage necessitates careful management to prevent overheating, which can compromise both device performance and patient safety. This study investigates the integration of an automated temperature controller into compressor nebulizers to address this issue along with its specific time of application to prevent excess use. Existing nebulizers on the market often lack overheating prevention mechanisms, requiring manual intervention to avoid damage. Leveraging the LM-35 temperature sensor, this research proposes a system that automatically shuts off the nebulizer when specific time of use is over or overheating is detected, subsequently resuming operation once temperatures have stabilized. By ensuring optimal device performance and patient support over extended periods, this innovation represents a significant advancement in respiratory care technology. KEYWORDS: Compressor, Nebulizer, Temperature, Prevention, Overheating, LM-35, Care, Technology.

[Artículo traducido] Entrevista telemática en telefarmacia: documento de consenso para el seguimiento farmacoterapéutico y la entrega informada de medicamentos

Telepharmacy is defined as the practice of remote pharmaceutical care, using information and communication technologies. Given its growing importance in outpatient pharmaceutical care, the Spanish Society of Hospital Pharmacy developed a consensus document, Guía de entrevista telemática en atención farmacéutica, as part of its strategy for the development and expansion of telepharmacy, with key recommendations for effective pharmacotherapeutic monitoring and informed dispensing and delivery of medications through telematic interviews.The document was developed by a working group of hospital pharmacists with experience in the field. It highlights the benefits of telematic interviewing for patients, hospital pharmacy professionals, and the healthcare system as a whole, reviews the various tools for conducting telematic interviews, and provides recommendations for each phase of the interview. These recommendations cover aspects such as tool/platform selection, patient selection, obtaining authorization and consent, assessing technological skills, defining objectives and structure, scheduling appointments, reviewing medical records, and ensuring humane treatment.Telematic interview is a valuable complement to face-to-face consultations but its novelty requires a strategic and formal framework that this consensus document aims to cover. The use of appropriate communication tools and compliance with recommended procedures ensure patient safety and satisfaction. By implementing telematic interviews, healthcare institutions can improve patient care, optimize the use of resources and promote continuity of care.

Pilot study to teach residents about EMS scope of practice through reverse role simulations

Objective: To improve emergency physician trainee understanding of Emergency Medical Services´ (EMS) scope of practice, and physician confidence in performing EMS skills by conducting a simulation role reversal workshop. Methods: EMS clinicians and physicians created and facilitated a role-reversal workshop for seven pediatric emergency medicine (PEM) fellows designed to emphasize scope of practice of EMS clinicians using basic life support (BLS) and advanced life support (ALS) skills. Fellows roleplayed using BLS or ALS skills in three different case scenarios. Medication preparation and delivery were assessed. Pre, post, and retention surveys (provided at 1 month post-intervention) were performed to assess scope of practice knowledge, and the EMS skill set confidence of the fellows. Results: Fellows reported the curriculum had an impact on their understanding of EMS scope of practice. Confidence in differentiating ALS and BLS scope of practice improved as did the subjective understanding of local EMS protocols. The confidence in preparing and administering multiple types of medications (i.e., intramuscular epinephrine administration, nebulized medication preparation) significantly improved as well (p<0.016 with Bonferroni adjustment). Conclusion: Given improved confidence scoring in understanding EMS scope of practice and medication administration, role reversal methodology may offer intangible affective and psychomotor benefits for emergency medicine trainees by generating a sense of a “lived-experience” when role-playing EMS skill sets. The workshop may serve as a model to use in teaching pre-hospital scope of practice and generating interprofessional understanding for physician trainees.

The role of community health workers in non-communicable diseases in Cape Town, South Africa: descriptive exploratory qualitative study

BackgroundCommunity health workers (CHW) are an integral part of primary health care re-engineering in South Africa. Cape Town is developing community-orientated primary care, with a central role for CHWs. Their role in human immunodeficiency virus, tuberculosis, maternal and child health has been articulated, but is less clear for non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Non-communicable diseases are now a major contributor to the burden of disease. The aim was to explore the current role of CHWs regarding NCDs in the Eastern sub-district of Cape Town, South Africa.MethodsAn exploratory descriptive qualitative study made use of non-participant observation and qualitative interviews with CHWs, their managers, and nurse coordinators. Data from nine semi-structured interviews and ten observations were analysed with the framework method and Atlas-ti.ResultsThe CHWs were embedded in their communities and provided services via support groups, household visits and delivery of medication. They linked people to care with assistance of nurse coordinators. They could also provide physical care in the home. They lacked the ability to counsel people on the risk factors for NCDs and their role in rehabilitation and palliative care was unclear. More nurse coordinators were needed to provide supportive supervision. Inter-sectoral collaboration was weak and hindered CHWs from addressing social issues. More standardised and comprehensive training should equip CHWs for health promotion and disease prevention during household visits. Data collected in the community needed to be analysed, reported on and integrated with data from the primary care facility. This should also contribute to a community diagnosis. Their relationship with facility-based members of the primary health care team needed to be improved. Attention needed to be given to the requirements for and conditions of employment, as well as working hours and remuneration. Some equipment was absent and hindered their services for NCDs.ConclusionsCHWs have the potential to provide a comprehensive approach to NCDs, but community-orientated primary care needs to be strengthened in many of the key areas to support their activities. In relation to NCDs, they need training in basic and brief behaviour change counselling and risk factors as well as in the areas of rehabilitation and palliative care.

Hereditary angioedema in Spain: medical care and patient journey

BackgroundHereditary angioedema due to C1 inhibitor deficiency (HAE-C1INH) is a genetic rare disease characterized by recurrent, transient and unpredictable episodes of cold, non-pruriginous oedema without associated urticaria. The characteristics of the disease have a considerable impact on the quality of life of patients. The aim of this study was to increase understanding of the patient journey of HAE in Spain.MethodsA multidisciplinary committee of 16 HAE experts (allergy, immunology, emergency department, hospital pharmacy and nursing) and 3 representatives of the Spanish Hereditary Angioedema Patient Association (AEDAF) who were patients or caregivers participated in the study. A review of the publications on HAE treatment was performed. Semi-structured interviews were performed to HAE experts, patients, or caregivers. Three meetings with the experts, patients and caregivers were held to share, discuss, and validate data obtained from literature and interviews and to build the model.ResultsThroughout the project, the patient journey has been drawn up, dividing it into the stages of pre-diagnosis, diagnosis and treatment/follow-up. Some areas for improvement have been identified. Firstly, there is a need to enhance awareness and training on HAE among healthcare professionals, with a particular emphasis on primary care and emergency department personnel. Secondly, efforts should be made to minimize patient referral times to allergy/immunology specialists, ensuring timely access to appropriate care. Thirdly, it is crucial to encourage the study of the relatives of diagnosed patients to early identify potential cases. Fourthly, equitable access to self-administered treatments should be ensured, facilitated by systems that enable medication delivery at home and proper education and training for patients. Equitable access to long-term prophylactic treatment should also be prioritized for all patients in need. To standardize HAE management, the development of consensus guidelines that reduce variability in clinical practice is essential. Lastly, promoting research studies to enhance knowledge of the disease and align its treatment with new developments in the healthcare field should be encouraged.ConclusionsThe knowledge of the patient journey in HAE allowed us to identify improvement areas with the final aim to optimize the disease management.

The Challenges of Blood Sample Delivery via Drones in Urban Environment: A Feasibility Study through Specific Operation Risk Assessment Methodology

In recent years, Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) usage in the medical sector as an alternative to traditional means of goods transport has grown significantly. Even though the reduced response time achieved with UASs can be lifesaving in critical situations, their usage must comply with technological constraints such as range, speed and capacity, while minimizing potential risks. In this paper, the feasibility of a drone operation dedicated to the transport of blood samples in an urban area is studied through a safety risk analysis. The assessment utilizes the Specific Operation Risk Assessment (SORA) framework, in line with current European regulations, and extends it to define flight trajectories with minimal risk. A case study in the Helsinki urban area is used as a reference, with an exemplary case of commercial drone transportation of blood samples between the Töölö and Malmi Hospitals. By leveraging the drone performance capabilities and minimizing the risk for people on the ground, this approach demonstrates that medical delivery using drones in densely populated urban environments remains challenging. Nonetheless, it argues that the proposed method can enhance risk awareness and support the planning of feasible operations.

UAV-Based Delivery Systems: A Systematic Review, Current Trends, and Research Challenges

The rising popularity of drones significantly impacts package delivery services, offering both unique opportunities and challenges. This survey explores the diverse applications of drones for last-mile deliveries, highlighting their capacity to access remote areas and create new business prospects. Use cases, ranging from critical medical deliveries to addressing COVID-19 pandemic needs, underscore the transformative potential of drone technology. While recognizing drones’ eco-friendly attributes in eliminating harmful gas emissions, the survey addresses battery constraints, necessitating an investigation into physical energy models to extend flight autonomy. This becomes crucial for operational capabilities, especially in adverse weather conditions. A reliable communication infrastructure is crucial for the success of drone operations in package delivery, especially during unexpected events, as seamless connectivity plays a key role in facilitating efficient control and monitoring between ground stations and drones. This enables dynamic rerouting, enhancing overall delivery reliability. The survey explores innovative approaches, including collaborations with other vehicles like trucks, trains, and buses, optimizing the last-mile delivery process. Despite the transformative potential, concerns about privacy, security, safety, and risk management in drone delivery are acknowledged. The work also emphasizes responsible and ethical implementation, considering diverse concerns associated with widespread adoption. In contrast to existing survey articles focused on specific technical aspects, this comprehensive survey broadens its scope. It covers ethical issues, sustainability aspects, healthcare systems, physics models, innovative approaches, reliable communications, security and safety concerns, and real test-beds in drone-based delivery systems. The survey not only identifies potential applications and tackles technical challenges but also integrates broader considerations. In addition, this work extensively explores the motivations, lessons learned, and future directions in the realm of drone delivery. Analyzing existing literature, it provides valuable insights for researchers, industry professionals, policymakers, and stakeholders keen on understanding the dynamic evolution of drone technology in the package delivery domain.

Formulation and evaluation of bioadhesive suppository dosage form

The current study aims to formulate and evaluate a dosage form for bio-adhesive suppositories. Using CB and HPKS (CE and SS) as suppository bases, optimized manufacturing techniques successfully made suppositories containing bio-adhesive polymers (CBP, PVP, HPMC, and CMCTS). Analyzing dosage forms is crucial to determining the quality of a product. The suppositories produced in this investigation had good weight consistency, with minimal variation (±1%) between the goal and actual weight. All formulations showed melting values between 32.5 and 35.5 degrees Celsius, while the melting points of suppositories made with CE and SS were 1-2 degrees Celsius greater than those of CB suppositories. Incorporating bio-adhesive polymers did not cause a substantial change in the suppositories' melting point (less than ± 1 °C), keeping it around body temperature and appropriate for rectal administration. More than 95% of the required DcNa content was present in every formulation tested. All formulations, however, had softening durations of three to seven minutes, which was suitable for rectal medication delivery. The physical characteristics of the suppositories this chapter looked at were determined to be appropriate for administration by the rectal route. Compared to CB suppositories, HPKS suppositories have an additional benefit due to their longer softening time and melting point of 34.5 ± 1 °C.

Spray-Dried Nanolipid Powders for Pulmonary Drug Delivery: A Comprehensive Mini Review

Lung diseases have received great attention in the past years because they contribute approximately one-third of the total global mortality. Pulmonary drug delivery is regarded as one of the most appealing routes to treat lung diseases. It addresses numerous drawbacks linked to traditional dosage forms. It presents notable features, such as, for example, a non-invasive route, localized lung drug delivery, low enzymatic activity, low drug degradation, higher patient compliance, and avoiding first-pass metabolism. Therefore, the pulmonary route is commonly explored for delivering drugs both locally and systemically. Inhalable nanocarrier powders, especially, lipid nanoparticle formulations, including solid-lipid and nanostructured-lipid nanocarriers, are attracting considerable interest in addressing respiratory diseases thanks to their significant advantages, including deep lung deposition, biocompatibility, biodegradability, mucoadhesion, and controlled drug released. Spray drying is a scalable, fast, and commercially viable technique to produce nanolipid powders. This review highlights the ideal criteria for inhalable spray-dried SLN and NLC powders for the pulmonary administration route. Additionally, the most promising inhalation devices, known as dry powder inhalers (DPIs) for the pulmonary delivery of nanolipid powder-based medications, and pulmonary applications of SLN and NLC powders for treating chronic lung conditions, are considered.

A Comparison of Ukrainian Hospital Services and Functions Before and During the Russia-Ukraine War

Since the full-scale Russian invasion, hospitals in Ukraine have been compelled to close or operate at reduced capacity due to inadequate supplies, damage, or destruction caused by war. To analyze hospital services in Ukraine during the period before and after the Russian invasion. Of the 450 hospitals currently functioning in Ukraine, a cross-sectional survey was carried out with the participation of 74 hospitals from 12 oblasts. Hospital administrators responded to an online survey with questions on the use of hospital services. Data were abstracted from hospital databases for the prewar period (before February 23, 2022) and during the war (February 23, 2022, to May 30, 2023). Hospital services (including emergency services, preventive services, screenings, laboratory tests, obstetrics, telehealth, pharmacy, and rehabilitation services) were compared during the prewar and war periods. Of 450 Ukrainian hospitals in operation, 74 hospitals (16.0%) across 12 oblasts provided data for the current analyses. During the war, daily emergency admissions increased to 2830, compared with 2773 before the war. At the same time, hospitals reported reduced laboratory testing (72 [97%] vs 63 [85%]), tobacco education (52 [70%] vs 36 [49%]), cancer screening (49 [66%] vs 37 [50%]), gynecological services (43 [58%] vs 32 [43%]), rehabilitation services (37 [50%] vs 27 [36%]), pharmacy services (36 [49%] vs 27 [36%]), and telehealth programs (33 [45%] vs 21 [28%]). Hospitals reported additional difficulties during the war, including disruptions in the supply chain for essential equipment and pharmaceuticals, shortages of laboratory test kits, delays in the delivery of crucial medications, and problems around appropriate medication storage due to power outages. The ongoing war has inflicted profound devastation on Ukraine's hospitals. The findings of this cross-sectional survey offer valuable insights into the formidable challenges that hospitals confront in war-affected regions and underscore the pressing necessity for bolstering support to sustain and enhance hospital services during wartime.

Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications of Carbon Dots for Determination of Pharmacological and Biological Samples: A Review.

Carbon dots (CDs) are a novel category of carbon-based nanomaterials characterized by their small size, often less than 10 nm. CDs physical, chemical, and optical properties can be tuned using one-pot assembly. Because of their non-toxicity, biocompatibility, chemical and physical responsiveness, photo- and chemical-bleaching resistance, and low cost, nanoparticles have become incredibly versatile. They find various applications in detecting inorganic substances, bio sensing, visualizing cells, studying biological processes in live cells, and aiding in medication delivery. Additionally, CDs exhibit versatility in electronics and energy storage, making them promising candidates for applications in solar cells, light-emitting diodes, and supercapacitors. CDs are more photo stable for hours than typical fluorescent semiconductor quantum dots. Before applying CDs, they must be characterized. Techniques such as UV-VIS spectroscopy, fluorescence spectrophotometry, FT-IR, TEM, XRD, Raman spectroscopy, and NMR are commonly used to assess their photophysical and structural properties. This article review explores the synthesis, characterization applications of CDs in analytical techniques for the determination of various analytes. The article provides a detailed analysis of the different methodologies used to make nanomaterials and devices for the characterization of CDs. It also discusses the challenges that arise when using CDs in analytical techniques for detecting different analytes. The focus of this review is on accurately determining pharmaceutical and biological samples using CDs as sensing probes.

A small review on recent advances in transdermal drug delivery system

Transdermal drug delivery devices (TDDS), often known as "patches," are dosage forms designed to transfer a therapeutically effective amount of medicine over a patient's skin. Transdermal distribution establishes one of the most important channels for a revolutionary medication delivery method. Transdermal drug delivery has various advantages over traditional delivery methods, such as oral and injection; however, its efficacy is restricted. Transdermal administration traditionally entails pushing a patch containing a medicinal substance onto the skin, which is both convenient and painless, as well as therapeutic first-pass metabolism. It can deliver medications through the skin portal to systemic circulation at a predefined rate while maintaining therapeutically efficacious concentrations for an extended period of time. Around 74% of medications are taken orally, and one has been discovered to be less effective than expected.In this present review article, it covers a brief outline of various recent approaches in their development for transdermal patches.