Delay In Early Childhood Research Articles

Influence Factors, Impact and Interventions for Speech Delay and Language Delay in Early Childhood : Systematic Review

Speech delay occurs when a child is unable to produce words correctly or fluently. Whereas language delay occurs when the child has difficulty in understanding what others are saying or difficulty in conveying information and thoughts. Speech delay and language delay allow children to experience several adverse effects such as developmental delays, decreased cognitive, social and emotional abilities, and risk of having poor health status. The literature search used two databases, Scopus and Scholar. Only studies describing influencing factors and interventions on speech and language delay were included. The results of this systematic review suggest that factors influencing the occurrence of speech and language delay in children, generally occur due to the influence of family factors with a history of speech delay and language delay, and gender factors. As well as, interventions that parents and prospective parents can do to avoid the occurrence of speech and language delays in children include, among others, conducting early examinations or early stage early identification to assess child growth, increasing maternal knowledge related to child development education, involving children in reading and activities together, and it is advisable for mothers to conduct routine examinations during pregnancy.

Genetic Testing for Global Developmental Delay in Early Childhood

Global developmental delay (GDD) is characterized by a complex etiology, diverse phenotypes, and high individual heterogeneity, presenting challenges for early clinical etiologic diagnosis. Cognitive impairment is the core symptom, and despite the pivotal role of genetic factors in GDD development, the understanding of them remains limited. To assess the utility of genetic detection in patients with GDD and to examine the potential molecular pathogenesis of GDD to identify targets for early intervention. This multicenter, prospective cohort study enrolled patients aged 12 to 60 months with GDD from 6 centers in China from July 4, 2020, to August 31, 2023. Participants underwent trio whole exome sequencing (trio-WES) coupled with copy number variation sequencing (CNV-seq). Bioinformatics analysis was used to unravel pathogenesis and identify therapeutic targets. The main outcomes of this study involved enhancing the rate of positive genetic diagnosis for GDD, broadening the scope of genetic testing indications, and investigating the underlying pathogenesis. The classification of children into levels of cognitive impairment was based on the developmental quotient assessed using the Gesell scale. The study encompassed 434 patients with GDD (262 [60%] male; mean [SD] age, 25.75 [13.24] months) with diverse degrees of cognitive impairment: mild (98 [23%]), moderate (141 [32%]), severe (122 [28%]), and profound (73 [17%]). The combined use of trio-WES and CNV-seq resulted in a 61% positive detection rate. Craniofacial abnormalities (odds ratio [OR], 2.27; 95% CI, 1.45-3.56), moderate or severe cognitive impairment (OR, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.05-2.70), and age between 12 and 24 months (OR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.05-2.35) were associated with a higher risk of carrying genetic variants. Additionally, bioinformatics analysis suggested that genetic variants may induce alterations in brain development and function, which may give rise to cognitive impairment. Moreover, an association was found between the dopaminergic pathway and cognitive impairment. In this cohort study of patients with GDD, combining trio-WES with CNV-seq was a demonstrable, instrumental strategy for advancing the diagnosis of GDD. The close association among genetic variations, brain development, and clinical phenotypes contributed valuable insights into the pathogenesis of GDD. Notably, the dopaminergic pathway emerged as a promising focal point for potential targets in future precision medical interventions for GDD.

The effects of gender-specific local labor demand on birth and later outcomes

We study the effects of local labor market conditions during early pregnancy on birth and later outcomes. Using a longitudinal survey of newborns in Japan, we find that improvements in employment opportunities increase the probability of low birth weight and premature birth. We also examine the effects of gender-specific labor market conditions. An increase in labor demand for women has a large negative effect on gestational age, especially for mothers who gave birth at relatively young ages. However, we find little evidence of a lasting negative effect of an increase in labor demand during early pregnancy on serious health conditions or developmental delays in early childhood. Using prefecture-level panel data, we confirm that the negative effect on infant birth weight is not driven by selective fertility and mortality.

A Follow-Up Study of Children Diagnosed with Delayed Speech and Language

Objective: The aim of our study was to examine the current health status of children with normal peripheral hearing who were referred to the audiology clinic with complaints of speech and language delay in early childhood.
 Methods: The data of a retrospective file review in which the information of 105 children with normal hearing ages 12-60 months referred to the Audiology Clinic with complaints of speech and language delay were used in the study. After the initial diagnosis of delayed speech and language (approximately two years), their medical condition was assessed through semi-structured telephone interviews. The obtained data are presented with descriptive statistics.
 Results: Out of 105 children, 54 (51.4%) were diagnosed with other additional diagnoses including; autism spectrum disorder:21 (20%), general developmental delay: 13 (12.3%), attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder: 9 (8.5%), epilepsy: 4 (3.8%).7 (6.6%) of children followed from endocrine, neurology, genetics, cardiology, nephrology and ophthalmology departments. 51 children (48.57%) have achieved the average level of speech and language development with interventions such as speech and language therapy and/or social support in the following period, and they do not currently have any medical follow-up. 
 Conclusion: The results indicated that cases where children who apply with the complaint of speech and language delay may have additional diagnoses in the future, or they can achieve the average level of speech and language development with specialist interventions. Long-term follow-up of this delay is important in terms of providing effective communication skills and the probability of being a diagnostic marker.

Clinical and genetic characteristics of 21 children with Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome

Objective: To investigate the phenotypes of Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome (RSTS) caused by variants in the CREBBP or EP300 gene, and the correlation between genotype and phenotype. Methods: This case series study was performed on pediatric patients who were referred to the Children's Hospital of Capital Institute of Pediatrics between January 2013 and July 2022. Both point variant and copy number deletion in CREBBP or EP300 gene were detected by whole exome sequencing, chromosomal microarray analysis, or copy number variation sequencing (CNV-seq). The variant categories were summarized and phenotype numbers were re-visited for RSTS patients. Based on variant types, the patients were divided into different groups (point variant or copy number deletion, EP300 or CREBBP point variant, and loss of function or missense variant). Phenotype counts between different groups were compared using the rank-sum test of two independent samples. Results: A total of 21 RSTS patients were recruited, including 12 males and 9 females, with ages ranging from 1 month to 14 years and 2 months. Among them, 67% (14/21) had point variants, and 33% (7/21) had copy number deletions. Out of these, 20 variants (95%) were de novo. Among 20 patients finishing phenotype count during re-visit, 95% (19/20) of the patients exhibited developmental delays before the age of 2 years. Additionally, 80% (16/20) of the patients had distinctive facial features. Considering phenotype count, no statistically significant difference was found between point variant (14 cases) and copy number deletion (6 cases) (5.0 (3.0, 7.0) vs. 5.0 (2.5, 5.3), Z=0.75, P=0.452), CREBBP (10 cases) and EP300 gene (4 cases) point variant (5.0 (3.8, 7.0) vs. 4.0 (2.0, 6.0), Z=1.14, P=0.253), and loss of function (9 cases) and missense (5 cases) variant (6.0 (4.5, 7.0) vs. 3.0 (2.5, 5.5), Z=1.54, P=0.121). Conclusions: Patients with RSTS primarily exhibit developmental delays in early childhood. Specific facial features serve as suggested signs of genetic testing. However, no significant genotype-phenotype correlation is found.

A 9-year retrospective cohort study of the monitoring and screening of childhood developmental delay in Thailand.

Developmental delay in early childhood can have negative long-term cognitive and psychiatric sequelae, along with poor academic achievement, so early screening and surveillance are paramount. The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of screening and surveillance on child developmental delay using the Developmental Surveillance and Promotion Manual (DSPM) and the Thai Early Developmental Assessment for Intervention (TEDA4I) for Thai children aged 0-5years old. Data were obtained from the routine developmental screening for specific disorders at ages 9, 18, 30, 42 and 60 months conducted using DSPM and TEDA4I from 2013 to 2021. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data, and the results are visualised graphically herein. Only 56% of the children were screened for child developmental delay using DSPM. The proportion of children screened increased from <1% in 2013 to 90% in 2021. Suspected developmental delay prevalence increased significantly from 3.91% in 2013-2015 to 10.00% in 2016-2018 and 26.48% in 2019-2021. Moreover, of the children with suspected developmental delay who received developmental stimulation within a month, only 87.9% returned for follow-up visits when they were evaluated again using TEDA4I to ascertain any abnormalities and specific areas of deficit. The overall proportion of children diagnosed with developmental delay was 1.29%. During the pandemic, the proportion of screening tests for child developmental delay at routine vaccination visits and follow-ups decreased but was still at least 80% in each region. Since 1%-3% of children have suspected developmental delay, early detection is key to treating it as soon as possible. We anticipate that our findings will raise awareness in parents and caregivers about childhood developmental delay and lead to the implementation of early intervention and follow-up at the rural level in Thailand.

COVID-19 and Neurodevelopmental Delays in Early Childhood: A Longitudinal Analysis of Developmental Outcomes in Korean Children.

This study employed a longitudinal analysis to evaluate the association between the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic and neurodevelopment by analyzing over 1.8 million children from the Korean Developmental Screening Test for Infants and Children included in South Korea's National Health Screening Program. We compared the developmental outcomes in five age groups-9-17 months, 18-29 months, 30-41 months, 42-53 months, and 54-65 months-between the pre-pandemic (2018-2019) and pandemic (2020-2021) periods. Significant increases in potential developmental delays were observed during the pandemic in communication, cognitive, social interaction, self-care, and fine motor skills across most age groups. All five age groups experienced notable disruptions in communication and fine motor skills. Children from socioeconomically disadvantaged backgrounds faced higher risks across all domains. These findings highlight the need for targeted interventions and continuous monitoring to support the developmental needs of children affected by pandemic-related disruptions.

Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Speech Delay Pada Anak Usia Dini Di Posyandu X Kelurahan Kutabaru

Introduction: Barriers to later speech development can not only affect a child's social and personal adjustments but can also affect a child's academic adjustment. Due to the importance of the function of speech development in these children, this study attempts to describe what factors can influence the development of speech in children. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors associated with the occurrence of speech delay in early childhood at Posyandu X, Kutabaru District, Tangerang Regency in 2022. Method: The research method is quantitative analytic using cross-sectional. The statistical test used is the chi-square test. The research was conducted at Posyandu X, Kutabaru Village, Tangerang Regency in 2022. The number of samples was 60 people. The sample selection method is by total sampling, and the type of data used is primary data. Results: The results of the chi-square statistical test showed that the variables associated with the occurrence of speech delay were the mother's education (p-value 0,042) and the sex of the toddler (p-value 0,000) and the unrelated variable was parenting style (p-value 0,424). Discussion: For parents who answered that democratic parenting was dominant, it was good enough in raising their children, also authoritarian parenting, which was partially applied in parenting. So that children do not experience speech delays. For parents with boys who are diagnosed with a possible speech delay, it is best to follow up and deal with it immediately one of which is by providing stimulation from an early age.

Meta Analysis Study of Interpersonal Communication and Speech Delay in Early Childhood

Speech delay in children is closely related to their interpersonal communication. Previous studies have found that 10-20 percent of young children experience speech delay which ultimately affects their interpersonal communication. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect size of the different test and the correlation of the results of the study which linked children's interpersonal communication and speech delay. This meta-analysis uses 14 research journals. There are 11 journals using the correlation method and 3 journals using the different test method. Data were analyzed using effect size correlation and effect size difference tests. The results showed that interpersonal communication has a large correlation size effect on speech delay with r = 0.504. The different test has a small effect size, g = 0.329. The results of the correlation effect size and the different test effect size are formed by external factors related to stimulation and family support, as well as a positive environment.

Penanganan Speech Delay pada Anak Usia Dini melalui Terapi Wicara

This study discusses the handling that can be done in overcoming speech delay in early childhood. The purpose of this study is to find out various strategies or methods that can be used in stimulating speech delay problems in children from an early age through speech therapy. This study used a qualitative approach with library research method where the subjects of this study reviewed several relevant articles and intended for children aged 4-6 years. The results of this study commonly used speech therapy is to train speaking with correct articulation and practice pronunciation of words slowly and repeatedly. This is very effective to do, because in this word repetition process the child will remember and lock every word that continues to be repeated. The authors recommend that future studies use a type of direct observational research into the field, so that previously found data can be accurately proven with facts in the field.

Maternal social isolation in the perinatal period and early childhood development: the Tohoku Medical Megabank Project Birth and Three-Generation Cohort Study.

Studies examining the associations between maternal social relationships and early childhood development have mainly focused on social relationships after childbirth. We aimed to prospectively examine the associations between the transition of maternal social isolation from the prenatal to postnatal period and early childhood development. We analyzed data for 6692 mother-child pairs who participated in the Tohoku Medical Megabank Project Birth and Three-Generation Cohort Study. Social isolation in the prenatal and postnatal periods was assessed by the Lubben Social Network Scale-abbreviated version and categorized into four groups: none, prenatal only, postnatal only, and both. The Ages and Stages Questionnaire, Third Edition, which consists of five developmental areas, was used to assess developmental delays in children at 2 and 3.5years of age. Multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine the associations between maternal social isolation and developmental delays. The prevalence of social isolation in both the prenatal and postnatal periods was 13.1%. Social isolation in both the prenatal and postnatal periods was associated with developmental delays in children at 2 and 3.5years of age: the multivariate-adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) were 1.68 (1.39-2.04) and 1.43 (1.17-1.76), respectively. Social isolation in the prenatal period only and social isolation in the postnatal period only were not associated with developmental delays in children at 2 and 3.5years of age. Maternal social isolation in both the prenatal and postnatal periods was associated with an increased risk of developmental delays in early childhood.

Gestational Exposure to Phthalates and Phthalate Replacements in Relation to Neurodevelopmental Delays in Early Childhood.

Phthalates have been linked to changes in child neurodevelopment. However, sex-specificity has been reported inconsistently, and little is known about the impact of recent phthalate replacement chemicals. Our analysis included mother−child pairs (N = 274) from the PROTECT birth cohort in Puerto Rico. Phthalate metabolites were measured in multiple maternal urine collected during pregnancy. Neurodevelopment was measured at 6, 12, and 24 months of age using the Battelle Developmental Inventory-2nd edition (BDI), which provides scores for adaptive, personal-social, communication, motor, and cognitive domains. Multivariable linear regression was used to examine associations between phthalate metabolite concentrations and BDI scores, adjusting for maternal age, maternal education, child age, and specific gravity. Sex-specificity was assessed with sex X exposure interaction terms and stratified models. Results show that all five domains were significantly associated with mono-3-carboxypropyl phthalate (MCPP) at age 24 months, suggesting a holistic developmental delay related to this metabolite. Sex-specificity existed for all timepoints (p-interaction < 0.2), in general, showing stronger associations among boys. For example, metabolites of a recent phthalate replacement, di-2-ethylhexyl terephthalate (DEHTP), were differentially associated with the adaptive domain (boys −7.53%/IQR, 95% CI: −14.58, −0.48 vs. girls −0.85%/IQR, 95% CI: −5.08, 3.37), and the cognitive domain (boys −6.05%/IQR, 95% CI: −10.88, −1.22 vs. girls −1.93%/IQR, 95%CI: −4.14, 0.28) at 6 months. To conclude, gestational exposure to phthalates and phthalate replacements was associated with neurodevelopmental delay across multiple domains, with differences by sex and child age.

Epigenetic gestational age and the relationship with developmental milestones in early childhood.

Shorter gestational age (GA) is a risk factor of developmental delay. GA is usually estimated clinically from last menstrual period and ultrasound. DNA methylation (DNAm) estimates GA using sets of cytosine-guanine-sites coupled with a clock algorithm. Therefore, DNAm-estimated GA may better reflect biological maturation. A DNAm GA greater than clinical GA, known as gestational age acceleration (GAA), may indicate epigenetic maturity and holds potential as an early biomarker for developmental delay risk. We used data from the Upstate KIDS Study to examine associations of DNAm GA and developmental delay within the first 3years based on the Ages & Stages Questionnaire® (n = 1010). We estimated DNAm GA using two clocks specific to the Illumina Methylation EPIC 850K, the Haftorn clock and one developed from the Effects of Aspirin in Gestation and Reproduction study, in which women were followed to detect pregnancy at the earliest time possible. Among singletons, each week increase in DNAm GA was protective for overall delay (odds ratio:0.74; 95% confidence interval:0.61-0.90) and delay in all domains except for problem-solving skills. Among twins, we observed similar point estimates but lower precision. Results were similar for clinical GA. GAA was largely not associated with developmental delays. In summary, either DNAm GA or clinical GA at birth, but not epigenetic maturity (i.e. GAA), was associated with decreased odds of developmental delay in early childhood. Our study does not support using DNAm GA or GAA as separate risk factors for future risk of developmental delay within the first 3years of age.

Gestational exposure to phthalates and phthalate replacements in relation to neurodevelopmental delays in early childhood

Gestational exposure to phthalates and phthalate replacements in relation to neurodevelopmental delays in early childhood

SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW: PSYCHOLOGICAL CONCEPTS OF LEARNING IN HANDLING SPEAKING DELAY IN EARLY CHILDREN

Language learning for early childhood is directed at the ability to communicate, both orally and in writing. However, in reality there are still early childhood who have speech delays. The purpose of this review article is to review various journal articles regarding the handling of speech delay in early childhood. The method used is a literature review method with reference sources obtained from the Publish or Perish 7 program and Google Scholar. The criteria for articles used as references are journals published during 2015-2021 and full text can be accessed. The results of the selected article review stated that the teacher's efforts in handling speech delays in early childhood were the teacher doing classroom management, applying modeling methods, correcting word errors, inviting children to tell stories and using body movements, and selecting appropriate and interactive learning methods. Parents' efforts in handling speech delays in children are by increasing parents' knowledge about the concept of speech delay and having good storytelling skills, parents must know 10 signs of a child experiencing speech delay. Handling speech delay in children requires collaboration between schools, parents and the environment to help improve communication between children and their environment.

Association of regional socioeconomic deprivation and rurality with global developmental delay in early childhood: Data from mandatory school entry examinations in Germany

From birth to young adulthood, health and development of young people are strongly linked to their living situation, including their family's socioeconomic position (SEP) and living environment. The impact of regional characteristics on development in early childhood beyond family SEP has been rarely investigated. This study aimed to identify regional predictors of global developmental delay at school entry taking family SEP into consideration.We used representative, population-based data from mandatory school entry examinations of the German federal state of Brandenburg in 2018/2019 with n=22,801 preschool children. By applying binary multilevel models, we hierarchically analyzed the effect of regional deprivation defined by the German Index of Socioeconomic Deprivation (GISD) and rurality operationalized as inverted population density of the children's school district on global developmental delay (GDD) while adjusting for family SEP (low, medium and high).Family SEP was significantly and strongly linked to GDD. Children with the highest family SEP showed a lower odds for GDD compared to a medium SEP (female: OR=4.26, male: OR=3.46) and low SEP (female: OR=16.58, male: OR=12.79). Furthermore, we discovered a smaller, but additional and independent effect of regional socioeconomic deprivation on GDD, with a higher odds for children from a more deprived school district (female: OR=1.35, male: OR=1.20). However, rurality did not show a significant link to GDD in preschool children beyond family SEP and regional deprivation.Family SEP and regional deprivation are risk factors for child development and of particular interest to promote health of children in early childhood and over the life course.

SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW: PSYCHOLOGICAL CONCEPTS OF LEARNING IN HANDLING SPEAKING DELAY IN EARLY CHILDREN

Language learning for early childhood is directed at the ability to communicate, both orally and in writing. However, in reality there are still early childhood who have speech delays. The purpose of this review article is to review various journal articles regarding the handling of speech delay in early childhood. The method used is a literature review method with reference sources obtained from the Publish or Perish 7 program and Google Scholar. The criteria for articles used as references are journals published during 2015-2021 and full text can be accessed. The results of the selected article review stated that the teacher's efforts in handling speech delays in early childhood were the teacher doing classroom management, applying modeling methods, correcting word errors, inviting children to tell stories and using body movements, and selecting appropriate and interactive learning methods. Parents' efforts in handling speech delays in children are by increasing parents' knowledge about the concept of speech delay and having good storytelling skills, parents must know 10 signs of a child experiencing speech delay. Handling speech delay in children requires collaboration between schools, parents and the environment to help improve communication between children and their environment.

An autopsied case report of spastic paraplegia with thin corpus callosum carrying a novel mutation in the SPG11 gene: widespread degeneration with eosinophilic inclusions

BackgroundThe detailed neuropathological features of patients with autosomal recessive hereditary spastic paraplegia with a thin corpus callosum (TCC) and SPG11 mutations are poorly understood, as only a few autopsies have been reported. Herein, we describe the clinicopathological findings of a patient with this disease who received long-term care at our medical facility.Case presentationA Japanese man exhibited a mild developmental delay in early childhood and intellectual disability, followed by the appearance of a spastic gait by age 13. At the age of 25 years, he became bedridden and needed a ventilator. Genetic analysis revealed a homozygous splice site variant in the SPG11 gene (c. 4162–2A > G) after the provision of genetic counselling and acquisition of informed consent from his parents. He died of pneumonia at the age of 44. His brain weighed 967 g and was characterized by a TCC, and his spinal cord was flattened. Microscopically, degeneration was observed in the posterior spinocerebellar tract, the gracile fasciculus, and the posterior column in addition to the corticospinal tract. Marked neuronal loss and gliosis were observed in the anterior horn, Clarke’s column, and hypoglossal and facial nuclei. Various types of neurons, in addition to motor neurons, showed coarse eosinophilic granules that were immunoreactive for p62. The loss of pigmented neurons with gliosis was apparent in both the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus. Lateral geniculate body degeneration was a characteristic feature of this patient. Furthermore, peripheral Lewy body-related α-synucleinopathy and scattered α-synuclein–immunoreactive neurites in the locus coeruleus and reticular formation of the brainstem were observed.ConclusionsIn patients with hereditary spastic paraplegia with SPG11 mutations, a variety of clinical phenotypes develop due to widespread lesions containing p62-immunoreactive neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions. We herein report the lateral geniculate body as another degenerative site related to SPG11-related pathologies that should be studied in future investigations.

Parental Support for Speech Delay in Early Childhood in Kalisari Village, Natar District, South Lampung Regency

This study was aims to explore, describe, and analyze parent support for the speech delay early childhood. This study used to the qualitative method of the research subject is both parents of children who experience speech delay in Kalisari village. This study was used to three methods of data collection, namely observation, interviews, and documentation. The data analyze used to descriptive qualitative. Based on the results of the discussion that has been described it can be concluded that parent support that has been given to children who experience speech delay is informational support, assessment support, instrumental support, emotional social support, and real support. Of the five supports, the researchers concluded that the support often used by subjects was informational support, namely parents provided support through the provision of good advice and advice, giving instructions by installing pictures in the refrigerator so that the twins could understand the food taken and want to say food they took, and provided information by taking the twins for a walk to get a new vocabulary.

Feeding Problems as an Indicator of Developmental Delay in Early Childhood

To determine whether feeding problems are indicators of developmental delay. In this prospective longitudinal cohort study, mothers of 3597 children (49% female, 35% multiples) reported on their children's feeding problems and developmental delays (using the Ages and Stages Questionnaire [ASQ]) when children were age 18, 24, and 30months. Average scores of feeding problems were computed at each age, as well as a categorical score indicating a persistently high number of feeding problems ≥90th percentile across time. The Battelle Developmental Inventory, Second Edition (BDI-2) was used to assess development in 5 domains for a subset of children at 4years. In adjusted analyses, feeding problems (per point increase) were increasingly associated with 6 ASQ domains from 18months (OR, 1.30-1.98) to 24months (OR, 2.07-2.69) to 30months (OR, 3.90-5.64). Compared with children who never experienced feeding problems, children who experienced a high number of feeding problems at 1 or 2 time points were more than twice as likely to have a delay on all ASQ domains (OR, 2.10-2.50), and children who experienced a high number of feeding problems at all 3 time points were ≥4-fold more likely to have a delay on all ASQ domains (OR, 3.94-5.05). Children with 1-point higher feeding problems at 30months scored 3-4 points lower in all BDI-2 domains at 4years. Frequent feeding problems, especially those that persist into the third year, could be used to identify children at risk for developmental delay for more targeted screening.