Delinquent Girls Research Articles

Дореволюционный опыт воспитательной работы с несовершеннолетними женского пола с девиантным и делинквентным поведением в России

Introduction. The category of convicted girls is not numerous. According to specialists and practitioners, it is one of the most difficult groups in terms of educational training. This fact was underlined in the pre-revolutionary period when organizing the first specialized institutions for this category of people. Even despite the insignificant number of educational and correctional institutions, Russia had a fairly rich experience of educational work with delinquent girls, which was based both on advanced theoretical and practical ideas of organizing the re-education of juvenile offenders abroad and national psychological and pedagogical innovations.
 The purpose of the article is to reveal pre-revolutionary experience (based on of archival materials) of organizing educational work in the first specialized institutions for beggars, vagrants, as well as young female convicts.
 Methodology, methods and techniques. General scientific research methods aimed at collecting, analyzing, systematizing and generalizing data, in particular, the analysis of literary sources directly related to the subject of the study, the study of archival materials were used. The research methodology is based on the characteristics of deviant and delinquent behavior of minors.
 Results. The first orphanage was opened in 1873. There were four of them in Russia, and only the Bolshevsky (Yakovlevsky) orphanage was fully specialized. Two foreign types of re-education of juvenile delinquents were effectively combined in the work with female inmates: the family approach to the organization of the life of inmates and the splitting of inmates into classes and grades according to their achievements in education and in terms of their behavior. In Russia, the key goal of educational work in orphanages was spiritual and moral upbringing of children, which was implemented through school education, labour and religion. The effectiveness of educational work was based on classification of female trainees into groups according to different
 criteria (age, behavioral and character features, progress in studies and work) and motivation to reform the orphanages (monetary rewards, passing from lower to higher groups with better living conditions in the centre, early release from the orphanage). The compulsory vocational training was aimed at helping the girls to find employment after leaving the orphanage. The idea of patronage was developed and implemented, based both on the knowledge of the girls’ individual and psychological characteristics and the degree of rehabilitation by the moment of their leaving the orphanage.
 Scientific novelty. The findings broaden the understanding of educational work with deviant girls in the pre-revolutionary period of Russia.
 Practical significance. The results can be used in the course of training of cadets of educational institutions of higher education of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia.

Internalizing Disabilities Among Incarcerated Girls From Mexico and the United States

This article examines the relationship between internalizing dimensions of emotional and behavioral disorders such as depression and anxiety with unresolved trauma and abuse among incarcerated girls in Mexico and the United States. The goal is to arrive at a better understanding of (a) how mental health conditions may contribute to deviant behavior, (b) how girls with disabilities may be disproportionately punished because of their gender and disability status, and (c) the limited capabilities of personnel in correctional facilities to diagnose disabilities in incarcerated girls or identify girls who have not been diagnosed. The results, supported by the chivalry hypothesis, demonstrate the need for a gender-informed response to dealing with girls’ deviant behaviors, as well as trauma-informed practices to address mental health disabilities and victimization among delinquent girls in both the United States and Mexico.

Understanding developmental life-course theory for justice-involved girls and women residing in rural coercive sexual environments

ABSTRACT Coercive sexual environments (CSE) spotlight spatial disadvantage and sexual exploitation of at-risk girls in the United States. While existing literature explores sexualised culture in rural places, little is known about rural CSEs. The current study folds a developmental life-course framework together with the CSE phenomenon and gendered pathways to assess rural communities’ responses to ‘difficult’ girls. Incarcerated girls and women, as well as community stakeholders from rural communities, were interviewed to assess the gendered pathways of delinquent girls. Findings confirmed girls (juveniles) and young women (adults) can identify overt and covert community (in)actions that ignore their abuses and criminalise their trauma. Within this study, 37.5% of the sample moved from the juvenile justice system to the adult criminal justice system, with all previously residing in non-urban locations. Evidence suggests traditional gendered norms influence the community's responses to girls in rural CSEs, which partially explains the abuse-to-prison pipeline and later involvement in the criminal justice system.

Delinquent Girls as Activists: Insider Activism and Carceral Welfare

The article examines the motivation and role of the insider activism that resulted in the preservation of a major historical site of female incarceration, the Parramatta Female Factory Precinct, in suburban Sydney. For much of the 20th century the site was a “Girls’ Home,” in which children who had committed no offense were incarcerated under child welfare regulations and literally treated like criminals. Life in the institution was characterized by routine extreme maltreatment of children, many of whom have carried the psychological legacy of their time there throughout their lives. A group of survivors, moved to preserve and reclaim the space, spent many years contending with obdurate and indifferent bureaucracies before successfully having the site Heritage-listed, and it is now a member of the international Sites of Conscience. The Precinct’s significance as a site of feminist carceral history is discussed, and its place in today’s cultural landscape examined.

The Role of Delinquency Care Institution in the Social Integration of the Delinquent Girls: A Field Study

This Research aims at examining the role of social care institutions in rehabilitating and modifying the delinquent girls’ behavior in order to reintegrate them in the society. The research is based on two social theories: social welfare issues and the functional requirements of stereotypes; the researcher has depended on the case study approach to collect the data through 30 in-depth interviews. The research resulted in: - The institutions are characterized by the quality of their infrastructure due to the prevailing interest to develop them. - The social care system of these girls includes investigating their cases directly after being institutionalized, helping them solve their problems, systematizing their lives in these institutions, providing for their basic needs, health care from the beginning and continuously. - There is a decline in the number of girls who are enrolled in education as well as in their educational level, a lack of interest in the offered literacy programs, being uninterested in the cultural content provided and considering it as an entertainment. - The high interest in the girls’ vocational training to help them being interested in a work, which suits their capabilities, which secures their success and self-satisfaction. - The entertaining activities help to a great extent in modifying their behavior and making good use of time. - There are some official problem, as well as issues with the girls themselves, which hinders the effectiveness of these institutions.

Seeing inside the child: The Rorschach inkblot test as assessment technique in a girls' reform school, 1938-1948.

This article examines the practice of Rorschach testing as it was applied in a Dutch reform school for girls in the mid-20th century. Considering the assessment technique of Rorschach testing as an "examination" in the Foucauldian sense, this article investigates what type of identity was brought into being for the girls who were tested. Inspired by the praxiographic approach to trace the practices involved in testing, it shows that the Rorschach enacted a wholly new conception of the delinquent girl. Through the test, the reform school pupils were conceptualized as individuals with a literal inner realm, populated with drives, complexes and neuroses, which were said to shape their misbehavior. This notion of interiority was, strikingly enough, a rhetorical construction on the part of the psychologist, but was also produced as a reality in the practices surrounding the test. The article argues that, in the reform school, Rorschach testing not only served to assess the pupils' reeducability-a lesser known application of the Rorschach, particular to this reformatory context-but also served to govern them, precisely through its enactment of interiority. Through the practices of the test, a situation was created that suggested that the psychologist knew something about the girl that she herself did not; it was the creation of this "secret"-which forced pupils to look inside themselves-that placed the psychologist in a position of power. Utilizing the underused source of test reports, the article explores an application of Rorschach testing that has received little attention, further highlighting the test's versatility and power. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

The Process of Sandplay Therapy in a Delinquent Girl at a Children’s Home

The Process of Sandplay Therapy in a Delinquent Girl at a Children’s Home

Bad Girls Make History

Bad Girls Make History LaKisha Michelle Simmons (bio) April R. Haynes. Riotous Flesh: Women, Physiology, and the Solitary Vice in Nineteenth-Century America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015. vii + 242 pp.; ISBN 978-0-226-28459-0 (cl); 978-0-226-28462-0 (pb). Amanda H. Littauer. Bad Girls: Young Women, Sex, and Rebellion before the Sixties. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2015. xi + 259 pp. ISBN 978-1-4696-2378-8 (pb). Michael A. Rembis. Defining Deviance: Sex, Science, and Delinquent Girls, 1890–1960. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2011. ix + 227 pp. ISBN 978-0-252-03606-4 (cl); ISBN 978-0-252-07927-6 (pb). Karin L. Zipf. Bad Girls at Samarcand: Sexuality and Sterilization in a Southern Juvenile Reformatory. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State Press, 2016. Vii + 242 pp. ISBN 978-0-8071-6249-1 (cl). Laurel Thatcher Ulrich's beautifully written "well-behaved women seldom make history" has become a feminist axiom (despite Ulrich proving that those boring, virtuous women could make history, too).1 Historians have long been interested in "disorderly" women—tomboys, delinquents, activists, and heretics. Many historians have thus read misbehavior as resistance and as a form of feminist praxis—women and girls act out to protest gender norms or heteropatriarchy. To what extent are "bad girls" feminist heroes? And what happens when historians look closely at the trajectory of bad girls' individual lives? Rather than simply framing misbehaving girls and women as heroes of their own lives and times, historians need to understand the ways in which disorderly women were caught in systems of power that sought to undermine their personhood. New work that details histories of "bad girls" aims to do just that. April R. Haynes, Amanda H. Littauer, Michael A. Rembis, and Karin L. Zipf add to the historical scholarship on disorderly conduct by examining the causes and consequences of "misbehavior" and by narrating complicated stories about power, resistance, and precarity in women and girls' lives. Together, these books investigate disobedience, virtue, and delinquency while successfully juggling multiple categories of analysis, including age, race, class, sexuality, and ability. [End Page 187] Haynes's Riotous Flesh begins with a remarkable scene of disorder: rioters attempted to prevent Sylvester Graham from speaking to a group of women about physiology and masturbation. In 1837, Graham planned to lecture to women in Boston, but a mob of one thousand "men and boys" gathered. About two hundred disorderly women (made up of moral reformers and abolitionists) "placed themselves at the center of the conflict," pushed to the front of the crowd, and "faced off" against the mob (27–28). Haynes writes, "Boston's female reformers had not yielded their access to public space, nor had sexual slurs cowed them" (29). The scene is fascinating for its many ironies. The women, disorderly on the streets of Boston, were opponents of female masturbation and preached a sexual scrupulousness one would associate with good women. Yet there they were, engaging in public debates on the streets, as no "good" woman of their time should. The two hundred women defending Graham sought to define personal and public virtue for the nation. And thus, they constructed their unconventional behavior as virtuous and the rioters' behavior as licentious. Beginning with Graham's lectures on the righteousness of refraining from masturbation (and other carnivorous pleasures), Haynes convincingly claims that these sermons excited female moral reformers and abolitionists precisely because such theories disrupted established gender norms. By arguing that women had sexual desire just as men did, reformers like Sylvester Graham disrupted notions of female sexuality and thus "minimized the significance of physical differences such as sex and, implicitly, skin color" (7). As seen in the standoff between male rioters and disorderly women, Haynes traces women's participation in normalizing the idea that masturbation was unhealthy, that self-mastery created healthy individuals and a healthy body-politic, and finally that women had a special (public) part to play in popular understandings of health. Female moral reformers eventually introduced these ideas to sex education, which they believed helped prevent insanity and other social ills. Riotous Flesh weaves together an impressive story of race and sex in the moral reform movement by...

"Attracted by the Khaki": War Camps and Wayward Girls in Virginia, 1918-1920

This article examines the reactions of Virginia’s public welfare reformers to fears about the rise of prostitution and sex delinquency near state military training facilities during World War I. By visualizing data derived from the admissions logs of Virginia’s two segregated female reformatories, this article argues that the war provided the needed rationale to fund the expansion of state institutions and their programs to reform delinquent girls. Additionally, maps of the data show that the social engineering that targeted delinquent girls in Virginia spread beyond both its war camps and its cities into the mountains and other rural areas of the state. Scholars studying the history of female delinquency have argued that the vast majority of girls targeted for behavioral rehabilitation in the early twentieth century were typically poor, urban-dwelling daughters of working-class or immigrant parents. Virginia’s predominantly rural setting complicates our understanding of female delinquency as a problem stemming primarily from the challenges of vast urbanization. The case of Virginia suggests that delinquency studies to date may have been too urban in their focus, failing to see that rural communities were also targeting girls for incarceration and reform.

Psychotic-spectrum symptoms, cumulative adversity exposure and substance use among high-risk girls.

Psychotic-spectrum symptoms are linked to trauma, substance/alcohol use (SAU), criminality/violence and poor functional outcomes, supporting the need for early detection in vulnerable populations. To better understand high-risk girls' mental health, we assessed: (1) psychotic-spectrum symptoms; (2) cumulative trauma, adversity and loss exposures (C-TALE) and adversity-indicators (symptoms, maladaptive coping, stressor-reactivity); and SAU risk-factors; and (3) relationships among psychotic-spectrum symptoms, adversity-indicators and SAU risk-factors. We administered the Structured Clinical Interviews for Psychotic Spectrum, and Trauma and Loss Spectrum to 158 adolescent delinquent girls. Girls' psychotic-spectrum profiles were similar to previously reported adult psychotic patients and characterized by typical symptoms (hallucinations/delusions, reported largely SAU-independent), interpersonal sensitivity, schizoid traits and paranoia (over-interpretation, anger over-reactivity, hypervigilance). Auditory/visual hallucinations (55.7%), delusions (92.4%), ideas of reference (96.8%) and adversity (90.0% ≥10/24 C-TALE-types) were common. Mean loss (4) and trauma (8) onset-age occurred before SAU-onset (12). Significant positive correlations were found among psychotic-spectrum symptoms, stressor-reactivity, C-TALE, adversity-indicators; and number of SAU-types; and a negative correlation occurred between psychotic-spectrum symptoms and earlier alcohol use onset. After controlling for number of SAU-types, stressor-reactivity and adversity-related numbing individually had the largest associations with total psychotic-spectrum symptoms (b = 2.6-4.3). Girls averaged more than 4 maladaptive coping strategies (e.g., 24.8% attempted suicide) in response to adversity, amplifying potential health-disparities. No racial/ethnic differences emerged on psychotic-spectrum symptoms. This symptom constellation during adolescence likely interferes with social and academic functioning. Whether representing a prodromal phase, trauma-response or cross-diagnostic psychopathology, accurate early detection and appropriate treatment of psychotic-spectrum symptoms are warranted to improve functional outcomes in vulnerable populations.

“Chinamen” and “Delinquent Girls”: Intimacy, Exclusion, and a Search for California's Color Line

“Chinamen” and “Delinquent Girls”: Intimacy, Exclusion, and a Search for California's Color Line

Psychological Features of Delinquent and Nondelinquent Male and Female Adolescent

The aim of present research is to determining Psychological Features of delinquent boys and girls in comparison to other non-delinquent groups. In doing this 120 delinquent individuals (60 boys and 60 girls) were compared with SCL-90-R after equalizing. Findings showed that delinquent boys manifest significant differences in all different aspects of depression, physical complains, obsession, persistence, anxiety, sensitivity in inter-personal relationship, psychosis, paranoid thoughts, aggression, phobia. Delinquent girls, also, in different aspect of study, like anxiety and physical complain received higher marks in compare with their similar group.

Lovely Home

This paper positions the Salvation Army Reform Centre for Girls in Toowong (completed 1962), also known at the time as Kalimna Vocational Centre for Delinquent Girls, in the modern history of the architecture of southeast Queensland. Placing the frame of the building’s response to Brisbane’s subtropicality into conversation with other, intersecting, histories, the paper reflects on the relationship between an (architectural) history of intentions and an (institutional) history of their compromise. Designed by Robin Spencer for the Brisbane architectural firm E.P. & A.I. Trewern, Kalimna operated as a detention centre and correctional facility for young women who were committed to the institution’s care by the court. Its new buildings attended to the Salvation Army’s own wish to modernise the centre, privileging permeability and a conditional freedom and securing the expression of these values in its architecture. Following its closure as a reform centre in 1977, the institution has, though, drawn attention for its mistreatment of its wards, and the architectural history of this site has become entangled with inquiry into the history of institutional child abuse that has given rise to a number of State and Commonwealth led efforts to right a systematically maintained wrong. This paper explores the undercurrents of the building’s subtropicality and of the benign intentions of design for climate in this institutional setting.

Using structural equation modeling to assess the impact of factors on sexual risk and delinquent behavior in Dutch female offenders

Research shows that juvenile female offenders have a higher prevalence rate of sexual risk behaviors than girls from the general population and that similar factors underlie both SRBs and delinquent behavior. Contributing to findings derived from young female delinquent samples, this study examines the impact of risk factors on delinquent behaviors and sexual risk behaviors in 146 delinquent girls (12 to 18years) in outpatient forensic treatment. While controlling for ethnicity, results from structural equation modeling through bootstrapping showed that sexual risk behaviors (explained variance 26%) were predicted by the number of negative life events, peer rejection, and substance use, whereas the number of previous convictions and treatment dropout were predictive of delinquent behavior (explained variance 14.1%). Affiliation with deviant peers, parental monitoring, and conduct problems did not contribute to the explained variance in both outcome measures. These findings will be elaborated on in the discussion.

What Is the Hidden Figure of Delinquency in Girls? Scaling Up From Police Charges to Self-Reports

ABSTRACTResearch on males shows discrepancies between official records and self-reports of delinquency, thus creating a scaling-up factor. Comparable information for girls is still needed. We investigated discrepancies (scaling up factors) from official records to self-reports in a large sample of girls between ages 12 and 17 (N = 2,450). On average there were three self-reported juvenile female offenders for every individual charged by the police, and for every police charge there were four offenses that were committed. The scaling-up factor was highest in early adolescence, indicating that female offenders at a young age were more likely to stay undetected by the police. The scaling-up factor was significantly lower for African American than white girls: a higher proportion of African American delinquent girls were charged by the police. Racial differences in scaling up were significant only for prevalence, not for frequency of offending. Knowledge about scaling-up factors is important for the design and implementation of intervention programs. We discuss racial differences, implications for justice administration, and practical implications for intervention science.

Female Delinquents: the Effect of Offense Characteristics on Adult Criminal Careers in the 1958 Philadelphia Birth Cohort

This paper uses the official juvenile offenses among delinquent girls in the 1958 Philadelphia Birth Cohort to investigate the two overarching questions. This research investigates the nature of delinquency conduct, offense-by-offense, and its relationship to adult crime status. Although it is convenient to think of an offender’s delinquency career as a whole, such a career actually consists of one or more specific offenses, and offense conduct can be worth studying in its own right. Thus, it is necessary to determine whether the timing, type, severity, court disposition, and so on, of these juvenile offenses can be used to predict adult career pathways. An extensive review of the literature revealed that investigations of early offense conduct and its connection to adult crime are exceedingly scarce. This study indicates as follows. First, the way a delinquent begins her criminal career is predictive of the adult trajectory that will be followed. Second, we also found that aspects of the first few offenses doe influence whether delinquent girls do continue committing crimes as adult. The strongest predictor of adult crime status was juvenile court dispositions.

Assessing stress-related treatment needs among girls at risk for poor functional outcomes: The impact of cumulative adversity, criterion traumas, and non-criterion events

Despite growing recognition that cumulative adversity (total stressor exposure, including complex trauma), increases the risk for psychopathology and impacts development, assessment strategies lag behind: Adversity-related mental health needs (symptoms, functional impairment, maladaptive coping) are typically assessed in response to only one qualifying Criterion-A traumatic event. This is especially problematic for youth at-risk for health and academic disparities who experience cumulative adversity, including non-qualifying events (separation from caregivers) which may produce more impairing symptomatology. Data from 118 delinquent girls demonstrate: (1) an average of 14 adverse Criterion-A and non-Criterion event exposures; (2) serious maladaptive coping strategies (self-injury) directly in response to cumulative adversity; (3) more cumulative adversity-related than worst-event related symptomatology and functional impairment; and (4) comparable symptomatology, but greater functional impairment, in response to non-Criterion events. These data support the evaluation of mental health needs in response to cumulative adversity for optimal identification and tailoring of services in high-risk populations to reduce disparities.

The Gendered Monitoring of Juvenile Delinquents

Through the framework of power-control theory (PCT), we provide a model of juvenile offending that places the gendered-raced treatment of juveniles central to the analysis. We test the theory using a unique sample that is predominately African American, poor, and composed entirely of juvenile offenders. Multivariate models compare the predictive power of many variables, including ones central to PCT, on status offenses and other, more serious, offenses. Gender and race variables were found to be significant, but varied in their impact across models. The interaction between these variables suggests that being Black and female increases the likelihood of sanctioning for status offenses, but not other types of offenses. Contrary to the theory, single-mother-headed households do not seem to produce more delinquent girls than other types of households. The overall findings of this study indicate that patriarchy and white privilege are continuing characteristics of the juvenile justice system.

"SAFEGUARDING THE INTERESTS OF THE STATE" FROM DEFECTIVE DELINQUENT GIRLS.

The 1911 mental classification, "defective delinquent," was created as a temporary legal-medical category in order to identify a peculiar class of delinquent girls in a specific institutional setting. The defective delinquent's alleged slight mental defect, combined with her appearance of normalcy, rendered her a "dangerous" and "incurable" citizen. At the intersection of institutional history and the history of ideas, this article explores the largely overlooked role of borderline mental classifications of near-normalcy in the medicalization of intelligence and criminality during the first third of the twentieth-century United States. Borderline classifications served as mechanisms of control over women's bodies through the criminalization of their minds, and the advent of psychometric tests legitimated and facilitated the spread of this classification beyond its original and intended context. The borderline case of the defective delinquent girl demonstrates the significance of marginal mental classifications to the policing of bodies through the medicalization of intellect.

Program pencegahan berasas keibubapaan untuk bertindakbalas dengan masalah hamil luar nikah dalam kalangan remaja

This paper discusses about the importance of a family-based intervention programme to response to the problem of premature pregnancy among at-risk adolescent girls in Malaysia. The discourse start with an assumption family environment, in particular parents’ styles of parenting is pertinent to influence adolescents involvement in premature sex activities, which later resulted to their premature or out of wedlock pregnancy. Empirical evidences from two separate qualitative studies were used to support the hypothesis. Both studies involves a group of delinquent girls who currently were enrolled into two rehabilitation and protection public institution – Taman Seri Puteri Probation Hostel, and the Henry Gurney (for girls) Approved School. Findings from the in-depth interviews among the 15 respondents demonstrate that parenting style does play a significant influence on adolescent sexual behaviours. Due to the strong relationship between parenting styles and adolescent sexual behaviour, the study proposed an intervention which concentrates on the family element to response to the social problem.