Implicit Degree Research Articles

«Архитектура» репрезентации «чужого» в политическом дискурсе Терезы Мэй

The aim of the investigation is to find out the ways of representing the notion “they” in the political discourse of Theresa May. The article presents the language architecture of the notion “they” by way of example of the discourse of a political leader of Great Britain. Three structural components of the notion “they” represented in Theresa May’s political speeches have been discovered as a result of the investigation. They are: 1) “they” as enemies; 2) “they” as political opponents; 3) “they” as fellow party members who have manifested alienation in a definite political situation. The scientific novelty of the investigation lies in the fact that the gradation of the notion “they” in its political representation rendered by language means has been found out and described. It has been determined as a result of the investigation that the notion “they” represented in Theresa May’s political speeches is expressed by explicit and implicit language units. The notion of “they” as enemies is represented by means of explicitly expressed language units. The notion of “they” as political opponents is represented mainly by means of implicitly expressed language units. The notion of “they” as fellow party members who have manifested alienation in a definite political situation employs a higher degree of implicitness in its realization.

Presuppositional Fallacies

Presuppositions are at the same time a crucial and almost neglected dimension of arguments and fallacies. Arguments involve different types of presuppositions, which can be used for manipulative purposes in distinct ways. However, what are presuppositions? What is their dialectical function? Why and how can they be dangerous? This paper intends to address these questions by developing the pragmatic approaches to presupposition from a dialectical perspective. The use of presuppositions will be analyzed in terms of presumptive conclusions concerning the interlocutor’s acceptance of a proposition, which can be assessed as reasonable or unacceptable. Their dialectical function is described in terms of dark side commitments attributed to a collective "voice" representing what is commonly shared. For this reason, they count as attempts to include the presupposed contents into the hearer’s commitment store, which in some circumstances can reverse the burden of proof. The different manipulative strategies grounded on controversial presuppositions will be examined by showing the distinct roles that the latter play and the relationship between the degrees of presuppositional implicitness and the speaker’s burden of retraction.

Adaptive Approximate Implicitization of Planar Parametric Curves via Asymmetric Gradient Constraints

Converting a parametric curve into the implicit form, which is called implicitization, has always been a popular but challenging problem in geometric modeling and related applications. However, existing methods mostly suffer from the problems of maintaining geometric features and choosing a reasonable implicit degree. The present paper has two contributions. We first introduce a new regularization constraint (called the asymmetric gradient constraint) for both polynomial and non-polynomial curves, which efficiently possesses shape-preserving. We then propose two adaptive algorithms of approximate implicitization for polynomial and non-polynomial curves respectively, which find the “optimal” implicit degree based on the behavior of the asymmetric gradient constraint. More precisely, the idea is gradually increasing the implicit degree, until there is no obvious improvement in the asymmetric gradient loss of the outputs. Experimental results have shown the effectiveness and high quality of our proposed methods.

Вербальные маркеры угрозы в публичных высказываниях англоязычного сегмента социальной сети Твиттер

The aim of the study is to establish a correlation between the intensity of a threat and the specific linguistic means expressing it in the social network Twitter (lexemes, distribution of lexemes, grammatical constructions). Threat as a regular phenomenon of Internet public pages is realised in the appropriate contextual conditions, it is endowed with a particular style and is actualised through recurrent grammatical constructions. Such conditions of threat actualisation make it possible to associate it with the speech strategy relevant in Internet discourse. The scientific novelty of the study is accounted for by considering the functions of markers of threat in the gradation of its intensity in the English-speaking segment of the social network Twitter. As a result of the study, it has been determined that the textual space of social networks has a high degree of implicitness, expressiveness and evaluativeness, verbal markers of threat occupy a special place in the textual space of social networks as key elements of comments and messages. The intensity of a threat can be determined through the linguistic means of its actualisation in a social context. The statements containing a threat themselves have the appropriate style and expression, are built according to the most typical grammatical constructions. The analysis of the latter allows us to talk about the credibility of the action predicted by the threat and the possibility of transition from the plane of Internet communication to the real world.

Implicit degree condition restricted to essential independent sets for Hamiltonian cycles

Implicit degree condition restricted to essential independent sets for Hamiltonian cycles

A quasi-implicit and coupled multiscale scheme for simulating combustion of pellets of core-shell structured intermetallic particles

A comprehensive theoretical and computational framework is developed to simulate combustion and flame propagation in a packed pellet of core-shell structured intermetallic energetic particles. A coupled multiscale approach is adopted, in which the atomic diffusion process in micron-scale particles is strongly linked to the macro-scale energy transport in the pellet. Species transport equations are solved for the core-shell structured particle, with the diffusivity treated as a temperature-dependent parameter. The energy equation is solved for the pellet, with the source term governed by the evolution of species concentrations in the core-shell structured particle. A quasi-implicit numerical scheme is developed to ensure stability and a generalized Crank-Nicholson scheme is adopted to tune the degree of implicitness and control the order of temporal accuracy. Further, the temperature dependence of properties and phase change of materials are considered. The theoretical and computational framework is applied to simulate combustion of pellets with Ni/Al core-shell particles of diameters in the range of 10–100 µm. An attempt is made to simulate experiments as closely as possible and the predictions are compared with the available experimental data. Suitable diffusivity model parameters that best describes the experimental data are identified. Parametric studies are conducted to study the effects of particle size, interstitial gas, and pressure on the combustion velocity. Results provide novel insights on the combustion process and directions for future studies.

The algebraic surfaces of the minimal-maximal surfaces

Considering soft computing, the Weierstrass data (??1/2, ?1/2) gives two different minimal surface equations and figures. By using hard computing, we give the family of minimal and spacelike maximal surfaces S(m,n) for natural numbers m and n in Euclidean and Minkowski 3-spaces E3, E2,1, respectively. We obtain the classes and degrees of surfaces S(m,n). Considering the integral free form of Weierstrass, we define some algebraic functions for S(m,n). Indicating several maximal surfaces of value (m, n) are algebraic, we recall Weierstrass-type representations for maximal surfaces in E2,1, and give explicit parametrizations for spacelike maximal surfaces of value (m, n). Finally, we compute the implicit equations, degree, and class of the spacelike maximal surfaces S(0,1), S(1,1) and S(2,1) in terms of their cartesian or inhomogeneous tangential coordinates in E2,1.

Natural Language Processing for systems engineering: Automatic generation of Systems Modelling Language diagrams

The design of complex engineering systems is an often long and articulated process that highly relies on engineers’ expertise and professional judgment. As such, the typical pitfalls of activities involving the human factor often manifest themselves in terms of lack of completeness or exhaustiveness of the analysis, inconsistencies across design choices or documentation, as well as an implicit degree of subjectivity. An approach is proposed to assist systems engineers in the automatic generation of systems diagrams from unstructured natural language text. Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques are used to extract entities and their relationships from textual resources (e.g., specifications, manuals, technical reports, maintenance reports) available within an organisation, and convert them into Systems Modelling Language (SysML) diagrams, with particular focus on structure and requirement diagrams. The intention is to provide the users with a more standardised, comprehensive and automated starting point onto which subsequently refine and adapt the diagrams according to their needs. The proposed approach is flexible and open-domain. It consists of six steps which leverage open-access tools, and it leads to an automatic generation of SysML diagrams without intermediate modelling requirement, but through the specification of a set of parameters by the user. The applicability and benefits of the proposed approach are shown through six case studies having different textual sources as inputs, and benchmarked against manually defined diagram elements.

Trend analysis in the 1D solution of the inverse heat conduction problem by the sequential function specification technique

Inverse heat conduction problems are categorized by the solution technique or algorithm (Function Specification, Regularization, Laplace Transform, Conjugate Gradient, Mollification), by the solution method (Duhamel's Theorem, Difference Method Finite, Finite Element Method), and by the time domain (Stoltz Method, Sequential Method, and Complete Domain). In the direct approach, the unique solution of an effect due to a cause is obtained. From the cause-effect view, inverse problems are characterized by not meeting the existing criteria and the uniqueness of determining the cause when analyzing an effect. However, this has promoted the implementation of robust methods to optimize the stability of a solution. In this work, the study system consists of a long solid cylinder at an elevated temperature that is cooled. The implemented methodology allowed the creation of data trends through linear extrapolation to improve estimation accuracy for abrupt changes in the function (boundary condition). The results show an acceptable increase in punctual precision in the estimation, and it is a consequence of the solution that the calculated thermal histories already contain an implicit degree of error.

A variational autoencoder approach for choice set generation and implicit perception of alternatives in choice modeling

Choice set generation is a challenging task, since the consideration set is generally unknown to the modelers, and the full choice set could be too large to be enumerated. The proposed variational autoencoder approach (VAE) is motivated by the idea that the chosen alternatives must belong to the consideration set. The proposed VAE method explicitly considers maximizing the likelihood of including the chosen alternatives in the choice set and inferring the underlying generation process. This paper derives the generalized extreme value (GEV) model with implicit availability/perception (IAP) of alternatives, for bridging the VAE with choice modeling. Specifically, the cross-nested logit (CNL) model with IAP is derived as an example of IAP-GEV models. The IAP approach assumes each alternative is associated with an implicit degree of availability/perception (likelihood in the context of VAE) to be included in the choice set. The VAE approach for route choice set generation is illustrated in a toy network. Simulation experiments show that the proposed method could reproduce the pre-defined true values. We further exemplify the VAE approach using a real dataset. The IAP-CNL model estimated has the best performance in terms of goodness-of-fit and prediction performance, compared to multinomial logit models and conventional choice set generation methods.

Complex fermatean fuzzy N-soft sets: a new hybrid model with applications

Decision-making methods play an important role in the real-life of human beings and consist of choosing the best options from a set of possible choices. This paper proposes the notion of complex Fermatean fuzzy N-soft set (hbox {CFFNS}_fS) which, by means of ranking parameters, is capable of handling two-dimensional information related to the degree of satisfaction and dissatisfaction implicit in the nature of human decisions. We define the fundamental set-theoretic operations of hbox {CFFNS}_fS and elaborate the hbox {CFFS}_fS associated with threshold. The algebraic and Yager operations on hbox {CFFNS}_f numbers are also defined. Several algorithms are proposed to demonstrate the applicability of hbox {CFFNS}_fS to multi-attribute decision making. The advanced algorithms are described and accomplished by several numerical examples. Then, a comparative study manifests the validity, feasibility, and reliability of the proposed model. This method is compared with the Fermatean fuzzy Yager weighted geometric (hbox {FFY}_wG) and the Fermatean fuzzy Yager weighted average (hbox {FFY}_wA) operators. Further, we developed a remarkable hbox {CFFNS}_f-TOPSIS approach by applying innovative hbox {CFFNS}_f weighted average operator and distance measure. The presented technique is fantastically designed for the classification of the most favorable alternative by examining the closeness of all available choices from particular ideal solutions. Afterward, we demonstrate the amenability of the initiated approach by analyzing its tremendous potential to select the best city in the USA for farming. An integrated comparative analysis with existing Fermatean fuzzy TOPSIS technique is rendered to certify the terrific capability of the established approach. Further, we decisively investigate the rationality and reliability of the presented hbox {CFFNS}_fS and hbox {CFFNS}_f-TOPSIS approach by highlighting its advantages over the existent models and TOPSIS approaches. Finally, we holistically describe the conclusion of the whole work.

Polysemantic allusion in a polycultural dimension: definition, structure and semantics (based on Pratchett’s Discworld)

The paper introduces the notion of polysemantic allusion in a polycultural dimension, explored in its semantic, structural and functional facets, based on intertextual contextual interpretative, structural, taxonomic, archetypal analyses added by some inferential pragmatics tools. Polysemantic allusion (PA) is defined as an intertextuality device, which combines two and more facultatively decoded meanings due to their association with more than one precedent source situations, texts or phenomena. The markers of PA include the modified and altered precedential names, designating the literary text or extra-textual sphere of denotation, symbolic or archetypal references of precedential situation or text; a science-associated terms or their structural part, which must satisfy the ambiguity and optional decoding of the precedential sources triggered by the PA. The markers of polysemantic allusion may be one, two- and multicomponent with each structural part capable of creating additional allusive connotations in its unfolding in further context. PA involves several levels of semantic interpretation, which correlate with various precedent texts and differ in degrees of implicitness of the allusive meanings, interpreted with an attraction of the optimally relevant context, implicating, strengthening, confirming or contradicting the hypothetic allusive assumptions. Semantic components of PA may encompass hypertextual references providing coherent relations between Pratchett’s novels, and architextual meanings associated with parodying various genres.

Вербальные маркеры высказываний, содержащих угрозу, в англоязычном интернет-дискурсе (на примере социальной сети Twitter)

The purpose of the research is to provide an insight into the features characterising lexical and grammatical verbal markers of threat in the texts of public messages found in the English-language segment of the social network Twitter. The article examines a number of social, communicative and linguistic factors associated with threatening as a speech strategy and sheds light on ways of functioning of the above-mentioned markers within the framework of the Internet discourse. Scientific novelty of the research lies in studying the language tools that function as verbal markers of threat in the English-language social network Twitter. As a result of the research, it is determined that the English-language media text displays a high degree of implicitness, evaluativity and expressiveness. Verbal markers are endued with a number of communicative functions and are the most important element in the text system of Internet messages.

The Quilt of Sustainable Ocean Governance: Patterns for Practitioners

In recent decades, scientists and practitioners have increasingly focused on identifying and codifying the best ways to manage activities in marine systems, leading to the development and implementation of concepts such as the social-ecological systems approach, ecosystem-based management, integrated management, marine spatial planning, participatory co-management, and the precautionary approach. To date, these concepts appear as separate entities: they have parallel literature streams; have been applied most often individually in attempts to improve governance and management; and in many ways, seem to be competing for attention. This patchwork of approaches may be hindering effective ocean governance. We propose that desirable features from these frameworks could be woven together to form the basis of more effective and equitable ocean governance arrangements across contexts, sectors, and scales. This article synthesizes the efforts of an IMBeR (Integrated Marine Biosphere Research Project) conference session and working group, that brought together experts in these diverse concepts with the objective of producing a synthesis of how they could be more effectively integrated for improved ocean sustainability outcomes. We reviewed and compared the concepts in terms of (a) the need to achieve a comprehensive suite of sustainability objectives, (b) similarities and differences in their scope, and (c) their place in practical management, policy and regulation. Achieving greater cross-sectoral integration, or a more holistic perspective on management for sustainability is at the core of each concept. All deal with aspects of governance and most, with improved participation in governance. The major differences in the origin and historical application of each concept are reflected in the degree of implicit or explicit focus given to different objectives of sustainability. Overall, the concepts are especially strong for ecological and institutional or governance considerations, moderately strong for economic aspects, and weakest for the social-cultural pillar of full spectrum sustainability. There is no panacea, and no emergent hierarchy among concepts. Some concepts fit better with top-down legislation-based efforts, others with more bottom-up stakeholder driven efforts. The selection of the core concepts for a situation will depend in a large part on which concepts are specified, or demand focus, in the legal and policy context of the situation (or area) of interest. No matter how influential or dominant a single concept might be, pragmatically, different concepts will be used in different areas, and there may always be the need for a combination of concepts and objectives woven together to achieve a cohesive quilt of sustainability.

Molecular Simulations of the Microstructure Evolution of Solid Electrolyte Interphase during Cyclic Charging/Discharging.

Lithium (Li) metal is regarded as one of the most promising anode materials for use in next-generation high-energy-density rechargeable batteries because of its high volumetric and gravimetric specific capacity, as well as low reduction potential. Unfortunately, uncontrolled dendritic Li growth during cyclic charging/discharging leads to low columbic efficiency and critical safety issues. Hence, comprehensive understanding of the formation mechanism for Li-dendrite growth, particularly at the onset of dendrite formation, is essential for developing Li-metal anode batteries. In this study, reactive molecular dynamics (MD) simulations in combination with the electrochemical dynamics with implicit degrees of freedom (EChemDID) method were performed to investigate the formation and evolution of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) films for a Li-metal anode under cyclic charging/discharging processes in two distinct dimensions, namely, electrolyte compositions and initial surface morphologies. Our simulations indicated that regardless of the electrolyte compositions and initial anode morphologies, inhomogeneous Li reduction, namely, the formation of Li-reduction "hotspots" during cyclic charging cycles, took place and could serve as the seed for subsequent dendrite growth. The fluorine-containing electrolyte additives could notably mitigate the Li-anode roughening processes by forming dense-SEI-layer products or suppressing electrolyte decomposition. A series of Li-ion-drifting simulations suggest that Li ions navigate through the SEI layer via pathways composed of low-density atoms and become reduced at these reduction hotspots, promoting inhomogeneous deposition and subsequent dendrite growth. The present study reveals atomistic details of the early stage of dendrite growth during cyclic loadings under different electrolyte compositions and anode morphologies, thereby providing insights for designing artificial SEI layers or electrolytes for long-life, high-capacity Li-ion batteries.

SOL-KiT—Fully implicit code for kinetic simulation of parallel electron transport in the tokamak Scrape-Off Layer

Here we present a new code for modelling electron kinetics in the tokamak Scrape-Off Layer (SOL). SOL-KiT (Scrape-Off Layer Kinetic Transport) is a fully implicit 1D code with kinetic (or fluid) electrons, fluid (or stationary) ions, and diffusive neutrals. The code is designed for fundamental exploration of non-local physics in the SOL and utilizes an arbitrary degree Legendre polynomial decomposition of the electron distribution function, treating both electron–ion and electron–atom collisions. We present a novel method for ensuring particle and energy conservation in inelastic and superelastic collisions, as well as the first full treatment of the logical boundary condition in the Legendre polynomial formalism. To our knowledge, SOL-KiT is the first fully implicit arbitrary degree harmonic kinetic code, offering a conservative and self-consistent approach to fluid–kinetic comparison with its integrated fluid electron mode. In this paper we give the model equations and their discretizations, as well as showing the results of a number of verification/benchmarking simulations. Program summaryProgram Title: SOL-KiTCPC Library link to program files:http://dx.doi.org/10.17632/7p44sdfnnp.1Licencing provisions: GNU GPLv3Programming language: Fortran 90Nature of problem:Fluid models of parallel transport in the Scrape-Off Layer (SOL) fail to account for the fact that the electron distribution function is often far from a Maxwellian, and kinetic effects have been linked to discrepancies between experiment and fluid modelling[1]. A kinetic treatment of electrons in the SOL requires detailed accounting of collisional processes, especially those with neutral particles, as well as a proper implementation of the logical boundary condition at the material surface[2]. Furthermore, the ability to identify differences between fluid and kinetic modelling using self-consistent comparison is desirable.Solution method: Electrons are modelled either as a fluid, or kinetically, maintaining self-consistency between models. All equations are solved using finite difference and the implicit Euler method, with fixed-point iteration. The kinetic approach is based on solving the Vlasov–Fokker–Planck–Boltzmann equation, decomposed in Legendre polynomials. Equations for the harmonics (or electron fluid equations) are solved alongside fluid equations for the ions, Ampère–Maxwell’s law for the electric field, as well as a diffusive–reactive Collisional-Radiative model for the evolution of hydrogenic atomic states. Each individual operator is built into a matrix, combined with all other operators, and the matrix equation arising from the Euler method is solved using the PETSc library, with MPI parallelization.Additional comments:This article presents the physical and numerical outline of the code, and is accompanied by html documentation, a small test suite based on benchmarking runs presented below, as well as instructions and means for compiling and executing SOL-KiT. Special focus in the article is given to the novel numerical and model aspects in the greater context of the developed software.

On the MS-stability of predictor–corrector schemes for stochastic differential equations

Predictor–corrector schemes are designed to be a compromise to retain the stability properties of the implicit schemes and the computational efficiency of the explicit ones. In this paper a complete analytical study for the linear mean-square stability of the two-parameter family of Euler predictor–corrector schemes for scalar stochastic differential equations is given. The analyzed family is given in terms of two parameters that control the degree of implicitness of the method. For each selection of the parameters the stability region is obtained, letting its comparison. Particular cases of the counter-intuitive fact of losing numerical stability by reducing the step size, is confirmed and proved. Figures of the MS-stability regions and numerical examples that confirm the theoretical results are shown.

A Generalization of Implicit Ore-condition for Hamiltonicity of k-connected Graphs

In 2005, Flandrin et al. proved that if G is a k-connected graph of order n and V(G) = X1 ∪X2 ∪ ⋯ UXfc such that d(x) + d(y) ≥ n for each pair of nonadjacent vertices x, y ∈ Xi and each i with i = 1, 2, ⋯, k, then G is hamiltonian. In order to get more sufficient conditions for hamiltonicity of graphs, Zhu, Li and Deng proposed the definitions of two kinds of implicit degree of a vertex v, denoted by id1(v) and id2(v), respectively. In this paper, we are going to prove that if G is a k-connected graph of order n and V(G) = X1 ∪ X2 ∪ ⋯ ∪ Xk such that id2(x) + id2(y) ≥ n for each pair of nonadjacent vertices x, y ∈ Xi and each i with i = 1, 2, ⋯, k, then G is hamiltonian.

Reverse engineering of CAD models via clustering and approximate implicitization

In applications like computer aided design, geometric models are often represented numerically as polynomial splines or NURBS, even when they originate from primitive geometry. For purposes such as redesign and isogeometric analysis, it is of interest to extract information about the underlying geometry through reverse engineering. In this work we develop a novel method to determine these primitive shapes by combining clustering analysis with approximate implicitization. The proposed method is automatic and can recover algebraic hypersurfaces of any degree in any dimension. In exact arithmetic, the algorithm returns exact results. All the required parameters, such as the implicit degree of the patches and the number of clusters of the model, are inferred using numerical approaches in order to obtain an algorithm that requires as little manual input as possible. The effectiveness, efficiency and robustness of the method are shown both in a theoretical analysis and in numerical examples implemented in Python.

Intervention study on the stigma of mental illness in college students

Objective To investigate the automatic implicit attitude and explicit stigma of mental illness, and the intervention effectiveness on the stigma of mental illness in college students. Methods Single category implicit association test(SC-IAT) and questionnaire survey were used to study the degree of implicit and explicit mental illness stigma among 30 college students of Peking University, and investigated the effect of two strategies, education and contact.Data were analyzed by SPSS 22.0 with t-test and variance analysis. Results The D values of SC-IAT in the three dimensions of cognitive evaluation, emotional response and behavioral tendency of college students were 0.29±0.37, 0.24±0.43, and 0.10±0.43.There was a statistically significant difference between the cognitive evaluation dimension, the emotional response dimension and 0(t=4.069, P 0.05). The correct rates of questions Which of the following situations do you think are considered mentally unhealthy? and Which of the following disorders are mental illnesses (42±13)%, (54±13)%) increased after receiving educational intervention ((49±12)%, (64±13)%), the difference was statistically significant (F=3.682, P<0.05; F=3.576, P<0.05). Conclusion College students have implicit mental illness stigma, educational and contact intervention strategies can help improve college students' understanding of relevant knowledge, and cannot improve the level of implicit stigma of college students on mental illness. Key words: Mental illness stigma; Implicit stigma; Single category implicit association test; Stigma intervention