Deleterious Effects Of Tobacco Research Articles

Assessing the NATIONAL TOBACCO CONTROL PROGRAMME (NTCP) guidelines-based education model in semi-urban school population: An interventional study.

Awareness in semi-urban school population about harmful effects of tobacco use. Hence, the objectives of the present research protocol are to evaluate the incidence of tobacco usage amongst school children and educators, to evaluate the knowledge of students and teachers regarding the harmful effects of tobacco, to educate students and teachers regarding the deleterious effects of tobacco and to evaluate the success of the intervention. This study will be conducted at a semi-urban school located in the Wardha district. A cluster of students and teachers will be selected and will be given a pre-test to assess their knowledge regarding tobacco. The questionnaire will also help in evaluating the total number of participants consuming tobacco. Teachers will be given intervention when the data from the pre-test has been analysed. They will be educated regarding tobacco and its effects on oral health with the use of PowerPoint presentations, posters and models. Activities such as skits, role plays and discussions will be performed. Teachers will be asked to educate the students regarding the same. After the students are educated, they will be given a post-test to evaluate their understanding after the teachers have educated them. Tobacco users will be motivated to complete the cessation of tobacco. A questionnaire comprises 20 questions that are taken from National Tobacco Control Programme (NTPC) guidelines. The proposed study represents a major step towards tobacco cessation amongst semi-urban school population. Overall, the study includes evaluating the knowledge of participants, educating them regarding the harmful effects of tobacco and motivating the participants who are tobacco chewers to complete stoppage of habit. The study will develop a valid and reliable change and would contribute in the development of good oral health. This research will provide in the Indian context, evidence that will underpin better selection in semi-urban schools of the Wardha district. The proposed study represents a major step towards tobacco cessation amongst semi-urban school population. The study will develop a valid and reliable change and would contribute in the development of good oral health.

Comparative Study on Pulmonary Function Tests and Electrocardiographic Alterations in Smokers and Non-Smokers

Background: Tobacco consumption is the most common cause of the preventable deaths globally. Tobacco is often consumed in the form of cigarettes. Deleterious effects of tobacco are seen in all body systems but most markedly on respiratory and cardiovascular systems. Smoking is responsible for 25% of all death in Bangladeshi men aged 25-69 years. Cardiovascular diseases are on the progressive rise in developing countries. Objective: To compare the variation in ECG waves and pulmonary function tests values in smokers and nonsmokers. Method: In this study, changes in ECG and pulmonary function tests were evaluated in apparently healthy adult male smokers and nonsmokers. This comparative cross sectional study was carried out in the department of Physiology, Rajshahi Medical College, Rajshahi from January 2018 to December 2018. Result: A total number of 184 healthy subject aged between 20 to 45 years were divided into two groups – Group A considered of 92 adult male nonsmokers and Group B considered of 92 apparently healthy adult male smokers. Group B are subdivided into light smokers (1-10 stick/day), moderate smokers (11-20 stick/day), and heavy smokers (>20 stick/day). Analysis of data was done with the help of computer by SPSS 12.0 programmer and significant tests were done by unpaired student’s “t” test. PFT parameters FVC, FEV1, PEFR, FEV1 and FVC ratio were significantly reduced in smokers compared to nonsmokers (P< 0.001). The values of FVC, FEV1, PEFR were significantly reduced with increase number of cigarette smoke per day (P < 0.001) while FEV1/FVC ratio did not show much difference (P>0.05). Conclusion: This study showed that pulmonary function tests and ECG abnormalities indicate pulmonary and cardiovascular risk in term of COPD, Cardiac arrhythmia, pulmonary arterial hypertension, heart blocks in such subjects. This might be used by physicians as a tool for counseling the smokers to stop smoking as early as possible.

Evaluation of Lung Function Test (FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC ratio, PEFR) among Smokers and Nonsmokers

Background: Cigarette smoking and its health consequences represents one of the most serious public health problems and represents an important health challenge, it carries major health risks with the most cause specific mortalities being those of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Tobacco consumption is the most common cause of the preventable deaths globally. Tobacco is often consumed in the form of cigarettes. Deleterious effects of tobacco are seen in all body systems but most markedly on respiratory and cardiovascular systems. Smoking is responsible for 25% of all death in Bangladeshi men aged 25-69 years. Cardiovascular diseases are on the progressive rise in developing countries. Objective: To measure lung function test (FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC ratio, PEFR) among smokers and nonsmokers. Method: In this study, changes in ECG and pulmonary function tests were evaluated in apparently healthy adult male smokers and nonsmokers. This comparative cross sectional study was carried out in the department of Physiology, Rajshahi Medical College, Rajshahi from January 2018 to December 2018. Result: A total number of 184 healthy subject aged between 20 to 45 years were divided into two groups – Group A considered of 92 adult male nonsmokers and Group B considered of 92 apparently healthy adult male smokers. Group B are subdivided into light smokers (1-10 stick/day), moderate smokers (11-20 stick/day), and heavy smokers (>20 stick/day). Analysis of data was done with the help of computer by SPSS 12.0 programmer and significant tests were done by unpaired student’s “t” test. PFT parameters FVC, FEV1, PEFR, FEV1 and FVC ratio were significantly reduced in smokers compared to nonsmokers (P< 0.001). The values of FVC, FEV1, PEFR were significantly reduced with increase number of cigarette smoke per day (P < 0.001) while FEV1/FVC ratio did not show much difference (P>0.05). Conclusion: In this study it was found that the actual values of FVC, FEV1, FEV1/ FVC %, PEFR were ....

Effect of tobacco chewing on semen parameters

Background: Tobacco is a plant with green foliage and tubular flowers. Biologically titled as Nicotiana tabacum. Tobacco is evil for human health. It has been noted that 35% of death worldwide happen due to the tobacco intake only. Individual with no education is 2.69 times more likely to smoke and chew tobacco than those with a postgraduate education. Tobacco causes reduction in sperm count, motility, and concentration. Objective: To affirm the deleterious effects of tobacco abuse on various semen parameters. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on 100 healthy adults in GGH Hospital, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India. Out of which, 50 were tobacco chewers and 50 were nontobacco chewers. Semen was collected in the vicinity of laboratory bathroom and immediately handover to laboratory technician for evaluation of various parameters. Result: Result shows that there is a significant decrease in semen volume, sperm concentration, motility, and viability in tobacco chewers than control group. There was progressive decrease in sperm count and liquefaction time as the duration of tobacco chewing is increase. Conclusion: There is an adverse effect on all the seminal parameters who practicing of tobacco chewing as compared to non-chewers mainly sperm concentration, total sperm count, motility, and viability of sperm are also decreases in tobacco chewer than the control group. As the frequency of tobacco chewing is increasing, it is associated with more adverse effects on semen volume, count, concentration, motility, and viability of sperm.

Evaluation of Oral Changes Among Tobacco Users of Aljouf Province, Saudi Arabia.

To know the prevalence of tobacco associated changes among male population of Aljouf province of Saudi Arabia. This study included 536 male subjects with positive history of tobacco habits. All the participants were asked to fill a questionnaire regarding the habit details and were examined clinically for the oral changes. Majority of the subjects used tobacco in smoked form (69.0%). Out of the 536 patients with tobacco smoking and chewing habits 72% showed changes in oral mucosa. Smokers melanosis (43.28%) was the most commonly observed oral change followed by leukoedema (27.05%) and smoker's palate (22.76%). Leukoplakia (3.17%) was the most commonly seen premalignant lesion. The study confirms the fact that use of tobacco can be positively correlated to the occurrence of various benign, premalignant and malignant oral changes. This study aids in creating awareness among the public regarding the deleterious effects of tobacco and may motivate them for cessation of tobacco use.

English

BACKGROUND: Tobacco is one of the leading causes of morbidity and premature death though ironically it is preventable. Recently tobacco use has increased in India where about 3/4ths of population lives in rural areas in whom, level of knowledge and awareness about the deleterious effects of tobacco is very low. A clear understanding of reasons leading to increased tobacco use is very important. In view of this, the present study was undertaken to find out the prevalence, attitudes towards tobacco use, prevalence of certain tobacco related oral health problems and their association with tobacco use. MATERIALS & METHODS: This study was as a cross sectional study conducted in 14 villages in Tamilnadu among adults (>=19), both males and females and sample size was 654. Simple Random Sampling Technique was employed. A structured questionnaire was developed and house-to-house survey was conducted. Informed consent from the participants and approval of Institutional Ethics Committee of Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai were obtained. RESULTS: In this study, 69.6% of the respondents were in the age group of 31-60 years and 57.0% belonged to middle socioeconomic status. The overall prevalence of tobacco use (both smoking and smokeless form of tobacco) was 46% (95% CI 42.2% -49.8%) and the highest prevalence of tobacco use was found in the age group of 31-60 years accounting to 48.6% (95% CI 44.0-53.2). 18.6% of current users of tobacco and 2.5% of non users of tobacco had oral ulcers with odds ratio of 8.7(p<0.001).It was found that only 58.4% of the total study subjects and 56.5% of current users of tobacco were aware of tobacco control Act and 53.5% of the total study subjects and 48.2% of current users of tobacco felt the need to make the Act more strict and stringent. CONCLUSION: To reduce the tobacco use in the society, the approach includes increasing the awareness about ill effects, tobacco control policies and treating the individuals with tobacco dependence. Not only is the designing of strict legislation or policies is important but also increasing the awareness

Evaluation of attitude, behavior, knowledge, and smoking rates among youngsters from Southern India: a survey-based study from Andhra Pradesh

Introduction: India accounts for 274.9 million global tobacco users and approximately 120 million tobacco smokers. It is predicted that tobacco deaths in India may exceed 1.5 million annually by 2020. Considering the hazardous impact of smoking upon the health of an individual, we conducted this investigation to evaluate the magnitude of this increasingly distressing public health concern among youngsters enrolled in university courses at various educational institutes in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India. Methodology: A cross-sectional questionnaire based study was conducted among youngsters at various educational institutions in Andhra Pradesh, India. The structured questionnaire was developed to assess the number of youngsters habituated to smoking and to know their attitude, knowledge, and behavioral responses toward smoking tobacco. Results: A total of 4394 responses were collected from Andhra Pradesh. The mean age of the respondents was 20.4 ± 2.9 years and 67.6% were males. The overall smoking rate was found to be 41.03%. Of the total respondents, 1254 (28.5%) were enrolled in pre-university course, whereas graduates and postgraduates constituted 2348 (53.4%) and 792 (18.0%), respectively. A majority of smokers (72.6%) and nonsmokers (91.6%) stated that people adapt to smoking as a fashionable trend, while only a meager (12.1%) respondents thought stress as a stimulant to resort to smoking habits. 44.9% respondents felt smoking cigarettes in a group increased interaction among their peers; 81.1% confessed to initiation of smoking during their teenage years; About 66.8% admitted to smoking up to 5 cigarettes/day, while 76.2% were aware of the fact nicotine in cigarettes causes addiction. Of the suggested measures to quit smoking, 64.9% of the respondents recommended prohibition of smoking at public places, 66.1% advised cigarettes to be made expensive, 87.2% sought counseling by a physician or a pharmacist as a valuable resource to help youngsters curb their smoking habits and 77.1% thought the use of e-cigarettes could be a potential alternative measure to avoid tobacco smoking. Conclusion: A high percentage of youngsters admitting to smoking cigarettes as demonstrated from our survey highlights a poor indicator of national health status. Perhaps, it also reflects a failure of state government policies aimed to prevent tobacco use. The need to formulate stringent policies to guide youngsters to understand the deleterious effects of tobacco, including but not limited to, advertisements, banners, setting up of de-addiction and counseling centers, national wide campaign and broadcasting should be done.

Non-pharmacological management of osteoporosis: a consensus of the Belgian Bone Club.

This consensus article reviews the various aspects of the non-pharmacological management of osteoporosis, including the effects of nutriments, physical exercise, lifestyle, fall prevention, and hip protectors. Vertebroplasty is also briefly reviewed. Non-pharmacological management of osteoporosis is a broad concept. It must be viewed as an essential part of the prevention of fractures from childhood through adulthood and the old age. The topic also includes surgical procedures for the treatment of peripheral and vertebral fractures and the post-fracture rehabilitation. The present document is the result of a consensus, based on a systematic review and a critical appraisal of the literature. Diets deficient in calcium, proteins or vitamin D impair skeletal integrity. The effect of other nutriments is less clear, although an excessive consumption of sodium, caffeine, or fibres exerts negative effects on calcium balance. The deleterious effects of tobacco, excessive alcohol consumption and a low BMI are well accepted. Physical activity is of primary importance to reach optimal peak bone mass but, if numerous studies have shown the beneficial effects of various types of exercise on bone mass, fracture data as an endpoint are scanty. Fall prevention strategies are especially efficient in the community setting, but less evidence is available about their effectiveness in preventing fall-related injuries and fractures. The efficacy of hip protectors remains controversial. This is also true for vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty. Several randomized controlled studies had reported a short-term advantage of vertebroplasty over medical treatment for pain relief, but these findings have been questioned by recent sham-controlled randomized clinical studies.

Attitudes of Irish dental, dental hygiene and dental nursing students and newly qualified practitioners to tobacco use cessation: a national survey

Ireland has some of the strictest smoking regulations in the world. Little is known of the attitudes of student Irish dental healthcare workers towards tobacco control and tobacco use cessation. This study aimed at determining the knowledge and attitudes of these students towards the deleterious effects of tobacco in the mouth and towards tobacco use cessation in dental practice. A questionnaire survey was distributed to 654 students (including newly qualified) on dentistry, dental hygiene and dental nursing programmes in Irish dental schools. Information sought included college, course, year of study, sex, age, nationality, smoking status, knowledge of effects of tobacco in the mouth and attitudes towards tobacco use cessation in dental practice and towards the Irish smoking bans. There was a 90% response rate. In all, 12% of dental students, 25% of dental hygiene students and 31% of dental nursing students were current smokers. Newly qualified dental hygienists were as knowledgeable about tobacco effects in the mouth as newly qualified dentists. Overall, the majority in each student category believed that all three groups could be effective tobacco counsellors and should provide tobacco use cessation counselling to patients, although less than half of evening course dental nursing students felt that dental nurses could be effective counsellors or should provide counselling. There was overwhelming support for the Irish smoking ban. Only a minority of dental students and dental nursing students had received instruction in tobacco use cessation counselling. There are strong positive attitudes to tobacco use cessation counselling in dental practice among these young dental healthcare students. This is true even amongst those who have not received specific instruction in tobacco use cessation counselling.