Stages Of Dehydration Research Articles

Thermographic Analysis of Green Wall and Green Roof Plant Types under Levels of Water Stress

Urban green infrastructure (UGI) plays a vital role in mitigating climate change risks, including urban development-induced warming. The effective maintenance and monitoring of UGI are essential for detecting early signs of water stress and preventing potential fire hazards. Recent research shows that plants close their stomata under limited soil moisture availability, leading to an increase in leaf temperature. Multi-spectral cameras can detect thermal differentiation during periods of water stress and well-watered conditions. This paper examines the thermography of five characteristic green wall and green roof plant types (Pachysandra terminalis, Lonicera nit. Hohenheimer, Rubus tricolor, Liriope muscari Big Blue, and Hedera algeriensis Bellecour) under different levels of water stress compared to a well-watered reference group measured by thermal cameras. The experiment consists of a (1) pre-test experiment identifying the suitable number of days to create three different levels of water stress, and (2) the main experiment tested the suitability of thermal imaging with a drone to detect water stress in plants across three different dehydration stages. The thermal images were captured analyzed from three different types of green infrastructure. The method was suitable to detect temperature differences between plant types, between levels of water stress, and between GI types. The results show that leaf temperatures were approximately 1–3 °C warmer for water-stressed plants on the green walls, and around 3–6 °C warmer on the green roof compared to reference plants with differences among plant types. These insights are particularly relevant for UGI maintenance strategies and regulations, offering valuable information for sustainable urban planning.

Synthesis of copper-doped nanocrystalline tin stannate by thermal decomposition of a precursor

Zinc hydroxostannate ZnSn(OH)6, containing 5 mol.% Cu, was obtained from hydrochloric acid solutions of tin(IV), zinc and copper by adding sodium hydroxide to pH = 8–9. The thermolysis process of the obtained sample and the phase composition of the decomposition products were studied using thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. It was shown that the main stages of dehydration are completed at a temperature of about 350 °C and, as a result of thermolysis, an X-ray amorphous product is formed, from which a solid solution of copper in zinc stannate is obtained at an annealing temperature above 650 °C. At an annealing temperature of 800 °C, a mixture of nanocrystalline tin dioxide SnO2 with a cassiterite structure and copper-doped zinc orthostannate Zn2SnO4 with a spinel structure is formed. The room temperature sensors based on ZnSnO3 and carbon nanofibers as a conductive additive showed high response to NO2 (–6.1% to 2 ppm NO2).

Histological Fixation Process and Fixatives

Tissue monitoring generally includes the stages of fixation, dehydration, clearing, hardening (infiltration), paraffin blocking/paraffin(emmeding), sectioning, water removal, routine staining, and mounting. Fixation is the basic and first step in the microscopic examination of tissues. The histotechnical process, which includes components such as detection, tissue tracking and staining, basically aims to capture and visualize the state of the relationships between tissue parts inside and outside the cell and various cells at a certain time as close as possible to the living state. Maintaining the natural structure of the tissue is important for the follow-up phase. The main feature of a good fixative should protect the sample and make the macromolecules insoluble without changing the chemistry of the sample studied and allowing it to be examined as closely as possible to its living state. In histological tissue analysis including light microscope and electron microscope techniques, an appropriate fixation method is selected for each study. Detection solutions are classified in terms of content. The most commonly used fixative in light microscopic follow-up procedures is 10% formaldehyde. For the electron microscope, the gluteraldehyde-osmium tetraoxide binary is widely used for fixation purposes. Gluteraldehyde acts more slowly and is more expensive than formaldehyde. Formalin is obtained by dissolving formaldehyde in water. In addition, the fixed samples can be stored in the solution for months. With a successful fixation process, the structural properties of the tissue are preserved and thus it is possible to examine the tissue as closely as possible. Thus, better quality sections are obtained from the tissue samples taken. For this reason, it will be more efficient to interpret well-fixed samples by photographing them. In this review, which was created by using various sources, the elements to be considered for an ideal fixation were determined and it was aimed to provide an overview of successful fixation for light microscope and electron microscope.

The rates of starch depletion and hydraulic failure both play a role in drought-induced seedling mortality

Key messageThe elapsed times to deplete starch concentrations and to reach a null hydraulic safety margin were related to tree seedling mortality under experimental drought. Starch concentration showed an accelerated decline across all species during the early stages of dehydration, while the concentrations of soluble sugars and total nonstructural carbohydrates remained stable. Concomitant carbohydrate depletion and hydraulic failure drive seedling mortality under drought.ContextCurrent upsurges of drought events are provoking impacts on tree physiology, resulting in forest mortality. Hydraulic dysfunction and nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) depletion have been posited as the main mechanisms leading to plant mortality under drought.AimsThis study explores the dynamics of the two mortality-inducing processes during drought stress using an experimental approach with 12 evergreen tree species.MethodsSeedlings were subjected to drought until 100% mortality was observed. Midday (ΨMD) and predawn (ΨPD) water potentials, xylem pressure leading to a 50% loss of hydraulic conductivity (Ψ50), along with NSC concentrations in different organs (leaves, stems, and roots) were measured regularly during drought.ResultsTotal NSC concentrations and soluble sugar pools did not decline during drought. However, starch pools showed strong reductions early during drought stress as ΨPD decreased, and the time leading to starch depletion emerged as a strong mortality predictor. Ψ50 alone did not provide an accurate estimate of mortality, while the elapsed time to reach a null hydraulic safety margin (ΨMD—Ψ50 = 0) was related to seedling mortality.ConclusionAdopting a dynamic approach by estimating the times to consume both starch reserves and hydraulic safety margins is highly relevant to improve predictions of tree mortality under the current context of increasing global drought.

Xylem sap residue in cut-open conduits can affect gas discharge in pneumatic experiments.

Considerable attention has been paid to address methodological concerns related to measurements of embolism in conduits of angiosperm xylem. A fast, easy, and cheap method is based on gas extraction measurements from dehydrating samples to obtain pneumatic vulnerability curves (VCs). Here, we tested the assumption that cutting open conduits leads to gas-filled lumina when these are cut in air at fairly high water potentials, which is required to detect embolism in intact conduits. We performed VCs with the Pneumatron for 12 angiosperm species, and extracted sap from cut-open vessels in branches of nine species under early stages of branch dehydration. The optical method was applied to Citrus plants as an alternative reference method to estimate embolism resistance. We found an increase in gas discharge during early stages of dehydration, which affected the pneumatic VCs for most of the species studied. Xylem sap residue was not absorbed immediately by surrounding tissue in cut-open conduits in six of the nine species, but gradually disappeared over time during progressive dehydration. The amount of gas discharged increased until all residual sap was absorbed, and was not related to embolism. We conclude that residual xylem sap in cut-open conduits affects early stages of pneumatic VCs, and represents a novel artefact that can easily be corrected for. Yet, it remains unclear why exactly the air-water meniscus in cut-open conduits did not fully withdraw to the conduit end wall in most species. By analysing the slope of VCs over time, we could improve estimations of embolism resistance, as evidenced by a strong agreement between the pneumatic and the optical methods. Since residual sap in cut-open conduits of some species could slightly underestimate embolism resistance, we propose to apply a correction for this artefact based on the high time resolution measurements taken with a Pneumatron.

A comprehensive solid-state NMR and theoretical modeling study to reveal the structural evolution of layered yttrium hydroxide upon calcination

Layered rare earth hydroxides (LREHs) are a new family of ion-exchangeable layered metal hydroxides, which have extensive applications in various fields due to the unique properties of rare earth cations in the layered structure and the anion exchange capacity. The transformation of layered metal hydroxides to new layered phases that can be restored through the memory effect is critical for their chemistry and applications. However, the structure details of these new phases such as the coordination environments of rare earth cations/counterions and their evolution as a function of calcination temperature remain unclear to date. Herein, a comprehensive 89Y/35Cl solid-state NMR (ssNMR) and theoretical modeling approach was used to reveal the structural evolution of a representative LREH, namely LYH-Cl, upon calcination. We first identified partial decomposition products of Y3O(OH)5Cl2 and Y(OH)3 during the dehydration stage, then uncovered the preferential removal of hydroxide ions on yttrium sites coordinated with chlorine during the dehydroxylation stage, and finally determined the preferential removal of chlorine exposed to the surface of layers during the dechlorination stage. The coordination environments of Y3+ and Cl− undergo significant changes upon calcination, revealed by ssNMR experiments. These findings thus help us to overcome the obstacles impeding the rational design and synthesis of LREH-based functional materials via memory effect, underscoring the vast potential of ssNMR in deepening the understanding of layered metal hydroxides and related materials.

#1858 Delirium among patients admitted to a Nephrology ward-risk factors and association with short-term outcomes: an observational prospective cohort study

Abstract Background and Aims To date, delirium is considered one of the most frequent neuropsychiatric acute syndromes among hospitalized populations. In general medicine, the risk factors for delirium are well-established but there are limited data concerning the incidence and predictors of delirium in nephrological patients. The aims of the study were (i) to assess the prevalence and the risk factors for delirium in hospitalized patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD), and (ii) to evaluate the effect of delirium on in-hospital mortality. Method A cohort of 942 patients admitted to the Nephrology Department of a tertiary-care Hospital from January 2023 to December 2023 were enrolled in a prospective observational study. Delirium was diagnosed by a psychiatrist during the hospitalization. The endpoint was defined as hospital death or hospital discharge. Relevant sociodemographic, nephrological- and medical-related clusters were assessed with logistic uni- and multivariable regression methods to evaluate their association with delirium and in-hospital mortality. A two-tailed value <0.05 was considered significant. Results In the studied group, mean age was 62.85 years, 519 (55.09%) patients being males. The prevalence of delirium was 5.41% (51/942 patients). The delirious patients were older (mean 70.04 vs. 62.44 years; P<0.001) and with a longer duration of hospitalization (13.12 ± 7.90 days vs. 10.76 ± 8.92 days; P=0.007). Univariable regression analysis showed that delirium was associated with age (r=0.117, P<0.001), alcohol abuse (r=0.144, P<0.001), history of stroke (r=0.184, P<0.001), vascular dementia (r=0.125, P<0.001), dehydration (r=0.175, P<0.001), sepsis (r=0.144, P<0.001), and acute kidney injury (AKI) stage 2 and 3 (r=0.155, P<0.001). In multivariable regression analysis, the independent predictors of delirium were: age (adjusted odds ratio (OR) 1.029, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.002–1.056, P=0.034), alcohol abuse (OR=4.728, 95% CI: 1.968-11.359, P=0.001), history of stroke (OR=3.493, 95% CI: 1.849-6.598, P<0.001), and AKI stage 2 and 3 (OR=2.175, 95% CI: 1.152-4.105, P=0.017). Chronic kidney disease was not associated with a higher risk of delirium (OR=0.583, 95% CI: 0.308-1.110, P=0.097). Delirium was associated with increased in-hospital mortality (47.05% vs. no-delirium 14.36%, P<0.001) and was an independent predictor of in-hospital mortality (OR=3.074, 95% CI: 1.630-5.797, P=0.001). Conclusion In this study conducted on patients hospitalized in a nephrology ward age, alcohol abuse, history of stroke, and AKI stage 2 and 3 were independent risk factors for delirium. Delirium significantly increased in-hospital mortality. The findings of the study emphasize the strong connectivity between AKI and acute brain dysfunction.

Dynamic evolution of terahertz permittivity of lignite during oxidation: Microstructural insights

Terahertz technology holds promise for monitoring coal fires and assessing associated risks, relying on the dielectric response of coal during the oxidation process. Besides, unraveling the response mechanism is crucial for enhancing the application's reliability. In light of these, this study focused on investigating the terahertz complex permittivity of lignite with different oxidation temperatures through microstructure analysis. Results indicated that oxidation temperature dependencies in the real and imaginary parts of lignite's permittivity, exhibiting a pattern of initial decrease followed by an increase. The decrease in permittivity during the dehydration and weight loss stage is primarily attributed to moisture content. In the oxygen absorption and weight gain stage, pore development and scattering effects contribute to the continuous decrease in real permittivity and rise in imaginary permittivity. During the oxidative decomposition stage, the hydroxyl group initiates an increased real permittivity. Upon reaching the combustion temperature, there is a sudden surge in permittivity, driven by the dominance of minerals in coal dielectric properties. The conclusions offer theoretical support for terahertz technology in monitoring coal fires, which can contribute to the sustainable development of the coal industry, mineral processing, and safety production.

Physicochemical, thermodynamic, and kinetic controls on volatile products, bio-oils, and biochars of Lycium barbarum pyrolysis and their multi-objective optimization

The substantial stream of Lycium barbarum (LBL) residues presents an opportunity for the valorized generation of energy and products through their pyrolysis. This study aimed to quantify the pyrolytic bioenergy potential of LBL by assessing its physicochemical properties, pyrolysis performance, kinetics, thermodynamics, volatile products, bio-oils, and biochars. The LBL pyrolysis consisted of the three consecutive stages of dehydration, devolatilization, and charring or carbonization of the residuals. The main pyrolysis temperature varied between 125.00 and 700.00 °C. The kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of the LBL pyrolysis (0.1 < α < 0.9) were estimated via the Friedman method. Its activation energy ranged from 133.10 to 318.36 kJ/mol. Gases and functional groups identified included H2O, CO2, CH4, CO, CC, C-O, and C-OH. The primary pyrolytic outputs comprised ketones/alcohols, furans, acids, and N-containing compounds. Artificial neural networks were employed to jointly reconstruct and optimize the pyrolysis conditions. The simultaneously minimum gas emissions occurred at 677 and 1000 °C. The temperature dependence of pyrolytic biochar production was also characterized. The formation of pores was attributed to the increased pyrolysis temperature, increasing both the release of volatiles and the carbonization degree of activated carbon. This study provides both theoretical insights and practical guidance for the comprehensive utilization and effective management of Lycium barbarum residues.

Thermochemical heat storage performance of Fe-doped MgO/Mg(OH)2: Experimental and DFT investigation

MgO/Mg(OH)2 thermochemical heat storage system can realize large-scale energy storage by repetitive hydration/dehydration reactions to enhance the stability of solar energy utilization. However, slow interconversion and incomplete reactions caused by agglomeration restrict the cyclic heat storage capability of MgO/Mg(OH)2. In this work, a low-cost efficient Fe-doped MgO was prepared by a simple wet-mixing method and its energy released performance and kinetics in MgO/Mg(OH)2 heat storage progress were examined in a twin fixed-bed reactor and a simultaneous thermal analyzer. Additionally, density functional theory calculations were used to examine the impact of Fe on the mechanisms of MgO/Mg(OH)2 heat storage process. The results shows that when the molar ratio of MgO to Fe is 95:5, the energy released density of Fe-doped MgO is about 400 % higher than that of MgO after 10 heat storage cycles. In preparation process, the existence of Fe leads to the generation of MgFe2O4, which forms layered microstructure with the high specific surface area and pore volume and mitigates agglomeration behavior of MgO. It improves the cyclic stability of MgO and reduces the dehydration temperature of Mg(OH)2, and simultaneously the activation energy of the dehydration stage is reduced by 33.2 %. Fe enhances the interaction of H2O with the MgO surface and promotes the dissociation of H2O on Mg(OH)2 surface. Combined with economic analysis, Fe-doped MgO is a suitable material for MgO/Mg(OH)2 heat storage cycles.

Insights Into the Micromechanics of Dehydration‐Induced Gypsum to γ‐Anhydrite Phase Transition From Instrumented Microindentation Experiments

AbstractGypsum, an anisotropic hydrous mineral, localizes strain through dehydration‐induced embrittlement and hydrodynamic lubrication, affecting the deformation in active tectonic settings. Here, we examine the micromechanical status of syn‐ and post‐dehydration gypsum‐phases, crucial for understanding intra‐crystalline deformation. We micro‐indented the (010) planes of natural gypsum crystals from 30 to 140°C at various strain‐rates to track mechanical changes during progressive dehydration and phase transition. Thermogravimetric analyses reveal that gypsum dehydrates between 100 and 140°C following a sigmoidal curve. Micromechanical data show, at 30°C, the mean hardness of gypsum is 2.42 GPa, reducing to 0.5 GPa at 140°C, after complete dehydration. Following the sigmoidal dehydration trend, elastic modulus, fracture toughness, and yield stress likewise drops with progressive dehydration. The Gypsum‐Hemihydrate phase exhibits strain‐rate sensitive elastoplastic deformation between 30 and 110°C, as hardness decreases with increasing strain‐rate. We propose that delamination of the layers and extensive tensile cracking along [010] cause this strain‐rate sensitive behavior, displaying Indentation Size Effect. Dehydrated phases (Hemihydrate and γ‐Anhydrite) are formed as exfoliated pseudomorphic flakes through topotactic transformation along [010] and show two sets of oppositely dipping slip systems. During the late dehydration stage (120–140°C), plastic strain is accommodated by the sliding of these flakes along with inelastic pore compaction, resulting in strain‐rate insensitive plastic deformation of the system.

Moisture binding ratio forms in formulations of minced meat semifinished products modified using protein-carbohydrate composition

Popular products in the consumer market of the Republic of Kazakhstan are meat semi-finished products. At the same time, according to trends in consumer demand, chopped semifinished products retain priority positions. An effective approach to replace part of meat raw materials in the formulations of chopped semi-finished products is the development of functional analogs of meat raw materials and products on its basis using vegetable raw material sources. An important task is to ensure the hydration characteristics of the food system, are not inferior to the basic recipes of meat semi-finished products of traditional composition. The work aims to investigate the influence of protein-carbohydrate composition (PCC) from soya okara, chickpea flour, and whey protein concentrate WPC-80 on moisture capacity and the ratio of forms of moisture binding in meat minced semi-finished products with the use of actual for the Republic of Kazakhstan types of meat raw materials - beef, mutton, poultry meat. The results allow for comparing temperature intervals of stages of thermal transformation and the quantity of water removed at separate stages of dehydration from the phase of investigated samples. The first stage, corresponding to the removal of physico-mechanically bound moisture, occurs in the temperature range from room temperature to 32-34°C for all samples. The amount of such water in the sample phase does not exceed 2 %. Osmotically bound moisture removed at the second stage is the basis of all water saturating the samples. Its quantity is maximum in the composition of samples № 2 and № 3. At the same time, the widest temperature range of the second stage of dehydration also characterizes samples № 2 and 3: 94 °C and 103 °C, respectively. Removal of adsorption and chemically bound moisture at the third stage of thermal transformation occurs at high temperatures and may be accompanied by thermolysis of sample components. The share of moisture removed at this stage of the process from the phase of the sample does not exceed 16.3 %, which is maximum for PCC and minimum for sample № 4 (13.7 %). The results indicate a higher hydration level of the samples prepared according to the modified formulations with PCC, compared to the control sample. This is due to the influence of protein-carbohydrate complexes containing polysaccharides, simple sugars, and disaccharides on the degree of water molecules binding.

Lyotropic Liquid Crystals of Colloidal Gibbsite Nanoplatelets: Phase Transition, Kinetic Characterization, and Confinement Effect

Abstract2D gibbsite nanoplatelets, [γ‐Al(OH)3], are widely used as an inorganic mineral platform for 2D lyotropic liquid crystal (LC) colloids. These particles are synthesized and enlarged using an improved hydrolysis method, resulting in highly crystalline (96.5%), low polydispersity (15.1%), and readily dispersible colloids in water. The aqueous mesomorphic system is characterized for the isotropic‐to‐nematic phase transition by analyzing number density and shear viscosity. Thermal stability is assessed through thermogravimetric analysis. Additionally, kinetic and thermodynamic parameters for 2D gibbsite nanoparticles are determined for the first time using three models (Coats‐Redfern, Friedman, and Kissinger). In particular, the activation and Gibbs free energies for the first dehydration stage of gibbsite yield ranges of 98‒128 kJ mol−1 and 135‒161 kJ mol−1, respectively. To investigate the confinement effect of colloidal gibbsite‐LCs, an isotropic gibbsite dispersion is introduced into a tube, leading to the uniform formation of gibbsite‐LC layers along two distinct pathways: tangential to the liquid‐air interface and as concentric circles along the tube walls. These findings offer valuable insights into potential applications, particularly in the domain of gas barrier inorganic films across various specialized fields.

Elevated temperature properties of foam concrete: Experimental study, numerical simulation, and theoretical analysis

Foam concrete, as an inorganic cellular material possessing exceptional thermal insulation and fire resistance properties, emerges as a promising candidate for thermal insulation. To achieve a more precise evaluation of its performance under elevated temperatures, the present study comprehensively investigates the thermal characteristics of foam concrete with a combined experimental, numerical, and theoretical approach. Firstly, a high-temperature test is conducted to investigate the influence of temperature and foam concrete density on its macroscopic appearance and internal temperature distribution. Meanwhile, the thermal conductivity of foam concrete at various densities and temperatures is directly measured with a thermal conductivity analyzer. Subsequently, to acquire comprehensive specific heat and thermal conductivity parameters of foam concrete, with a numerical model established within ABAQUS, the genetic algorithm is applied to identify these thermal parameters based on the measurement data from the elevated temperature test. In addition, CT scanning and 3D reconstruction of foam concrete before and after exposure to elevated temperatures are utilized to extract pore characteristics. This facilitates the thermal conductivity calculation using theoretical models, enabling the determination of the thermal conductivity of foam concrete above 600 °C. Through a comparison of the experimental, numerical, and theoretical results, it is recommended to consider the variation of specific heat in three dehydration stages due to the observed notable dehydration. Due to the effect of cracks, the numerically determined thermal conductivity is slightly higher compared to the experimentally and theoretically determined thermal conductivity. Based on the analysis, an improved formula predicting the specific heat of foam concrete, and a formula determining the thermal conductivity of foam concrete subjected to elevated temperature are proposed.

DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGY FOR TREATMENT OF WASTEWATER DIGESTAT FROM THE FOOD INDUSTRY

This article proposes a hybrid technological scheme for dewatering the digestate of wastewater from the food industry, further cleaning the obtained filtrate after dehydration with the possibility of returning it to the technological chain for reuse. At least ten different derivative products can be obtained from digestate, including liquid/solid fraction, granules obtained from both solid and liquid fractions, and analogues of commercial synthetic fertilisers: ammonium sulphate, ammonia water, magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite). The purpose of the experimental studies was to choose an appropriate process for treating digestate of food production wastewater to solve the problem of increasing the amount of sediment and the formation of digestate. The investigated digestate treatment processes include the next: chemical conditioning (dosing of flocculants and coagulants), mechanical dewatering using multi-disc technology (with ESMIL MDQ multi-disc screw press), two stages of membrane separation (using reverse osmosis (RO) membranes, vibrating shear process (VSEP), zwitterionic (ZI) membrane). The cake separated after the dehydration stage can be processed in bulk or pallets with 10–35% dry matter content and used as fertiliser. Due to the high viscosity of the initial digestate, the technological scheme provides for its dilution before the dehydration stage. Dilution occurs with the purified filtrate after the membrane purification stage. The effectiveness of dehydration on cake dryness showed worse results than expected but deserves further investigation if this parameter is significant. Using an additional stage of filtrate purification on RO membranes is efficient and appropriate if high-quality purified water is required. The cleaning process can be stopped at any stage, depending on the cleaning needs. The obtained results regarding the efficiency of the cleaning process after RO membranes showed the following values for the main pollutants: COD – 98.43%, ammonium nitrogen – 99.35%, and phosphates – 99.99%. Keywords: digestate, sludge conditioning, coagulant, flocculent, dehydration, membrane purification, cake, permeate.

The use of protein-carbohydrate composition of okara, chickpea flour and whey protein in the technology of minced meat cutlets

Kazakhstan's market for producing minced meat semi-finished products is not sufficiently developed. At the same time, the demand for products of the “economy” segment is growing. Providing balanced recipes for semi-finished meat products, with a rational combination of raw materials of animal and vegetable origin, is a significant problem. Chopped meat cutlets with high nutritional and low energy value have been developed, which are not inferior in functional and technological properties and sensory characteristics to traditional products. Pork and wheat bread were excluded from the recipes, with a replacement for lamb or broiler chicken meat in combination with a protein-carbohydrate composition (PCC) of the composition: soy minced okara – chickpea flour – whey protein concentrate (WPC 80) in a ratio of 9:5:10, at 1:3 hydration. The rational share of the introduction of PCC into the recipe of cutlets was 25% for minced beef – the meat of broiler chickens and 20% for minced beef – lamb. The studied samples of PCC, control minced meat with pork and bread, and two modified minced meat recipes for cutlets have similar values of the mass ratio of water fractions at three stages of dehydration during heat treatment. PCC particles are evenly distributed between the muscle fibers in minced meat. It has been shown that the developed PCC can serve as a substitute for minced meat not only in terms of the balance of the amino acid composition of the total protein but also in terms of the percentage of moisture with different forms of communication with the product, influencing the microstructure and consistency of raw semi-finished products of the combined composition, the consistency and juiciness of fried cutlets. According to the developed recipes, the mass fraction of protein in cutlets increased from 13.8 to 19.1-19.8%; fat decreased from 12.6 to 9.5-9.7%.

Thermal dehydration kinetics of 4CaO·5B2O3·7H2O with different phases and morphologies

α-4CaO·5B2O3·7H2O (sheet-like structure) and three polymorphs of β-4CaO·5B2O3·7H2O (flower-like, succulent plant-like and book-like structure) were prepared by hydrothermal method, and characterized by XRD, FTIR, TG-DTA-DTG, SEM. The activation energies (Ea) of the two-step thermal dehydration of 4CaO·5B2O3·7H2O with different morphologies and phases were calculated by Kissinger-Akahira-Sunoes (KAS) method. The most probable mechanism function of the two-step dehydration reaction was determined by Coats-Redfern (CR) method, and the average pre-exponential factor (A) of the two-step thermal dehydration of the sample was calculated. The results showed that the thermal dehydration of 4CaO·5B2O3·7H2O was divided into two steps. The activation energy of thermal dehydration reaction was affected by the phase, morphology and particle size. The activation energies of the two-step thermal dehydration of β-4CaO·5B2O3·7H2O(flower-like, succulent plant-like and book-like structure) all decrease in turn, which is consistent with the change trend of particle size. The average pre-exponential factor of the first-step thermal dehydration of all samples is smaller than that of the second-step thermal dehydration. The mechanism functions of the first-step and second-step thermal dehydration stages are Jander equation [1-(1-α)1/3]2 and Z-L-T equation [(1-α)−1/3-1]2, respectively, which belong to three-dimensional diffusion. The three-dimensional diffusion process of the two-step thermal dehydration was analyzed and explained.

Chromium Isotope Behavior During Serpentinite Dehydration in Oceanic Subduction Zones

AbstractFluids released through the dehydration of serpentinite can be rich in Cl−, which enables the significant mobility of Cr in subduction zones. However, the Cr isotope behavior accompanying the mobility of Cr during serpentinite dehydration is still poorly constrained. Here, we report high‐precision Cr isotope data for a unique suite of serpentinites that represent metamorphic products at different depths in oceanic subduction zones. Low‐grade serpentinites affected by significant Cr loss during serpentinization exhibit remarkably higher δ53Cr, while samples with Cr contents &gt;∼1,800 ppm typically preserve mantle‐like δ53Cr. Antigorite serpentinites have an average δ53Cr value of −0.17‰ ± 0.19‰ (n = 12, 2SD), which is statistically lower than those of low‐grade serpentinite (−0.05‰ ± 0.30‰, n = 80, 2SD) and higher‐grade chlorite harzburgite (−0.10‰ ± 0.27‰, n = 22, 2SD). This suggests that resolvable Cr isotope fractionation occurs during serpentinite dehydration, which is explained by the variability of Cr isotope behavior in the presence of Cl‐bearing fluids at different dehydration stages. No obvious Cr isotope fractionation was found during chlorite harzburgite dehydration, probably related to the limited Cr mobility in a Cl‐poor fluid. Other processes, such as melt extraction, external fluid influx and retrograde metamorphism, have negligible effects on the Cr isotope systematics of meta‐serpentinites. Fluids released by serpentinite dehydration may have a great effect on the Cr isotope heterogeneity of mantle wedge peridotites and arc magmas.

Torrefaction on agricultural residues empty fruit bunch: Effect of torrefaction processing factors on thermal properties of torrefied empty fruit bunch biochar

Thermal properties of torrefied empty fruit bunch biochar were investigated in this study as an alternative to be a renewable energy material for future. Holding temperature range between 200 to 300°C and residence time for 30 to 90 minutes were applied as the factors for the torrefaction process. This study observed the thermal properties of torrefied empty fruit bunch biochar by using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to study the thermal decomposition before and after torrefaction process. Thermogravimetric analysis was used in identifying those properties, which is dividing into three stages of dehydration, devolatilizations and decomposition of the torrefied biochar. During the dehydration, the moisture content was removed, meanwhile during the second stage (devolatilizations), the volatile matter was removed along with the removal of hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin, while on the third stage shows the decompositions of the torrefied biochar to completely degrade.

First Report of the Occurrence of the Bacterial Spot Disease of Stone Fruits Caused by Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni on Almond in Greece.

In 2021, two samples of almond (Prunus dulcis (Mill) Webb) shoots with symptoms resembling those caused by Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni (Xap), were examined at the Benaki Phytopathological Institute. The first sample was collected in June from a 0.4-ha orchard of fifteen-year-old almond trees (cv. 'Texas') with 40% disease incidence, in the Regional Unit of Serres (Northern Greece). Leaves exhibited, mainly at their tip and margins, small, angular, necrotic spots with chlorotic halo, often coalesced into larger necrotic lesions which fell out leaving leaves with a 'shot-hole' like appearance. Fruits displayed dark brown, sunken, corky, gum oozing lesions and shoots developed dark brown, elongated, slightly sunken lesions. Bacterial streaming from the marginal areas of necrotic lesions was observed microscopically. On the lesions of fruits, leaves and shoots, Xap was detected by immunofluorescence assay (IF) using polyclonal antibodies (Plant Research International, the Netherlands) and two qPCR assays (Garita-Cambronero et al. 2017; Palacio-Bielsa et al. 2011). Eight Xanthomonas-like isolates obtained on the SP agar (Hayward 1960) and Nutrient agar (Schaad et al. 2001) culture media were Gram-negative, oxidase negative, strictly aerobic, sensitive to 0.1% w/v TTC, hydrolysing gelatin and Tween 80 but not starch, and also inducing hypersensitive response in tomato plants, as expected for Xap (Schaad et al. 2001). Isolates' identification was confirmed by the IF and the two qPCR assays cited above, as well as a conventional PCR (Pothier et al., 2011). Infiltration of a suspension (107 cfu/ml) of one isolate into five leaves of a two-year-old almond tree cv. 'Texas', and also into five detached leaves from the same tree (Randhawa and Civerolo 1985), caused necrotic spots on all inoculated leaves (10 inoculation sites/leaf), after a four day incubation period at 25oC under high humidity. The Xap reference strain NCPPB 3877 and sterile water were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. The pathogen was reisolated from necrotic spots of the inoculated leaves and identified by IF and two qPCR assays, as previously. The second sample was collected by a grower in September from a 3.7-ha orchard of five-year-old almond trees (cv. 'Tuono') exhibiting 50% disease incidence, in the Regional Unit of Fthiotida (Central Greece). Leaves and fruits showed symptoms similar to those described for the first sample, except that, lesions on fruits, which were at a stage of advanced mesocarp dehydration, were raised. Five Xap isolates were obtained from symptomatic leaves and fruits, and their pathogenicity on almond was confirmed, as in the first sample. Furthermore, sequences of PCR products using primers targeting the 16S-rDNA (Lane 1991;Lane et al., 1985), gyrB (Parkinson et al. 2007) and ftsX (Pothier et al. 2011) genes of two Xap isolates, one from fruit- and one from leaf-necrotic lesions of the first sample, were searched against the NCBI GenBank database, revealing that the obtained sequences of 16S-rRNA (OP412487; OP412488), gyrB (OP467593; OP467594) and ftsX (OP467595; OP467596) genes were 100% identical to the corresponding genomic regions of the Xap strains IVIA 2626.1 (CP076628.1) and CITA 33 (CP076701.1). This is the first report on the presence of Xap in Greece. As these Xap outbreaks have occurred in regions with extensive almond cultivation, a crop of great economic importance for Greece, measures for its eradication have already been advised.