Dehydrated Citrus Pulp Research Articles

Isocycloseram: A new active ingredient for leaf-cutting ants control.

Leaf-cutting ants are the most important pests in several cropping systems in the Neotropics. Granulated baits containing active ingredients, considered hazardous by the Stockholm Convention, are the usual method to control these ants. Isocycloseram is a new insecticide molecule with high safety margin for mammals, but without registration for the ants in general. Thus, this study investigated the effectiveness of granulated baits with isocycloseram in leaf-cutting ants control under laboratory and field conditions. Initially, the mortality of Atta sexdens workers, fed with dehydrated citrus pulp paste containing different concentrations of isocycloseram was evaluated in the laboratory for 21 days, for toxicological classification. Subsequently, the loading, devolution, and incorporation of baits with different concentrations of isocycloseram and the mortality of A. sexdens colonies were evaluated in the laboratory. After that, the percentages of loading and devolution of baits, foraging activity, and colony mortality treated with 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3% of isocycloseram were evaluated for the species A. sexdens, A. laevigata, and Acromyrmex lundii in field conditions. All concentrations of isocycloseram killed more than 15% of ants in 24 h and more than 90% in 21 days in the laboratory, being classified as a fast-acting and highly effective active ingredient. Baits with 0.001 to 0.03% of isocycloseram were highly loaded and exhibited low rate of devolution. The mortality of A. sexdens colony was higher at concentrations between 0.075 and 0.3%, in the laboratory. Baits containing isocycloseram at concentrations of 0.2 and 0.3% were highly loaded, presented low devolution rates, and were highly efficient in controlling A. sexdens, A. laevigata, and A. lundii in the field, at dosages of 6, 10, and 12 g/m² of nest. This is the first report of the use of isocycloseram against leaf-cutting ants, contributing to the development of efficient and toxicologically safer ant baits.

Damage reduction of Acromyrmex lobicornis in Pinus ponderosa using mixed pine species in combination with push–pull tools

Abstract Leaf‐cutting ants (LCAs) cause significant damage to forest plantations and are mainly managed by broad‐spectrum synthetic insecticides. In Patagonia, Pinus ponderosa (Pinales: Pinaceae) (Douglas 1836) and Pinus contorta (Pinales: Pinaceae) (Dluglas 1838) are the predominant pine species in forest plantations. Previous research has shown that dehydrated citrus pulp is an LCAs attractant, and tea tree essential oil acts as an LCAs repellent. We evaluated the use of dehydrated citrus pulp and tea tree oil to manage LCAs behaviour in a push–pull setting, using mixed pine species in small plot fields, to reduce the LCA Acromyrmex lobicornis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (Emery, 1888) damage in young P. ponderosa plants. We combined the treatment with attractant and repellent in a mono‐specific plantation design (three ponderosa plants surrounded with pulp and three sprayed with tea tree extract) or mixed plantation designs (three contorta plants with pulp and three ponderosa plants with tea tree). The combination of both mono‐specific and mixed plantations with push–pull stimuli delayed discovery and decreased the damage in pines sprayed with the repellent. Mono‐specific as well as mixed species designs were equally effective, reducing ant damage and increasing ~50% the survival probability of P. ponderosa when push–pull stimuli were applied. The use of a push–pull strategy with plant‐based compounds provides potential as a management tool that reduces and delays LCA damage in pine trees.

Effect of providing citrus pulp-integrated diet on fecal microbiota and serum and fecal metabolome shifts in crossbred pigs

The study aimed to assess the impact of dehydrated citrus pulp (DCP) on growth performance, fecal characteristics, fecal bacterial composition (based on 16S rRNA analysis), and fecal and serum metabolomic profiles in crossbred pigs. 80 finishing pigs Duroc × (Landrace × Large White) were fed either a control diet (C) or a diet with 240 g/kg DCP (T) for six weeks. Including DCP in diets tended to decrease feed intake, increased (p < 0.05) the concentrations of acetic and heptanoic acids and decreased (p < 0.05) fecal butyric and branched-chain fatty acid concentrations in feces. Animals fed DCP exhibited a lower abundance of the genera Clostridium and Romboutsia, while Lachnospira significantly increased. Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis plotted a clear separation of fecal and serum metabolites between groups. The main discriminant fecal metabolites were associated with bacterial protein fermentation and were downregulated in T-fed pigs. In serum, DCP supplementation upregulated metabolites related to protein and fatty acids metabolism. In conclusion, the addition of DCP as an environmentally friendly source of nutrients in pig diets, resulted in modifications of fecal bacterial composition, fermentation patterns, and overall pig metabolism, suggesting improvements in protein metabolism and gut health.

Dehydrated citrus pulp in rabbit feeding

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of dehydrated orange by-product on the productive parameters, carcass yield, and meat quality of rabbits in the fattening stage. Four diets with increasing levels of orange by-products (0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%) were evaluated, each with six replicates of two 32-day-old crossbred rabbits that were randomly allocated. The experimental period was from 32 to 70 days of age of the rabbits. A higher weight gain (p < 0.05) was achieved for observed with 20% substitution, along with a better feed conversion, without any effects on carcass yield and meat quality parameters. The treatment with 30% citrus pulp showed no differences (p > 0.05) in the parameters evaluated. Based on our results, dehydrated orange by-product can replace up to 30% of the commercial feed concentrate without affecting performance, yield, and carcass quality in rabbits feeding since 32 to 72 days of age.

Estudo de diferentes proporções de milho x polpa cítrica x concentrado/volumoso na alimentação de ovinos da raça Suffolk

Dehydrated citrus pulp (PC) has been used in animal feed in pellet form, as an energetic and highly digestible ingredient of the fibrous classification for growing and lactating animals. The purpose of this experiment is data on the introduction of citrus products in replacement, in diets with the possibility of a greater variety of products between concentrates and forages. To evaluate the research, rumen fluid was used to determine pH and ammonia dosage and a blood sample to determine blood glucose and urea. With this work, the change from corn ration to citrus pulp, in any of them, did not interfere in any parameter evaluated.

Dehydrated citrus pulp reduces plasma cholesterol of weaned piglets, and an exogenous enzyme complex improves plasma calcium and performance

Dehydrated citrus pulp (DHCP) is a by-product from the orange industry available for use in diets for pigs in tropical countries; however, the high fiber content may limit its use for piglets, a fact that can be mitigated through the use of exogenous enzymes. The objective of this work was to evaluate the inclusion of DHCP with or without an exogenous enzyme complex in the diet of weaned piglets from 7 to 11 kg on performance, economic viability, and biochemical, hematological, and fecal parameters. Sixty-four crossbred piglets were used (32 barrows and 32 gilts) with an average initial weight of 6.52 ± 0.22 kg, weaned at 21 days of age and housed in pairs (one barrow and one gilt). Animals were distributed in a randomized block design, in a 2 × 2 factorial scheme. The treatments evaluated were the addition or absence of DHCP (30 g/kg) X the addition or absence of the exogenous enzyme complex to the diets, with eight replicates per treatment and two animals per experimental unit. The exogenous enzyme complex was a thermo-stable powder containing 2,700 U/g xylanase, 1,520 U/g β-glucanase, 1,650 U/g alpha-galactosidase, and 1,800 U/g cellulase (sourced by Aspergillus niger and expressed in Trichoderma reesei), plus 5,000 U/g phytase (sourced by Buttiauxella spp. and expressed in Trichoderma reesei). It was added to the diets according to the manufacturer's recommendation (130 g/ton of feed). There was no interaction (P > 0.05) between DHCP and exogenous enzymees for any variable. Even so, the use of DHCP reduced (P = 0.018) the total cholesterol concentration, from 96.67 to 88.29 mg/dL. There was an effect (P = 0.018) of exogenous enzymes on the final weight, with average values being 11.084 and 11.439 kg for animals fed diets without or with the addition of exogenous enzyme complex, respectively. The addition of exogenous enzymes increased the concentration of circulating calcium (P = 0.033), with average results of 7.03 and 8.49 mg/dL for animals fed without or with exogenous enzymes in the feed, respectively. The inclusion of 30 g/kg of DHCP in a piglet's diet (7 to 11 kg) reduces cholesterol concentration in its plasma, and the inclusion of exogenous enzymes provides greater final weight, economic return, and calcium concentration in plasma.

Alimentos alternativos na nutrição de coelhos: Revisão

In animal feed diets are formulated to provide total conditions to express their full productive potential, however most of the ingredients used to make balanced diets consequently increase the cost of the final product. The objective of this review is to show which alternative foods are available in Brazilian territory with potential use to be used in rabbit nutrition. It has been found that the main alternative foods used are crude glycerin, soybean hulls, bee pollen, dehydrated citrus pulp, cottonseed meal and co-products from sugarcane. In this sense, the use of these by-products provides greater sustainability in the production without affecting negative performance or metabolism of these animals, helping to reduce the costs of production with feed.

Dehydrated citrus pulp in broiler diets

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of citrus pulp in diet for broilers on weight of gastrointestinal organs, intestinal morphometry, and quality and lipid oxidation of broiler meat during the storage time. A total of 966 Cobb male broiler chicks were fed six increasing levels of dietary citrus pulp (0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10%) with seven replications of 23 birds each. The inclusion of citrus pulp in the diet of broilers from 1 to 21 d of age did not significantly affect organ weight and intestinal morphology (P &gt; 0.05). However, the citrus pulp can be used up to 10% inclusion in diets for broilers from 1 to 42 d of age, without impairing broiler performance, carcass yield, intestinal morphometry, and meat quality. For lipid oxidation, samples of thigh were used in a 6 × 4 factorial design (six dietary levels of citrus pulp and four storage periods) with four replications. In the treatments with 10% citrus pulp, the phenolic compounds present in the by-product led to a delayed and reduced oxidation.

Substitución de maíz por pulpa cítrica deshidratada en la ración de corderos: desempeño productivo y características de sus componentes no carcasa

Dehydrated citrus pulp (DCP) is a highly energetic by-product with the potential to substitute cereal grains for domestic animals feeding. Thirty-two castrated male lambs, crossbred Santa Ines × Texel were employed to evaluate the effect of the substitution of corn by DCP on productive performance and non-carcass components characteristics . The inclusion of DCP in the ration in proportions of 14.47; 28.94 and 43.41% of DM constituted the four treatments 0PCD, 14PCD, 29PCD and 43PCD. The delineation was complete random blocks (blocked by weight) with four replicates. Data were submitted to ANAVA and the means were compared by the Duncan test (P 0.05) in the other components of GIT, in total fat and in the net weights of the different vital organs.

Effects of dietary inclusion of citrus pulp and rockrose soft stems and leaves on lamb meat quality and fatty acid composition

Meat from lambs finished with high-starch diets often contains low concentration of vaccenic (t11-18:1) and rumenic (c9,t11-18:2) acids and high concentration of t10-18:1. We hypothesized that replacing cereals by dehydrated citrus pulp (DCP) and the inclusion of tanniferous feed sources in oil supplemented diets might reduce the accumulation of t10-18:1 and increase the t11-18:1 and c9,t11-18:2 in lamb meat, without affecting the productive performance. In total, 32 lambs were assigned to four diets which combine two factors: basal diet (BD) (cereals v. DCP) and Cistus ladanifer (CL) (0 v. 150 g/kg dry matter). Feed intake, average daily weight gain and carcass traits were not affected by treatments, except for dressing percentage that was reduced with DCP (P=0.046). Both DCP and C. ladanifer reduced tenderness and juiciness of meat, and C. ladanifer also reduced (P<0.001) meat overall acceptability. Intramuscular fat and the concentration of saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids (FA) were not affected (P>0.05) by diets. However, DCP increased the proportions of odd-chain FA (P=0.005) and several minor biohydrogenation (BH) intermediates in meat lipids. C. ladanifer had few effects on meat FA profile. The proportions of t11-18:1 and c9,t11-18:2 were high in all diets (5.4% and 1.5% of total FA, respectively) and were not influenced by the treatments. Basal diet and CL showed some significant interactions concerning FA composition of intramuscular fat. In diets without C. ladanifer, replacement of cereals by DCP increased the 18:0 (P<0.05) and decreased t10,c12-18:2 (P<0.05), t10-18:1 (P<0.10) and t10-/t11-18:1 ratio (P<0.10) with a large reduction of the individual variation for t10-18:1 and of t10-/t11-18:1 ratio. Combined with cereals, C. ladanifer increased 18:0 and reduced the BH intermediates in meat. Replacement of cereals by DCP seems to promote a more predictable FA profile in lamb meat, reducing the risk of t10-shifted BH pathways in the rumen.

The reduction of starch in finishing diets supplemented with oil does not prevent the accumulation of trans-10 18:1 in lamb meat.

The experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that the replacement of cereal with low-starch feed ingredients in lambs' finishing diets supplemented with oils could prevent the accumulation of -10-18:1 in meat. Forty lambs were fed 1 of 4 diets supplemented with soybean oil (5.9%) and fish oil (1%) for 6 wk before slaughter. The control (CON) diet contained 43% barley, and in the other diets, barley was completely replaced by dehydrated citrus pulp (DCP), dehydrated sugar beet pulp (DBP), or soybean hulls (SH). Growth performance, feed intake, and carcass and meat quality traits were analyzed. At slaughter, LM samples were collected for gene expression evaluation, and 3 d after slaughter, LM and subcutaneous (s.c.) fat samples were collected for fatty acid analysis. None of the diets affected meat quality, but the DCP diet reduced ADG ( < 0.05) and the DCP and SH diets decreased the feed-to-gain ratio ( < 0.01). The DCP diet increased ( < 0.05) the risk of parakeratosis and the severity of the lesions. Moreover, the DBP treatment led to increased a* (redness) and b* (yellowness) in s.c. fat compared with the CON treatment ( < 0.05). The lipid content of LM did not differ ( > 0.05) with treatment and averaged 34.4 g/kg of meat. Diets had no effect ( > 0.05) on SFA, PUFA, and -MUFA sums and on the -6:-3 ratio in both LM and s.c. fat. A lower expression of fatty acid synthase (FASN) was found with the DCP treatment than with the other treatments ( < 0.001). All treatments showed a high accumulation of -10-18:1, averaging 91 mg/g fatty acid in LM and 147 mg/g fatty acid in s.c. fat. The concentration of -11-18:1 in the tissues was considerably lower than that of -10-18:1, and thus the -10-18:1:-11-18:1 ratio was above 3 with all treatments. Despite this, the SH diet clearly promoted a larger deposition of -11-18:1 and -9,-11-18:2 in tissues compared with the other treatments. () gene expression and SCD activity index in LM were reduced with the SH diet compared with the CON and DCP diets. Overall, these results clearly showed, for the first time, that low-starch/high-NDF diets are not able to prevent the establishment of -10 shifted rumen biohydrogenation pathways, evaluated by the deposition of biohydrogenation intermediates in lamb meat and fat.

Evaluación de la calidad del ensilado de pasto estrella africana (&lt;i&gt;Cynodon nlemfluensis&lt;/i&gt;) mezclado con tres diferentes aditivos

Se evaluaron las características del ensilado del pasto estrella africana (Cynodon nlemfluensis), y a la vez su proceso de fermentación al agregar la materia seca en niveles de 0%, 2% y 4% a los aditivos melaza, maíz molido o pulpa de cítricos deshidratada, sobre el forraje entero, recién cortado, vertido y compactado en bolsas plásticas disponibles comercialmente. El experimento se llevó a cabo en la Estación Experimental Alfredo Volio Mata, de la Universidad de Costa Rica, por medio de un diseño experimental factorial anidado. Se obtuvieron valores promedio de 23,68%, 22,21% y 23,52% de MS; 9,98%, 9,89% y 10,58% de PC; 71,72%, 73,12% y 72,26% de FND; 44,95%, 47,30% y 46,73% de FAD; 2,58%, 2,46% y 2,58% de EE; 10,08%, 10,31% y 10,34% de CEN para los ensilados con melaza, maíz molido y pulpa de cítricos deshidratada, respectivamente. Se observó pérdidas promedio de 14,97%, 16,84% y 14,82% de MS; 4,39%, 5,24% y 3,82% de PC; 4,82%, 5,38% y 4,91% de FND; 3,68%, 3,90% y 3,34% de FAD; 2,46%, 3,91% y 2,48% de EE; así como 3,96%, 4,02% y 3,32% de CEN, para los tratamientos de melaza, maíz y pulpa de cítricos deshidratada, respectivamente. Por último, no se encontró relación entre el aditivo utilizado, o el nivel de inclusión de éste, sobre la producción de efluentes (p&gt;0,05), al tiempo que la evaluación organoléptica de todos los ensilados analizados fue excelente.

Replacing cereals with dehydrated citrus pulp in a soybean oil supplemented diet increases vaccenic and rumenic acids in ewe milk

This study evaluates the effect of the replacement of cereals by dried citrus pulp (DCP) in diets supplemented with 5% of soybean oil, on ewe milk yield and composition, including milk fatty acid (FA). Four Serra da Estrela multiparous ewes in the second month of lactation were used in a double 2×2 Latin square design. Ewes were individually penned and milked twice a day with an 8-h interval. Each experimental period included 14d of diet adaptation followed by 5d of measurements and sampling. The 2diets included on dry matter basis 450g/kg of corn silage and 550g/kg of either a soybean oil-supplemented concentrate meal containing barley and maize (cereal) or dried citrus pulp (DCP; citrus). Feed was offered ad libitum, considering 10% of orts, and intake was measured daily. Milk yield was higher and dry matter intake tended to be higher with the citrus diet. Milk composition and technological properties for cheese production were not affected by treatments, except for lactose, which was lower with the citrus diet. Replacement of cereals by DCP resulted in a 3-percentage-point decrease of both 18:0 and cis-9–18:1 that were mostly compensated by the 4.19- and 1.68-percentage-point increases of trans-11–18:1 and cis-9,trans-11–18:2, respectively. The intake of C18 FA tended to increase with the citrus diet compared with the cereal diet, but the apparent transfer of 18:2n-6 and of 18:3n-3 did not differ between diets. The milk output of C18 FA increased with the citrus compared with the cereal diet, mostly due to the increase of trans-11–18:1 and cis-9,trans-11–18:2 because the daily milk output of 18:0, trans-10–18:1, cis-9–18:1, 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3 did not differ between diets. Replacing cereals with DCP in an oil-supplemented diet resulted in a selective increase of trans-11–18:1 and cis-9,trans-11–18:2 in milk, with no major effect on other biohydrogenation intermediates.

Bromatología de ensilados de corona de piña con pulpa de cítricos, heno y urea.

&lt;p class="p1"&gt;El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar las características nutricionales de los ensilados de mezclas de corona de la piña con inclusión de pulpa de cítricos deshidratada y heno, con niveles crecientes de urea. El experimento fue realizado entre los meses de mayo a setiembre del 2013 y las coronas provenían de Guápiles, Costa Rica. Estas fueron picadas hasta obtener una partícula promedio de 3 cm, y colocadas en bolsas de empaque al vacío a las que se les agregó, urea (0;0,5;1,0;1,5% p/p en base fresca), dos fuentes altas en materia seca: heno (H) de pasto Transvala (&lt;em&gt;Digitaria decumbens&lt;/em&gt;, Stent., cv. Transvala) y pulpa de cítricos deshidratada (PCD) ambos a un nivel de inclusión (10% p/p en base fresca), y un único nivel de melaza (3% p/p) e inóculo bacterial por fermentación de melaza con suero de leche (1 l/t). Además se preparó una muestra sin aditivos como control. El heno aumentó el contenido de materia seca y todos los componentes de la fibra, pero redujo el contenido de proteína cruda (PC), carbohidratos no fibrosos y nutrimentos digestibles totales. Cuando se usó PCD, se redujo la fracción fibrosa, lo que aumentó la digestibilidad de la mezcla ensilada. El uso de urea aumentó el contenido de PC y redujo el nivel de nitrógeno ligado a la fibra por un efecto de dilución. Se estimó que los materiales ensilados podrían producir 0,43-1,89 kg leche/vaca, al consumir 5 kg material verde (MV)/animal; 0,86-3,77 kg leche/vaca, al consumir 10 kg MV/animal; 1,29-5,66 kg leche/vaca, al consumir 15 kg MV/animal.&lt;/p&gt;

Dehydrated citrus pulp alters feedlot performance of crossbred heifers during the receiving period and modulates serum metabolite concentrations before and after an endotoxin challenge.

English × Continental heifers ( = 180) were sourced in 2 loads (219.3 ± 16.0 and 221.4 ± 16.4 kg, respectively) from commercial auction barns to study the effects of feeding dehydrated citrus pulp (DCP) on feedlot performance of newly received heifers. A completely randomized block design was used with BW nested within arrival load and blocked by BW into 3 dietary treatments (36 pens, 5 heifers/pen, 12 blocks, 3 pens/block, and 12 pens/treatment). Treatment diets contained 1) 0% DCP (control diet [CON]), 2) 10% DCP, or 3) 20% DCP on a DM basis. Diets containing DCP were exchanged with steam-flaked corn on a 1:1 basis. Cattle were fed a 63, 73, and 83% concentrate diet from d 0 to 28, d 28 to 42, and d 42 to 56, respectively. Over the 56-d trial period, as the amount of dietary DCP increased, DMI decreased ( = 0.01), ADG decreased ( < 0.01), and G:F decreased ( = 0.02). From d 0 to 28, there was no difference in the observed minus the predicted NEg of the diet ( = 0.73); from d 28 to 42, there was a linear increase in NEg favoring DCP treatments ( < 0.01); and from d 42 to 56, there was a linear decrease in NEg against the DCP treatments ( < 0.01). At the conclusion of the trial, a subset of heifers ( = 22; 307.89 ± 3.32 kg on d 63) were used to evaluate blood metabolite concentrations before and after a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. On d 63, heifers were fitted with jugular catheters and moved into individual stalls. On d 64, heifers were intravenously challenged with LPS (0.5 μg/kg BW), and blood samples were collected every 0.5 h from -2 to 8 h and at 24 h relative to the LPS challenge (0 h). Serum glucose, serum urea nitrogen (SUN), and NEFA concentrations were determined. Cattle lost less weight at both 24 and 72 h after the LPS challenge with increasing DCP percentage ( < 0.01). Glucose ( = 0.12) and NEFA ( = 0.13) concentrations did not differ before the LPS challenge; however, there was a treatment effect for SUN, with elevated concentrations of SUN in CON cattle ( < 0.01). After the LPS challenge, DCP-fed cattle had reduced glucose, elevated NEFA, and reduced SUN concentrations ( ≤ 0.01). Results indicate that dietary DCP modulated metabolite concentrations in heifers following an endotoxin challenge and affected feedlot performance when incorporated in receiving diets in replacement of corn. Future studies will need to address strategies to increase DMI or explore levels of DCP less than 10% in the diet of newly received heifer calves.

The effects of barley replacement by dehydrated citrus pulp on feed intake, performance, feeding behaviour and serum metabolic indicators in lambs

The citrus industry produces a wide amount of citrus pulp which can represent an alternative feed resource for feeding ruminants. However, citrus pulp also contains chemicals such as polyphenols, which can cause toxicity, limiting its use. We investigated the potential of replacing barley by dehydrated citrus pulp (DCP), at two levels of inclusion (24% and 35% on an as-fed basis), in a lamb fattening diet and monitored the performance, feeding pattern and serum parameters of the experimental lambs. The consumption of a diet containing up to 35% of DCP resulted in equivalent performance, feed efficiency and carcass weight and yield as compared with animals ingesting a cereal-based diet (control). The daily feed consumption pattern was slightly affected by the inclusion of citrus pulp in the diet. In terms of serum haematochemical profile, DCP ingesting animals had similar levels to control lambs. Pertaining to the serum protein profile, DCP addition had minor effects. A significant increase in the albumin content and in the albumin to globulin ratio was observed in the animals ingesting 35% DCP compared with the control-fed ones; but the values were not at a level to cause metabolic distress. The use of high levels of DCP in small ruminant fattening can ensure equivalent animal performances and metabolic welfare while providing a value addition to a local by-product.

Supplementation of moist and dehydrated citrus pulp in the diets of sheep artificially and naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes on the parasitological parameters and performance

The inclusion of industrial byproducts such as citrus pulp in the composition of animal diets has been widely recommended due to sustainability aspects and their high level of carbohydrates. Limonene is found in citrus pulp and has been described elsewhere as a major compound of citrus essential oils with excellent anthelmintic activity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the parasitological parameters of lambs artificially infected (Experiment 1) with Haemonchus contortus and naturally infected (Experiment 2) by gastrointestinal nematodes, fed diets with dehydrated citrus pulp or silage of moist orange pulp. Both experiments had three treatments (C: control, DP: diet+dehydrated citrus pulp, and MP: diet+silage of moist orange pulp). The diets were isoproteic (11% crude protein) and the concentrate was corrected every 14 days according to animal weight. Parasitological parameters were evaluated for both experiments each 14 days (body weight, body condition; fecal egg counts-FEC, egg hatch assay-EHA, coproculture, and packed cell volume-PCV). Analysis of variance (GLM of the SAS software) was performed with repeated measures in time, and the means were compared by the Tukey test. Gas chromatography with mass spectrometry was used to detect constituents of dry or moist citrus pulp. Dehydrated citrus pulp had 0.02% essential oil (major compounds were 85.9% limonene and 7.6% valencene). Moist orange pulp contained 1.5% essential oil (major compounds were 65.5% limonene and 31.2% alpha- and gamma-terpineol). In both experiments, the weight gain among the treatments was similar (p>0.05) demonstrating that both moist and dehydrated orange pulp can be used to replace corn kernels to feed infected lambs. The supplementation with orange pulp did not decrease natural or artificial infections of gastrointestinal nematodes according to the FEC results (p>0.05). However, PCV increased from animals fed dehydrated and moist pulp in natural infection (Experiment 2, p<0.05) in comparison with the control group. In addition, the consumption of the dehydrated citrus pulp from animals infected with H. contortus (Experiment 1) caused lower hatching rates after 42 days of consumption (p<0.05), suggesting a tendency to shed fewer eggs to the environment.

Evaluación del ensilaje del pasto Ratana (Ischaemum indicum Houtt.) con tres diferentes aditivos.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar las características del proceso de fermentación del pasto Ratana (Ischaemum indicum Houtt.) y la calidad del ensilado, al agregar tres aditivos. El experimento se llevó a cabo en la provincia de Limón, Costa Rica, durante el periodo de julio a diciembre del 2011; zona con una temperatura de 24,5 °C; una altura de 249 msnm y precipitación de 4577,2 mm anuales distribuidos principalmente de mayo a diciembre. Se empleó un diseño de bloques completos al azar, con cuatro repeticiones y nueve tratamientos: ensilado con melaza, maíz molido o pulpa de cítricos deshidratada como aditivos, en tres niveles de adición ortogonales. Las pérdidas de material más importantes se produjeron con melaza o pulpa de cítricos (p&lt;0,05) con disminuciones en base fresca de 13,27% y 14,42%, respectivamente; mientras que el ensilaje con maíz molido tuvo mermas de 11,68%. No se encontró ninguna diferencia (p&gt;0,05) en los porcentajes de materia seca (MS), fibra neutrodetergente (FND), fibra ácido detergente (FAD), hemicelulosa y cenizas en los ensilajes de ninguno de los tratamientos. La proteína cruda (PC), celulosa y extracto etéreo (EE) difirieron según el porcentaje de aditivo agregado (p&lt;0,05). Los niveles de pH encontrados fueron estadísticamente menores (p&lt;0,05) en los tratamientos que incluyeron melaza (4,84), que en los ensilados con maíz (5,10) o citropulpa (5,02). Finalmente, todos los tratamientos analizados presentaron características organolépticas correspondientes a ensilados de buena calidad.

Digestibilidade da polpa cítrica desidratada e efeito de sua inclusão na dieta sobre o desempenho de coelhos em crescimento

Several experiments were conducted to determine the digestibility of dehydrated citrus pulp (DCP) and evaluate its effect on rabbit feed. Digestibility assay comprised 30 rabbits fed on two diets: a reference diet and a diet in which 20% consisted of DCP. The digestibility assay comprised 10 days for adaptation and four days for feces collection. The digestibility coefficient and digestible nutrient rates for DM, CP, NDF, ADF, and CE of DCP were respectively 83.75 and 76.04%; 70.12 and 5.03%; 40.14 and 9.52%; 68.98 and 15.09%; and 81.48% and 3394 kcalDE kg -1 DM. Performance assay consisted of 120 growing rabbits receiving diets with six DCP levels (0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100%) to replace corn. Linear decrease (p 0.05) any performance characteristic when compared to that in control. Results show that DCP in the rabbit's diet may replace up to 20% of corn.

Ganhos de peso, taxas de deposição e composição química corporal de tourinhos Santa Gertrudes confinados, recebendo alto concentrado e níveis crescentes de polpa cítrica peletizada

Objetivou-se avaliar a substituição do milho em grão pela polpa cítrica peletizada e seus efeitos sobre os ganhos de peso, as taxas de deposição e a composição química corporal de tourinhos Santa Gertrudes em confinamento. Vinte e oito animais (idade média de nove meses e peso inicial de 277 kg) foram mantidos em baias individuais durante 92 dias, após 21 dias de adaptação. Os animais receberam dietas contendo 20% da MS como silagem de milho que continha 40% de grãos. Foram testados os níveis de 0, 25, 40 e 55% de participação da polpa cítrica peletizada na MS da dieta. A composição química corporal foi estimada a partir de equações desenvolvidas para a mesma raça, utilizando-se a composição química do corte da 9-10-11ª costelas. A participação da polpa cítrica peletizada não afetou significativamente o peso corporal final (449 kg) e os ganhos diários de peso corporal (1,50 kg), de corpo vazio (1,26 kg) e de carcaça (0,78 kg). Não houve diferença entre tratamentos para as taxas diárias de deposição de água (0,374 kg), EE (0,589 kg), proteína (0,253 kg), minerais (0,040 kg) e energia (6,934 Mcal) e, conseqüentemente, a composição química corporal final foi similar entre os animais recebendo diferentes níveis de polpa cítrica na dieta. A substituição do milho em grão por polpa cítrica peletizada, até 55% da MS, em dietas para tourinhos em terminação recebendo altos níveis de concentrado, não altera os ganhos de peso, as taxas de deposição e a composição química corporal desses animais.