Dehydration Condensation Research Articles

Asymmetric Proton-Exchange-Enhanced Lithium Niobate and Silicon Low-Temperature Direct Bonding with an Ultrathin Heterogeneous Interface.

The integration of lithium niobate (LiNbO3 or LN) and silicon (Si) has emerged as a promising heterogeneous platform for microelectromechanical systems (MEMSs) and photonic integrated circuits (PICs). Particularly, the lithium niobate on silicon (LNOS) architecture leverages the superior piezo-optomechanical properties of LN, making it compatible with superconducting circuits and quantum systems. This opens an avenue for the development of advanced quantum sensors and processors. However, existing LN and Si bonding methods suffer from inherent limitations, such as low interfacial strength and the formation of thick, amorphous interlayers. In this work, we present an asymmetric surface activation strategy to address these challenges. By employing proton-exchange-enhanced chemical activation on the LN surface and oxygen plasma treatment on the Si side, we have achieved remarkable bonding strengths of up to 10 MPa at a moderate annealing temperature of 150 °C. Notably, the bonding mechanism in our approach differs from that in conventional diffusion-based processes. Here, the dehydration condensation of surface functional groups results in an exceptionally thin interfacial layer, less than 2 nm thick, without the presence of amorphous LN. This innovative fabrication method for LNOS demonstrates superior reliability, piezoelectric performance, thermal management capabilities, and optical transmission qualities, paving the way for cutting-edge photonic and quantum applications.

Research Progress in the Synthesis of N-Acyl Amino Acid Surfactants: A Review

This paper reviews the research progress in the synthesis of N-acyl amino acid surfactants, including chemical synthesis methods, enzymatic synthesis methods, chemo-enzymatic methods, and fermentation methods. Chemical synthesis is currently the main route for laboratory and industrial synthesis, including methods such as direct dehydration condensation of fatty acids, amidation of fatty acid anhydrides, carbonyl addition of fatty amides, amidation of fatty acid activated esters, amidation of fatty acid methyl esters, amidation of oils and fats, hydrolysis of fatty nitriles, and Schotten–Baumann condensation. Enzymatic synthesis has the advantages of mild reaction conditions and being green and pollution-free, but the yield is relatively low. The chemo-enzymatic method combines the advantages of enzymatic and chemical methods, but it has not been widely promoted. Fermentation methods have low production costs and are environmentally friendly but the technology is not yet mature. This paper elaborates on the principles, advantages, and disadvantages of each synthesis method and provides an outlook on future research directions.

Photo-Induced Three-Component Reaction for the Construction Of α-Tertiary Amino Acid Derivatives.

The synthesis of α-tertiary amino acids (ATAAs), which are pivotal components in natural metabolism and pharmaceutical innovation, continues to attract significant research interest. Despite substantial advancements, the pursuit of a facile, versatile, and resource-efficient methodology remains an area of active development. In this work, we introduce a visible light-triggered three-component reaction involving readily available nitrosoarenes, N-acyl pyrazoles, and allyl or (bromomethyl)benzenes under mild conditions. This approach enables the straightforward assembly of a wide array of ATAA derivatives (42 examples) in commendably high yields (up to 89 %). Mechanistic investigations elucidate that the reaction proceeds through a dehydration condensation between nitrosoarenes and N-acyl pyrazoles to generate ketimine intermediates. This is followed by a light-driven halogen atom transfer (XAT) process and a radical addition, culminating in the formation of the desired products. The approach showcases excellent functional group compatibility and late-stage derivatization potential, offering new insights and avenues for the synthesis of ATAA analogs.

Organoboron catalysis for direct amide/peptide bond formation.

Amides and peptides are ubiquitous functional groups found in several natural and artificial materials, and they are essential for the advancement of life and material sciences. In particular, their relevance in clinical medicine and drug discovery has increased in recent years. Dehydrative condensation of readily available carboxylic acids with amines is the most "direct" method for amide synthesis; however, this methodology generally requires a stoichiometric amount of condensation agent (coupling reagent). Catalytic direct dehydrative amidation has become an "ideal" methodology for synthesizing amides from the perspective of green chemistry, with water as the only byproduct in principle, high atom efficiency, environmentally friendly, energy saving, and safety. Conversely, organoboron compounds, such as boronic acids, which are widely used in various industries as coupling reagents for Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions or pharmaceutical structures, are environmentally friendly molecules that have low toxicity and are easy to handle. Based on the chemical properties of organoboron compounds, they have potential Lewis acidity and the ability to form reversible covalent bonds with dehydration, making them attractive as catalysts. This review explores studies on the development of direct dehydrative amide/peptide bond formation reactions from carboxylic acids using organoboron catalysis, classifying them based on chemical bonding and catalysis over approximately 25 years, from the early developmental days to 2023.

Synthesis of Zeolites via Dehydrative Condensation of Preorganized Composite Building Units

Synthesis of Zeolites via Dehydrative Condensation of Preorganized Composite Building Units

Two Thiophene-Functionalized Co-MOFs as Green Heterogeneous Catalysts for the Biginelli Reaction.

Two Co(II) metal-organic frameworks (Co-MOFs), namely, [Co(DMTDC)(bimb)]n (Co-MOF-1) and {[Co(DPTDC)(bimb)(H2O)]·2DMF}n (Co-MOF-2) (H2DMTDC = 3,4-dimethylthieno[2,3-b]thiophene-2,5-dicarboxylic acid, H2DPTDC = 3,4-diphenylthieno[2,3-b]thiophene-2,5-dicarboxylic acid, bimb = 1,4-bis((1H-imidazol-1-yl)methyl)benzene), were obtained by the reaction of flexible N-containing ligand bimb and two structurally related thiophene-containing ligands H2DMTDC and H2DPTDC, respectively. These Co-MOFs displayed a 3D framework and porous structure, respectively. Co-MOF-1 and the activated sample Co-MOF-2' could act as green heterogeneous catalysts for the one-pot multicomponent Biginelli reaction, specifically the dehydration condensation process involving aldehydes, acetoacetates, and urea to yield dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones. The reaction has advantages such as solvent-free conditions, water as only byproduct, readily accessible starting materials, excellent functional group compatibility, and simple operation. Both catalysts exhibited a wide substrate scope and maintained significant catalytic activity over five cycles. The special catalytic performance may be ascribed to functional groups within the ligand.

Aminopropyltriethoxysilane-modified MXene for remarkably enhancing tracking resistance and flame retardancy of silicone rubber

The preparation of silicone rubber with excellent tracking resistance and flame retardancy is of great significance for application in high-voltage electrical insulation. Unfortunately, to date there lacks an effective strategy to simultaneously endow silicone rubber with satisfied tracking resistance and flame retardancy. In this work, aminopropyltriethoxysilane-modified MXene (APTES-MXene) was prepared by dehydrative condensation between the Si-OH in the hydrolyzed aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and the hydroxyl groups in MXene. The APTES-MXene was homogeneously dispersed in addition-cure liquid silicone rubber (ALSR). The effects of APTES-MXene on the tracking resistance and flame retardancy of ALSR were investigated. Incorporating 0.175 phr APTES-MXene and 15 ppm Pt catalyst enabled ALSR to pass 1A4.5 level, with a low erosion rate of only 0.29 %, indicating a significantly improved tracking resistance. Meanwhile, the 0.175 phr APTES-MXene also endowed ALSR a UL-94 V-0 rating and the limiting oxygen index (LOI) value reached 32.8 %. It was found that APTES-MXene and Pt catalyst synergistically promoted ALSR forming ceramic layer at elevated temperature. The mechanism for APTES-MXene improving the tracking resistance of ALSR was also proposed. This work provided new insights for high performance high-voltage insulation silicone rubber.

Investigation of the mechanism and interaction of nitrogen conversion during lignin/glutamic acid co-pyrolysis

Biomass pyrolysis has the potential to be transformed into valuable chemicals and fuels. Nitrogenous chemicals exert a substantial influence on the quality of bio-oil. Studying the impact of lignin on the transformation of nitrogen-containing elements in biomass during biomass pyrolysis is crucial for achieving efficient and effective utilization of biomass resources. In this study, tube furnace experiments, thermogravimetric infrared experiments (TG-FTIR), and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) were used to investigate the interactions of typical lignins (vanillin and syringol), nitrogenous components (glutamic acid), and the effect of lignin on the pyrolysis gas release of glutamic acid and the pyrolysis products during the co-pyrolysis process. In addition, the impact of lignin on the effect of pyrrolidone formation from glutamic acid was investigated in this study in conjunction with quantum chemical calculations. The experimental findings demonstrated that the co-pyrolysis of lignin and glutamic acid resulted in a reduction in the pyrolysis temperature. This reduction facilitated the release of HCN, NH3, and CO2 while notably impeding the formation of nitrogen-containing compounds in the oil. The nitrogen concentration in the pyrolysis oil declined from 97 % to a range of 51.06–79.63 %, and the inhibitory impact decreased as the pyrolysis temperature increased. At an elevated pyrolysis temperature of 800 °C, lignin facilitated the decarboxylation process of glutamic acid, resulting in an increased production of pyrrolidone.Simulation results demonstrated that the lowest energy barrier paths were the dehydration condensation process and the Maillard reaction involving glutamic acid and lignin and their pyrolysis intermediates, with a particular competitive connection between the two pathways. The results explained the interaction mechanism between the two pyrolysis products and provided a fundamental theoretical basis for nitrogen conversion in biomass pyrolysis.

One-Pot Stereoselective Synthesis of the Naphthofurano-Iminosugars via a [3 + 2] Cycloaddition Reaction.

This study presents the synthesis of novel naphthofurano-iminosugars (4) using 2,3-O-isopropylidene D-ribose tosylate (1a), anilines (2), and 1,4-benzoquinone (3a) as starting materials through key iminium ion/enamine intermediates via [3 + 2] cyclization reactions at room temperature. The reaction has unique regioselectivity and stereoselectivity with moderate to excellent yields. The adaptability of this method has been demonstrated using various substituted anilines, on which both electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups were well employed in the reactions. Notably, the treatment of the fused multicyclic iminosugar 4 with TFA efficiently leads to an interesting unexpected pyridinium salt (8), possible via four sequential steps: deprotection of the 2,3-O-isopropylidene group, furan ring opening, dehydration condensation of the OH groups, and elimination of water.

Development of a Superhydrophobic Protection Mechanism and Coating Materials for Cement Concrete Surfaces.

In order to further enhance the erosion resistance of cement concrete pavement materials, this study constructed an apparent rough hydrophobic structure layer by spraying a micro-nano substrate coating on the surface layer of the cement concrete pavement. This was followed by a secondary spray of a hydroxy-silicone oil-modified epoxy resin and a low surface energy-modified substance paste, which combine to form a superhydrophobic coating. The hydrophobic mechanism of the coating was then analysed. Firstly, the effects of different types and ratios of micro-nano substrates on the apparent morphology and hydrophobic performance of the rough structure layer were explored through contact angle testing and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Subsequently, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and permeation gel chromatography were employed to ascertain the optimal modification ratio, temperature, and reaction mechanism of hydroxy-silicone oil with E51 type epoxy resin. Additionally, the mechanical properties of the modified epoxy resin-low surface energy-modified substance paste were evaluated through tensile tests. Finally, the erosion resistance of the superhydrophobic coating was tested under a range of conditions, including acidic, alkaline, de-icer, UV ageing, freeze-thaw cycles and wet wheel wear. The results demonstrate that relying solely on the rough structure of the concrete surface makes it challenging to achieve superhydrophobic performance. A rough structure layer constructed with diamond micropowder and hydrophobic nano-silica is less prone to cracking and can form more "air chamber" structures on the surface, with better wear resistance and hydrophobic performance. The ring-opening reaction products that occur during the preparation of modified epoxy resin will severely affect its mechanical strength after curing. Controlling the reaction temperature and reactant ratio can effectively push the modification reaction of epoxy resin through dehydration condensation, which produces more grafted polymer. It is noteworthy that the grafted polymer content is positively correlated with the hydrophobicity of the modified epoxy resin. The superhydrophobic coating exhibited enhanced erosion resistance (based on hydrochloric acid), UV ageing resistance, abrasion resistance, and freeze-thaw damage resistance to de-icers by 19.41%, 18.36%, 43.17% and 87.47%, respectively, in comparison to the conventional silane-based surface treatment.

Understanding the structure-property relationship of anhydride-cured epoxidized vegetable oils: Modeling and molecular dynamics simulation

The development of high-performance thermosetting resins derived from epoxidized vegetable oil (EVO) has received significant attention in terms of the development of low-carbon economies. In this work, the all-atomic cross-linked models of anhydride-cured EVO were constructed and five cross-linking pathways involving distinct cure reactions were considered in the modelling process. The evolution of the number of distinct cure reactions and reactive groups of the cross-linked network under each pathway were monitored. The effects of the type of cure reaction, cure reaction probability, epoxy functionality of monomer, molar ratio of anhydride to epoxy, and anhydride structure on mass density, gelation transition, bulk properties, thermal properties, and mechanical properties of EVO-based thermosets were investigated in detail. The results show that the network exhibited minor difference in cure reactions but apparent thermo-mechanical properties of the thermosets. Etherification of epoxy groups and dehydration condensation caused the unfavorable thermo-mechanical properties. The glass transition temperature (Tg) is most affected by the molar ratio of anhydride to epoxy; whereas the Young's modulus is sensitive to the epoxy functionality of monomer. It is expected that the current work provides deep insights into the network formation and performance development of anhydride-cured EVO thermosets.

Enhancing lithium-storage properties through amino functionalization in two-dimensional lamellar carbon-supported mesoporous SiO2 nanospheres

Currently, common two-dimensional (2D) carbon materials composited with Si-based materials as anode for lithium-ion batteries exhibit excellent electrochemical properties. In this study, we describe the one-step synthesis of amino-functionalized mesoporous silica (SiO2) nanospheres through self-assembly. Morphology modulation and amino group grafting were performed simultaneously without secondary modification. Using tartaric acid and melamine as dual carbon sources, the 2D lamellar structure was constructed using the dehydration condensation reaction, with the mesoporous SiO2 nanospheres uniformly intercalated within the carbon sheets. The composites were securely bonded by chemical bonding, effectively addressing the issue of structural collapse often encountered in silica–carbon composites. Ultimately, the lamellar SiO2@NC composite exhibited stable capacity of 539.5 mAh g−1 after 500 cycles at 1 A g−1. This strategy is simple and effective, compared to the complex processes typically associated with 2D carbon materials synthesis, and can be potentially extended to applications in catalysis, adsorption, and separation within diverse fields.

Octadecylamine modified gelatin-based biodegradable packaging film with good water repellency and improved moisture service reliability

Industrial gelatin is a good candidate for fabricating biodegradable packaging film, but the strong hydrophilicity of gelatin-based film lowers its moisture service reliability. Herein, we demonstrated a low surface energy water repellency surface design combined with covalent cross-linking for decreasing the water absorption and improving the moisture service reliability. Biodegradable octadecylamine (ODA) was chosen as the low surface energy providing material to fabricate the water repellency surface through a dehydration condensation reaction between the amine groups of ODA and gelatin chains via tetra-hydroxymethyl phosphonium chloride (THPC) in an aqueous phase. THPC also was employed as the cross-linking agent to form covalent bonding between the gelatin chains. The results determined that ODA modification and covalent cross-linking endowed the gelatin-based film with good water repellency and improved moisture service reliability. But high dose of ODA would result in phase separation and mechanical strength loss of the fabricated film. Additionally, ODA modification did not change the biodegradability of gelatin-based film, all the modified films were completely biodegradable in natural soil. Considering the sustainable modification process and abundant raw materials, the proposed strategy facilitates the effective utilization of low value industrial gelatin and provides a facile way for gelatin-based film as biodegradable packaging film.

Designing double-layer smart packaging with sustained-release antibacterial and antioxidant activities for efficient preservation and high-contrast monitoring

In this study, a double-layer intelligent packaging, which is designed by a layer-by-layer casting strategy, is employed for efficient food preservation and high contrast monitoring. Specifically, novel zein/tannic acid (TA) composite colloidal particles (ZTs) were prepared by manipulating the non-covalent interaction between zein and TA using an easy antisolvent method. The stable oregano essential oil (OEO) Pickering emulsion (ZTOEO) with varying concentrations of ZTs (0.1%–1.0%) was successfully prepared. The optimized ZTOEO, containing 0.8% ZTs, was then integrated into the emulsified hydrophobic layer of the konjac glucomannan (Kgm) matrix. Finally, the carrageenan (Car) matrix containing alizarine (Al) as an indicator was added to construct the bilayer structure. The outer Car/Al layer serves as an acid/base responsive indicator layer, while the inner Kgm/ZTOEO layer functions as a high-barrier bacteriostatic layer. The double-layer Kgm/ZTOEO-Car/Al is integrated through intermolecular hydrogen bonding and dehydration condensation. Kgm/ZTOEO-Car/Al exhibits excellent slow-release antibacterial and antioxidant activity, with a sensitive, repeatable and accurate visual response to pH/NH3. The composite film demonstrates good mechanical strength, thermal stability, light blocking, and water vapor and oxygen permeability. The individual inner Kgm/ZTOEO film effectively prolonged the shelf-life and quality of fruits, which the double-layer Kgm/ZTOEO-Car/Al film showed minimal changes in TVB-N (16.65 mg/100 g) even after monitoring and maintaining the shrimp freshness for 48 h. It can be easily processed on a large scale into packaging bags and indicator labels. This packaging is expected to be an eco-friendly, low-cost, bacteriostatic, suitable for applications requiring real-time monitoring and maintenance of fruit/seafood freshness.

Ultra flexible silica aerogel with excellent mechanical properties for durable oil-water separation

Flexible Silica aerogel has a broad application prospect in the field of oil-water separation due to its low density and high porosity. However, its poor mechanical properties limit its application and it is a challenge to improve its mechanical properties while maintaining its excellent oil absorption capacity. In this work, we add silica sol to the silica source system formed by vinyltrimethoxysilane (VTMS) and vinylmethyl dimethoxysilane (VMDMS) to prepare silica sol-reinforced flexible silica aerogels by ambient pressure drying. The introduction of silica sol provides more -OH groups that can be used as condensation sites. The hydrolysis products of VTMS and VMDMS undergo dehydration condensation reaction with these exposed -OH groups and co-polymerize, resulting in a more robust three-dimensional porous structure. Silica sol- reinforced vinyl flexible silica aerogel is prepared with excellent mechanical properties. Its maximum strain can reach 80 % in 10 compression-decompression cycles without destroying its structure. Its hydrophobic angle was 145.7 °. Most particularly, compared to conventional flexible aerogel,when the silica sol-reinforced vinyl flexible silica aerogel is used in oil-water separation applications, it does not need to be dried after absorbing oil but only mechanically squeezed to expel the absorbed organic solvent. It can be reused hundreds of times, which greatly improves the efficiency of oil-water separation.

One-Pot Synthesis of Glutathione Trisulfide from Oxidized Glutathione.

The excellent medicinal efficacy of glutathione trisulfide, an endogenous compound consisting of sulfane sulfur and two molecules of reduced glutathione, has been reported in recent years. However, no efficient procedure for the synthesis of trisulfide is yet available. Herein, we investigated the optimal conditions for the oxidation reaction of oxidized glutathione to thiosulfinate and its subsequent trisulfidation reaction using commercially available materials. The optimized one-pot reactions enabled the isolation of glutathione trisulfide dihydrate by crystallization on a 20 g scale in high yield (up to 74% for the two steps, >95% purity). Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/MS (LC-MS/MS) measurements using Na234S as a sulfur source revealed that 34S was inserted only into the center of the trisulfide with high selectivity (>99% enrichment) during the reaction. The reaction mechanism indicated that disulfide bonds were cleaved by the reaction of thiosulfinate and a sulfur source, followed by trisulfide bond-formation via the dehydration condensation of sulfenic acid and persulfide.

In Situ Dehydration Condensation of Self‐Assembled Molecules Enables Stabilization of CsPbI3 Perovskites for Efficient Photovoltaics

AbstractInorganic perovskites, with Cs+ substituting volatile organic components, show great promise in photovoltaic applications due to their outstanding optoelectronic properties and thermal stability. However, the black‐to‐yellow phase transition of CsPbI3 remains a challenge for realizing high‐performance inorganic perovskite solar cells (IPSCs). Herein, an effective approach is reported via incorporating the self‐assembled molecule Me‐4PACz to synergistically stabilize the [PbI6]4− octahedra and form a hydrophobic layer at interface and grain boundaries. An in situ dehydration condensation reaction of Me‐4PACz is observed during film annealing, which favors the reduction of undesired aggregation of Me‐4PACz in humid air, thus leading to enhanced anchoring interaction and more effective hydrophobic protection of CsPbI3. Therefore, the air‐processed CsPbI3 perovskite films show dramatically improved phase purity and humid stability. This strategy also improves the energy level alignment between perovskite and charge transport layers. As a result, a champion efficiency of 20.21% is realized, representing one of the highest reported values for air‐processed inverted IPSCs. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that by combining Me‐4PACz with the previously reported ethacridine lactate (EAL) additive, the device performance can be further boosted to 21.38%, which is a record efficiency for the inverted IPSCs reported to date.

Advances in Aluminophosphates for Catalytic Upgrading of Lignocellulose and Derived Compounds

AbstractUtilization of lignocellulosic biomass as a renewable resource to produce liquid fuels/fuel additives and commodity chemicals offer solutions to minimize the exhaustion of nonrenewable carbon‐based fossil resources and mitigate environmental problems. Cellulose and hemicellulose derived from lignocellulose can be converted into several important platform molecules like glucose, fructose, xylose, 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural, furfural, levulinic acid, etc., which subsequently can be transformed into fuels/fuel additives and value‐added chemicals using heterogeneous catalytic processes. Aluminophosphates (AlPO‐n) are zeotype materials with tunable physicochemical properties like acidity and porosity, and this have promoted their wide use as versatile catalysts for several acid‐catalyzed reactions, including hydrolysis, dehydration, isomerization, transfer hydrogenation, reductive etherification, acetalization and aldol condensation. This review summarizes the design and synthetic advances of AlPO‐n catalysts as well as their application in the valorization of lignocellulose and derivatives to platform chemicals and fuel compounds. Perspectives for future design strategies are finally outlined.

High-Temperature-Resistant Profile Control System Formed by Hydrolyzed Polyacrylamide and Water-Soluble Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin.

To realize the effective profile control of a heavy oil reservoir, hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) and water-soluble phenol-formaldehyde resin (PR) were chosen to prepare the profile control system, which gelled at medium or low temperatures and existed stably at high temperatures in the meantime. The effects of phenolic ratios, PR concentration, and HPAM concentration on the formation and strength of the gels were systematically studied by the gel-strength code method and rheological measurements. And the microstructure of the gels was investigated by scanning electron microscope measurements. The results showed that the gelling time of the HPAM-PR system was 13 h at 70 °C. The formed gel could stay stable for 90 days at 140 °C. In addition, the gels showed viscoelastic properties, and the viscosity reached 18,000 mPa·s under a 1.5 s-1 shearing rate due to their three-dimensional cellular network structure. The formation of the gels was attributable to the hydroxyl groups of the PR crosslinking agent, which could undergo the dehydration condensation reaction with amide groups under non-acidic conditions and form intermolecular crosslinking with HPAM molecules. And the organic crosslinker gel system could maintain stability at higher temperatures because covalent bonds formed between molecules.

Study on the photo/electrochemical bi-functional properties of a coupling interface of Ru[dcbpy]32+-AMT/Au by SECM imaging-based joint analytical method

A photo/electrochemical coupling interface of Ru[dcbpy]32+-AMT/Au (AMT; 5-Amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-thiol) was fabricated using a dehydration condensation sulfhydrating method. For the interface functional properties, a combined dual-signal recording (CDSR) method was applied to characterize the response characteristics, and a scanning electrochemical microscopy-electrochemiluminescence (SECM-ECL) imaging was developed to assess the interface distribution uniformity. The interface biosensing compatibility was validated by constructing a simple DNA sensor. The research results show that the interaction between the two functional parameters follows a synergistic effect mechanism in the coupling conditions and an interference effect mechanism in the detection condition. Under optimized conditions, the saturation dual-signal response values are 156.0 and 86.8 μA, respectively. The statistics and imaging comparison analysis validate good interface distribution uniformity and stability performance. The DNA sensor's dual-signal detection limits to the signal probe (SP) are ∼30 fM and 0.3 pM with linear ranges of 100.0 fM ∼ 1.0 nM and 1.0 pM ∼ 10.0 nM, respectively. The fabricated interface exhibits an effective bi-functional response performance compatible with biosensing. The proposed imaging method has a high technical fit for studying photo/electrochemical coupling interfaces and can also provide a reference for other similar coupling interface analyses.