Delay Curves Research Articles

Enhancing parameter calibration for micro-simulation models: Investigating improvement methods

Calibrating microscopic traffic simulation models is a prerequisite for simulation applications. This study proposes three novel methods to improve the accuracy and interpretability of the calibration model. The proposed approach involves selecting the calibration parameter, refining the model parameter system, and optimizing the calibration results. The first method expands the single-point mean into a multi-point distribution. The cumulative distribution curve of delay was selected as the calibration parameter. The second method divides the parameter system into global and local parameters. Global parameters were calibrated using NGSIM measured data, and local parameters were calibrated through intelligent algorithms. The third method proposes a methodology of parameter clustering recursion based on the genetic algorithm results, with information entropy selected as the analysis index. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed optimization methods, this study used NGSIM trajectory data as a case study. Eight simulation schemes based on the three optimization methods were designed, and simulation experiments were conducted using the VISSIM platform. The results show that the accuracy of the multi-point distribution calibration and parameter value optimization method is significantly higher than the default method. Additionally, the optimization method with calibration of both global and local parameters was more consistent with actual driving characteristics. This study provides a theoretical foundation for improving the practical application of traffic simulation technology, which has significant implications for transportation planning and management.

Enhancing Image-Guided Radiation Therapy for Pancreatic Cancer: Utilizing Aligned Peak Response Beamforming in Flexible Array Transducers.

To develop ultrasound-guided radiotherapy, we proposed an assistant structure with embedded markers along with a novel alternative method, the Aligned Peak Response (APR) method, to alter the conventional delay-and-sum (DAS) beamformer for reconstructing ultrasound images obtained from a flexible array. We simulated imaging targets in Field-II using point target phantoms with point targets at different locations. In the experimental phantom ultrasound images, image RF data were acquired with a flexible transducer with in-house assistant structures embedded with needle targets for testing the accuracy of the APR method. The lateral full width at half maximum (FWHM) values of the objective point target (OPT) in ground truth ultrasound images, APR-delayed ultrasound images with a flat shape, and images acquired with curved transducer radii of 500 mm and 700 mm were 3.96 mm, 4.95 mm, 4.96 mm, and 4.95 mm. The corresponding axial FWHM values were 1.52 mm, 4.08 mm, 5.84 mm, and 5.92 mm, respectively. These results demonstrate that the proposed assistant structure and the APR method have the potential to construct accurate delay curves without external shape sensing, thereby enabling a flexible ultrasound array for tracking pancreatic tumor targets in real time for radiotherapy.

Time warping between main epidemic time series in epidemiological surveillance.

The most common reported epidemic time series in epidemiological surveillance are the daily or weekly incidence of new cases, the hospital admission count, the ICU admission count, and the death toll, which played such a prominent role in the struggle to monitor the Covid-19 pandemic. We show that pairs of such curves are related to each other by a generalized renewal equation depending on a smooth time varying delay and a smooth ratio generalizing the reproduction number. Such a functional relation is also explored for pairs of simultaneous curves measuring the same indicator in two neighboring countries. Given two such simultaneous time series, we develop, based on a signal processing approach, an efficient numerical method for computing their time varying delay and ratio curves, and we verify that its results are consistent. Indeed, they experimentally verify symmetry and transitivity requirements and we also show, using realistic simulated data, that the method faithfully recovers time delays and ratios. We discuss several real examples where the method seems to display interpretable time delays and ratios. The proposed method generalizes and unifies many recent related attempts to take advantage of the plurality of these health data across regions or countries and time, providing a better understanding of the relationship between them. An implementation of the method is publicly available at the EpiInvert CRAN package.

Effect of first-stage ignition on the onset of knocking in SI engines

Knocking limits the performance and efficiency of highly compressed, downsized spark ignition combustion engines. In this paper, the effect of the first-stage ignition on knock is analyzed using a quasi-dimensional engine model. The standard coherent flame model is used for turbulent combustion, and five available reduced chemical kinetics mechanisms are applied to thermal ignition of the end-gas. Measurements in a modified CFR engine operating with two PRF mixtures are used to test the predictive ability of the models and to identify the conditions that lead to knocking. Although the chemical kinetics models used predict similar autoignition delay curves, they do not result in the same knock predictions. The results show that the chemistry must correctly capture the NTC range to predict the observed onset of knocking. In addition, the chemistry models are used to determine the first- and second-stage ignition delay times and their dependence on engine speed and compression ratio. Results show that the autoignition stages occur at relatively fixed temperatures, independent of engine speed and compression ratio. A sensitivity analysis shows that only one set of reactions in the low-temperature chemistry contributes to first-stage ignition, which in turn determines the onset of knocking. This suggests that fuel additives that inhibit or delay the inflection in the NTC region from low- to high-temperature could prevent knock in SI engines.

Recurrent Implantation Failure: Reality or a Statistical Mirage?: Consensus Statement From the July 1, 2022 Lugano Workshop on Recurrent Implantation Failure

ABSTRACT Despite advancements in assisted reproductive technologies over the past few decades, a 35% failure rate is still observed for unexplained reasons when transferring euploid embryos to an anatomically normal uterus. Recurrent implantation failure (RIF) is defined based on cumulative ART cycles failing; however, there is an absence in consensus on the diagnostic criteria, which leads to the risk of overdiagnosing and overtreating the condition. This consensus statement by the Lugano RIF Workshop aimed to merge variation in the clinical concept and management of RIF, focusing primarily on euploid blastocyst transfers in hormone replacement-primed cycles. The workshop comprised a panel of 27 international experts selected on the basis of overall research activities and publications on the subject. A literature search as conducted for all relevant titles and abstracts published between January 2015 and May 2022 for review. Consensus conclusions were based on the literature search and expert opinions. Consideration of an RIF diagnosis was determined to focus on failure to achieve sustained implantation (defined as a gestational sac identified on ultrasound). Historically, RIF was defined as the failed transfer of >10 embryos; however, today, a common number used is 3, which is also similar to the rate of failure based on a 95% confidence interval. Based on large clinical data sets, approximately 2%–5% of patients pursuing ART treatment may have RIF, and the decline in future implantation rate with each cycle fits more to an exponential delay curve than a linear decrease. The diagnosis of RIF should not be considered based on a single cohort of embryos, but rather on the number of euploid blastocyst transferred adjusted to patient’s age. In the absence of abnormal uterine bleeding and normal uterine size, further evaluation of asymptomatic adenomyosis is not warranted. Testing for biomarkers of endometrial receptivity and the endometrial microbiome have not been validated using RCTs and should not be used. The role of chronic inflammation in RIF remains unclear, but evidence suggests chronic endometritis does not directly play a role in ART outcome as assessed by sustained implantation rate after euploid embryo transfer. Substantial evidence exists that is low progesterone on the day of embryo transfer results in worse ART outcomes, and that IM progesterone may be superior to vaginal progesterone. There are no effective treatments for RIF currently, and immunomodulatory treatments that may be offered including glucocorticoids, IVIG, and GCSF have a lack of comprehensive data. This consensus document finds that RIF is likely present in fewer than 5% of patients undergoing ART and has been overdiagnosed and overtreated without sufficient critical evaluation of the presumed condition. It also highlights areas where future research is needed, both in the pathophysiologic cause of RIF and hypothetical treatment modalities.

Analytical, simulation, and experimental verification of ultrasonic thermometry technique

When an ultrasonic wave travels through a material, such as a rod, the propagation and reflection characteristics are a function of the medium properties. When a material is heated, its mechanical properties, density, and volume change with respect to the medium, and so does the speed of sound. By using ultrasonic waves, the difference in speed can be used to estimate the temperature of a solid material. This technique is known as ultrasonic thermometry. The central hypothesis is that the wave travels slower as the temperature increases. To explain the underlying scientific principles of the technique, we developed analytical methods for estimating the time delays associated with varying temperatures. Time delay curves were developed by repeating the procedure at various temperature values using the corresponding mechanical and thermal properties at those values. That is, young’s modulus, Poisson’s ratio, and the thermal expansion coefficient were considered based on the temperature values. Additionally, this study outlines a numerical study on the temperature dependence of ultrasonic waves propagating through a 304L stainless steel rod using COMSOL software. Numerical results concur with analytically derived estimations, showing a decrease in the wave propagation speed and the wave amplitude as the temperature changes between 20 °C, 100 °C, 300 °C, and 500 °C. The simulated time delays agree well with the analytical calculations, and the displacement–time curve shift occurs due to the mechanical properties and thermal expansion effect. To confirm the accuracy of the technique, additional experiments were conducted on physical samples of 304L stainless steel. However, the frequency was modified to 2.25 MHz to increase spectral resolution given the limited temperature range possible of 25 °C–130 °C. We conclude by indicating that, due to the high accuracy of the analytically derived equations, the equations and technique developed has the potential to be utilized for time delay curves of other metals, in addition to 304L stainless steel.

Method of Vertiport Capacity Assessment Based on Queuing Theory of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

Urban air traffic has gradually attracted attention in recent years, which will bring endless vitality to future urban development. An objective and accurate method of assessing vertiport capacity is the basis for the air traffic flow management of UAVs, which plays an important role in improving the efficiency of urban airspace resources. First of all, this paper establishes a theoretical capacity calculation model for ground facilities such as takeoff and landing platforms, taxiways and aprons, respectively. Next, this paper analyzes the service characteristics of each ground facility and establishes different types of UAV queuing systems to obtain UAV delay curves based on a UAV Poisson flow arrival model. Subsequently, a suitable acceptable delay level is selected to obtain the corresponding UAV flow, which means the actual capacity of UAV operations. Eventually, the validity of the model is verified through actual drone data arithmetic examples. The calculation results show that the combination of “1 landing + 2 takeoffs” can achieve better capacity results and that the landing platform is more prone to congestion than the takeoff platform. Change in average service time has the greatest impact on the apron capacity, and the takeoff platform is the most sensitive to changes in the acceptable delay level.

Delay effects on the stability of large ecosystems

The common intuition among the ecologists of the midtwentieth century was that large ecosystems should be more stable than those with a smaller number of species. This view was challenged by Robert May, who found a stability bound for randomly assembled ecosystems; they become unstable for a sufficiently large number of species. In the present work, we show that May's bound greatly changes when the past population densities of a species affect its own current density. This is a common feature in real systems, where the effects of species' interactions may appear after a time lag rather than instantaneously. The local stability of these models with self-interaction is described by bounds, which we characterize in the parameter space. We find a critical delay curve that separates the region of stability from that of instability, and correspondingly, we identify a critical frequency curve that provides the characteristic frequencies of a system at the instability threshold. Finally, we calculate analytically the distributions of eigenvalues that generalize Wigner's as well as Girko's laws. Interestingly, we find that, for sufficiently large delays, the eigenvalues of a randomly coupled system are complex even when the interactions are symmetric.

Pre-vaporized ignition behavior of ethyl- and propyl-terminated oxymethylene ethers

Oxymethylene ethers (OMEs) have been studied in recent years for use as compression ignition fuel blendstocks, but the methyl-terminated OMEs commonly studied exhibit properties that are poorly optimized for engine use and distribution. Recent work has shown that OMEs with larger (ethyl, propyl, or butyl) end groups may have superior properties for fuel usage/storage. In this work, we consider ignition of four OMEs - diethoxymethane (E-1-E), dipropoxymethane (P-1-P), ethoxy-(methoxy)2-ethane (E-2-E), and diisopropoxymethane (iP-1-iP) - as representatives of the possible effects of changes to OME structures. To our knowledge, ignition behaviors of the latter three fuels have not been studied prior to this work. We find that all of the tested linear OMEs (E-1-E, P-1-P, and E-2-E) show two-stage ignition at low temperatures and nonlinear ignition behavior, consistent with literature on methyl-terminated OMEs and E-1-E. The nonlinear, branched OME (iP-1-iP) required higher pressure and temperature to ignite than the linear OMEs; further, this fuel experienced only single stage ignition and a linear ignition delay curve. By analogy to existing kinetic mechanisms for ethers and higher alcohols, the chemical basis for the observed trends are hypothesized. Faster ignition of E-2-E results from the additional oxymethylene group providing additional sites for ROO formation and more possible QOOH structures. Slower low temperature ignition of P-1-P is driven by lower H abstraction rates in comparison to E-1-E, however at high temperatures P-1-P ignites faster, driven by increasing abstraction from the additional H site on the propyl group that opens up additional QOOH formation pathways. iP-1-iP ignition is slowed significantly by preferential H abstraction from the central carbon of the isopropyl group, which is crowded and unlikely to bond with O2, however at high temperatures, abstraction from H sites on the methyl groups allows for the ROO cascade initiation and subsequent rapid ignition.

X-Ray Triggered Nanoscintillators Photosensitize Pancreatic Cancer and Stimulate a Robust Systemic Immune Response

<h3>Purpose/Objective(s)</h3> X-ray excited photodynamic therapy (XPDT) utilizes X-ray excited nano-scintillators as a light source for photodynamic therapy to treat solid tumors in deep tissues and stimulate immunogenic tumor necrosis. The goals of our study were twofold: (1) to assess the efficacy of a novel XPDT agent, pYSM, in enhancing the regression of murine pancreatic tumors using low doses of radiation, and (2) to evaluate the immunogenic effects of XPDT and immunotherapy in stimulating a systemic anti-tumor immune response. <h3>Materials/Methods</h3> pYSM was synthesized by coating Y₂O₃:Eu nanoparticles in a mesoporous silica shell before loading the shell with methylene blue dye as a photosensitizer and encapsulating the complex in polyethylene glycol to improve systemic circulation. The generation of reactive oxygen species from irradiating pYSM in solution was measured by a singlet oxygen sensor green (SOSG) assay. In vitro studies were conducted using Panc02, a murine pancreatic cell line, by culturing cells with pYSM and measuring the cell viability after irradiation. In vivo studies were performed using C57BL/6 mice with subcutaneous bilateral flank injections of Panc02 cells. A biodistribution assay was performed to confirm that the intravenous tail-vein injection of pYSM resulted in the accumulation of the XPDT agent within the tumor microenvironment. Only right-sided tumors were treated with either XPDT+immunotherapy, XPDT only, radiotherapy only, or pYSM only, and left-sided tumors were left untreated. Tumor growth delay curves were measured for both treated and untreated tumors, and flow cytometry was performed on both tumors to measure the immune response in all treatment groups. <h3>Results</h3> XPDT mediated by pYSM resulted in the greater generation of reactive oxygen species generation under a 10 Gy dose when compared to controls. And in vitro studies confirmed the greater cytotoxic effects of pYSM under X-ray irradiation as compared to controls. Additionally, in vivo studies showed the enhanced tumor regression of pYSM-mediated XPDT+immunotherapy as compared to controls in both right-sided (treated) and left-sided (untreated) tumors, suggesting an abscopal effect, as well as an increase in immune responses within the microenvironment of both right-sided and left-sided tumors. <h3>Conclusion</h3> pYSM is a novel, viable construct capable of performing XPDT to treat solid tumors. Additionally, XPDT mediated by pYSM combined with immunotherapy can generate a systemic anti-tumor immune response that leads to the regression of treated tumors as well as an abscopal effect. This combined treatment modality can be used to treat deep-seated solid tumors with poor immunogenic profiles.

Comparison of Delay in Tuberculosis Diagnosis Between Migrants and Local Residents in an Eastern County of China: An Analysis of the Electronic Data Between 2015 and 2019.

Introduction: China continues to rank among one of the countries with the highest number of tuberculosis (TB) cases globally. Migrants are a particularly at-risk subgroup for TB and pose a challenge for case management in contemporary China. The early diagnosis and treatment of patients with TB are pivotal for effective TB control. This study investigates the delay in the TB diagnosis of migrants as compared with residents, to provide an evidence base for improved case detection and the better management of migrant patients with TB.Materials and Methods: The data was collected from the Tuberculosis Information Management System (TBIMS) (2015–2019) in an eastern county of China. The total diagnostic delay, consisting of patient delay and health system delay, is defined as the interval between the onset of TB symptoms and the confirmation of TB diagnosis in the designated TB hospital. The comparison of the delay in the TB diagnosis between migrants and residents was conducted using a Mann-Whitney U-test and chi-square test. The difference in the delay curves between these two groups was examined using a log-rank test.Results: Of 2,487 patients with TB, 539 (22%) were migrants. The migrants tended to be younger, presented with less severe conditions, received an initial diagnosis at prefectural and above-level hospitals. Compared with the local patients with TB, the migrant patients with TB had a longer median total diagnostic delay (30 vs. 9, P = 0.000) and a higher proportion of patients with this delay >28 days (52 vs. 13%, P = 0.000). Similarly, the migrant patients with TB also had a longer median patient delay (13 vs. 9, P = 0.000) and a higher proportion of patients with this delay >14 days (47 vs. 30%, P = 0.000), longer median health system delay (9 vs. 0, P = 0.000), and a higher proportion of patients with this delay >14 days (42 vs. 0.5%, P = 0.000) than the local patients with TB. The survival curves of delay showed that the longer the time interval was, the more likely the migrant patients with TB were to be diagnosed (P < 0.05).Conclusions: Diagnosis is significantly delayed among migrant patients with TB. Our study highlights the importance of early screening and diagnosis for TB especially among migrants, to improve access and ensure better management for all patients with TB.

Ignition delay times of NH3 /DME blends at high pressure and low DME fraction: RCM experiments and simulations

Autoignition delay times of ammonia/dimethyl ether (NH3/DME) mixtures were measured in a rapid compression machine with DME fractions of 0, 2 and 5 and 100% in the fuel. The measurements were performed at equivalence ratios φ=0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 and pressures in the range 10–70 bar; depending on the fuel composition, the temperatures after compression varied from 610 K to 1180 K. Admixture of DME is seen to have a dramatic effect on the ignition delay time, effectively shifting the curves of ignition delay vs. temperature to lower temperatures, up to ~250 K compared to pure ammonia. Two-stage ignition is observed at φ=1.0 and 2.0 with 2% and 5% DME in the fuel, despite the pressure being higher than that at which pure DME shows two-stage ignition. At φ=0.5, a reproducible pre-ignition pressure rise is observed for both DME fractions, which is not observed in the pure fuel components. A novel NH3/DME mechanism was developed, including modifications in the NH3 subset and addition of the NH2+CH3OCH3 reaction, with rate coefficients calculated from ab initio theory. Simulations faithfully reproduce the observed pre-ignition pressure rise. While the mechanism also exhibits two-stage ignition for NH3/DME mixtures, both qualitative and quantitative improvement is recommended. The overall ignition delay times for ammonia/DME mixtures are predicted well, generally being within 50% of the experimental values, although reduced performance is observed for pure ammonia at φ=2.0. Simulating the ignition process, we observe that the DME is oxidized much more rapidly than ammonia. Analysis of the mechanism indicates that this ‘early DME oxidation’ generates reactive species that initiate the oxidation of ammonia, which in turn begins heat release that raises the temperature and accelerates the oxidation process towards ignition. The reaction path analysis shows that the low-temperature chain-branching reactions of DME are important in the early oxidation of the fuel, while the sensitivity analysis indicates that several reactions in the oxidation of DME, including cross reactions between DME and NH3 species presented here, are critical to ignition, even at fractions of 2% DME in the fuel.

Low-temperature oxidation of diethyl ether: Reactions of hot radicals across coupled potential energy surfaces

Electronic structure calculations and transition state theory are used to compute rate coefficients for the low-temperature oxidation of diethyl ether. Additional rate coefficients are computed to account for rovibrationally excited species that react with O2 prior to thermalization in a process known as non-Boltzmann reactions. A detailed, low-temperature kinetic mechanism for DEE combustion is developed. Ignition delay curves are computed using two mechanisms, one that includes only thermal reactions and a second that also includes 8 non-Boltzmann reactions. Simulations suggest that at an initial pressure of 1 atm and temperatures below 800 K, the inclusion of non-Boltzmann reactions decreases the predicted ignition delay by a factor of 2 or more. As the pressure increases, the effective contribution of these reactions diminishes. These results suggest that non-Boltzmann phenomena can have a significant effect on real-world applications.

Automatic identification and lumping of high-temperature fuel decomposition pathways for chemical kinetics mechanism reduction

The predictive capabilities of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) for combustion systems rely on a proper description of the fuel chemistry. The growing interest in accurately capturing the combustion behavior of multi-component fuel mixtures creates additional challenges in developing reduced-order chemical kinetics mechanisms small enough to be used in CFD. Among the suite of chemistry reduction approaches available, lumping techniques appear especially suited to handle the complex nature of multi-component combustion chemistry. In particular, published literature provides very strong evidence that the lumping of non-rate-limiting pathways, and more specifically, the high-temperature fuel decomposition reactions, is a powerful avenue for multi-component mechanism reduction. In this work, we present a novel algorithm to identify and lump high temperature fuel decomposition reactions from detailed kinetic mechanisms. The lumping strategy is fully automatic, and relies exclusively on information available in the detailed mechanism. The performance of the technique is assessed for both a single-component fuel, n-dodecane, and its mixture with iso-octane. Results show that replacing the fuel decomposition sub-mechanism by a small number of reactions involving a single equivalent fuel component introduces very limited changes in the prediction of laminar flame speeds, ignition delay curves, and species profiles. This establishes a clear potential for the proposed algorithm to become a valuable addition to existing multi-stage mechanism reduction software.

Airline Delay Prediction using Machine Learning and Deep Learning Techniques

In this paper, we have tried to predict flight delays using different machine learning and deep learning techniques. By using such a model it can be easier to predict whether the flight will be delayed or not. Factors like ‘WeatherDelay’, ‘NASDelay’, ‘Destination’, ‘Origin’ play a vital role in this model. Using machine learning algorithms like Random Forest, Support Vector Machine (SVM) and K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), the f1-score, precision, recall, support and accuracy have been predicted. To add to the model, Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) RNN architecture has also been employed. In the paper, the dataset from Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS) of the ‘Pittsburgh’ is being used. The results computed from the above mentioned algorithms have been compared. Further, the results were visualized for various airlines to find maximum delay and AUC-ROC curve has been plotted for Random Forest Algorithm. The aim of our research work is to predict the delay so as to minimize loses and increase customer satisfaction.

Emission tunable of Mg0.695Si0.695Al1.39O3.65N0.35:Eu2+,Mn2+ oxynitride phosphors via energy transfer for WLEDs

A series of Eu2+ doped and Eu2+/Mn2+ co-doped Mg0.695Si0.695Al1.39O3.65N0.35 (MSAON) phosphors were synthesized by solid-state reaction at a lower temperature of 1500 °C. The crystal morphology and structure of MSAON host were characterized by SEM, TEM and XRD. The quantum yield (QY) for Eu2+ doped MSAON phosphors was measured as high as 62%, indicating the excellent luminous efficiency. For the Eu2+/Mn2+ co-doped MSAON phosphor, the photoluminescence spectrum and delay curves reveal the efficient energy transfer (ET) process from Eu2+ to Mn2+ ions. Meanwhile, the corresponding energy transfer efficiency, critical distance and mechanism are discussed in detail. Temperature-dependent emission spectrum shows the thermal and color stabilities. The emission color of MSAON:Eu2+,Mn2+ phosphors could be tuned from blue through white to red via varying the concentration of Mn2+ ions. White-light-emitting diodes (WLEDs) were successfully fabricated by encapsulating the phosphors in n-UV LED (365 nm) devices obtaining white light with color rendering index (CRI) as high as 87.7. The results reveal that the MSAON:Eu2+,Mn2+ phosphors could have potential application in the field of n-UV WLEDs.

On the relation between network throughput and delay curves

The theoretical background of network throughput and delay has been widely used in the previous studies to efficiently study the behaviour of different interconnection networks. In this paper, we derive a new relationship between the network throughput and delay curves. Specifically, we prove that this relation on the average delay and throughput in x-Folded TM topology by considering the tangent line of each curve. Based on the achievements, we introduce the reflection relation between these two performance metrics, while considering the gradient of the metric curves. Moreover, we show the superiority of x-Folded TM topology, previously introduced with same authors, is obvious with this relation in interconnection networks. Consequently, the obtained results have been verified with simulation results to signify how to relate the performance metrics for various topologies in interconnection networks.

Research and implementation of information security for intelligent distribution network

The intelligent distribution network is an important hub for connecting power generation and users, and the security of its information is closely related to the stable operation of the power grid. In order to solve the contradiction between the security and real-time of information in intelligent distribution network according to Supplementary Provisions for Safety Protection of Medium and Low Voltage Distribution Network Automation System, an information security model of intelligent distribution network is proposed, after deeply studying AES encryption algorithm and SHA-256 authentication algorithm, using OPNET as simulation software for smart distribution network information to carryout transmission delay curve. FPGA is used as information security processing platform. We obtain the total delay, analyze the integrity and availability. The experiment proves that the intelligent distribution network information security processing solution satisfies the three elements of CIA information security, and has good confidentiality, integrity and availability.

Beyond binary baseflow separation: a delayed-flow index for multiple streamflow contributions

Abstract. Understanding components of the total streamflow is important to assess the ecological functioning of rivers. Binary or two-component separation of streamflow into a quick and a slow (often referred to as baseflow) component are often based on arbitrary choices of separation parameters and also merge different delayed components into one baseflow component and one baseflow index (BFI). As streamflow generation during dry weather often results from drainage of multiple sources, we propose to extend the BFI by a delayed-flow index (DFI) considering the dynamics of multiple delayed contributions to streamflow. The DFI is based on characteristic delay curves (CDCs) where the identification of breakpoint (BP) estimates helps to avoid rather subjective separation parameters and allows for distinguishing four types of delayed streamflow contributions. The methodology is demonstrated using streamflow records from a set of 60 mesoscale catchments in Germany and Switzerland covering a pronounced elevation gradient of roughly 3000 m. We found that the quickflow signal often diminishes earlier than assumed by two-component BFI analyses and distinguished a variety of additional flow contributions with delays shorter than 60 d. For streamflow contributions with delays longer than 60 d, we show that the method can be used to assess catchments' water sustainability during dry spells. Colwell's predictability (PT), a measure of streamflow periodicity and sustainability, was applied to attribute the identified delay patterns to dynamic catchment storage. The smallest dynamic storages were consistently found for catchments between approx. 800 and 1800 m a.s.l. Above an elevation of 1800 m the DFI suggests that seasonal snowpack provides the primary contribution, whereas below 800 m groundwater resources are most likely the major streamflow contributions. Our analysis also indicates that dynamic storage in high alpine catchments might be large and is overall not smaller than in lowland catchments. We conclude that the DFI can be used to assess the range of sources forming catchments' storages and to judge the long-term sustainability of streamflow.

Luminescent properties of Dy3+/Eu3+ doped fluorescent glass for white LED based on oxyfluoride matrix

Rare earth ion-doped fluorescent glass has become a hotspot due to its characteristics. This work shows that the prepared Dy3+ and Dy3+/Eu3+ doped glasses have white light emission under ultraviolet excitation. There is a higher yellow light/blue light (Y/B) value, indicating an increase in the covalentity of Dy–O, and decrease in the symmetry with the increasing concentration of dopants (Dy3+). The correlated color temperature (CCT) can be effectively reduced by the red light emission of Eu3+, and the order of influence of excitation wavelength on CCT is 395 nm > 382 nm > 365 nm. The delay curve demonstrates the energy transfer from Dy3+ to Eu3+. The glass has the characteristics of anti-blue light damage and wide tunable color temperature, which illustrates that it has potential application in the field of white LED.