Degree Of Illumination Research Articles

Landing site choice for Luna-27 mission in the Moon South Polar Region

In this study, we examine the Russian automatic lunar missions “Luna-25,” “Luna-26,” and the scientific objectives and landing site of the “Luna-27″ spacecraft. The landing of “Luna-27″ is planned directly in the South Polar region, which, due to ballistic and engineering requirements, is confined to a sector extending from 51°E to 1°W in longitude and from 83°S to 79°S in latitude. This area is characterized by complex terrain, and to identify suitable landing territories, a suitability map has been created that takes into account the distribution of slopes, the degree of illumination, and visibility of Earth. A total of five sites measuring 30 × 15 km (landing ellipse) within the considered region meet such scientific and technical requirements as slope distributions of less than 7–10°, sunlight illumination of more than 35 %, and Earth visibility of more than 50 %. All landing sites are ranked by priority from 1 to 5 depending on the content of water equivalent of hydrogen (WEH) in the lunar soil. Site №1, by its characteristics, is considered the best and may be chosen as the primary landing site, while sites №2 and №3 could serve as backups. It is demonstrated that with increased landing precision, with a deviation probability from the given point up to 0.5 km, the number of suitable landing sites satisfying primarily scientific rather than engineering-technical safety criteria, which are also inherently met, significantly increases.

Laryngeal photobiomodulation: application sites, interferences from body mass index and skin phototype.

Establish points on the neck, correspondent to the laryngeal topography, where to apply Low Level Light therapy (LLLT), to evaluate the incidence of light through variables such as skin phototype and body mass index (BMI). This is a cross-sectional, analytical, observational study, carried out with 15 vocally healthy women, between 18 and 50 years of age, who were divided into three groups, according to BMI and skin phototype. Six anatomical reference points were established to locate the larynx and its musculature, with visual monitoring by videonasolaryngoscopy, to assess light reach (present/absent) and degree of illumination (from very weak to very strong) in the larynx during the LASER application at doses of 3J, 6J and 9J. A flexible endoscope was used for visual monitoring during the LASER application, and subsequent image analysis. The light reached the larynx at doses of 3J, 6J and 9J, in the anterior commissure of the vocal folds, membranous (thyroarytenoid muscle) and cartilaginous portions of the vocal fold and the cricothyroid muscle. The degree of LASER light illumination decreased in overweight and obese participants and increased in moderate brown and dark brown skin phototypes. Data suggest that the LLLT penetrates differently according to skin phototype and BMI, being more evident in individuals with Fitzpatrick IV and V phototypes and less evident with higher BMI levels. The evidence that the LASER light reaches the larynx in specific anatomical points provides direction for the standardization of its use in voice practice.

Study of the Composition and Properties of Bivalve Mollusk Shells as Promising Bio-Indifferent Materials for Photocatalytic Applications (Example of Practical Use)

This paper studies the composition and properties of shells of bivalve mollusks (Crenomytilus grayanus, Callista brevisiphonata, and Mizuhopecten yessoensis) from coastal discharges with a view to the possibility of their use in photocatalytic water treatment systems. The clam shells are considered in terms of application in the form of a powder material as a precursor for creating photocatalysts, and also as a carrier of photocatalytic coatings. It was shown that the main phase composing the shell material was calcium carbonate in two crystallographic modifications—calcite and aragonite. The presence of inorganic impurities in all studied clam shells did not exceed one mass percent. The main share was made up of elements included in the composition of calcium carbonate, which confirmed the high bio-indifference of the materials under study. Depending on the physiological and environmental features of the structure of clam shells, different contents of the organic component in their composition were observed. The granulometric characteristics of crushed clam shells (average diameter, specific surface area, and distribution modality) were studied. It was shown that the maximum values of bending strength of 5 MPa and compressive strength of 2 MPa are characterized by Mizuhopecten yessoensis shells with the lowest porosity of 2.91%. The features of sorption and photosorption processes of both whole and crushed shells in relation to four organic dyes at different temperatures and degrees of illumination were studied. Based on crushed shells of Mizuhopecten Yessoensis and titanium dioxide, functional materials (CaxTiyOz) were obtained, and their morphology and photocatalytic properties were studied. An example of the practical use of clam shells as a carrier of a photocatalytic coating is given.

Mechanisms of Current Transition in High Compensated Silicon Samples with Zinc Nanoclusters

This article presents experimental results on the study of the current-voltage characteristics of strongly compensated n- and p-type silicon samples diffusion-doped with zinc at a temperature of 80 K. The current-voltage characteristics of the studied samples contain both sublinear and superlinear sections. Several (up to eight) characteristic areas were found, the number of which depends on the degree of illumination, temperature, and electrical resistivity of the sample. Under certain conditions, there is an alternation of sections of the current-voltage characteristic with negative differential conductivity of the N- and S-type, behind which current instabilities with an infra-low frequency are observed. The appearance of sections of the current-voltage characteristic with a quadratic dependence is explained by the presence of fast and slow recombination centers associated with zinc nanoclusters, and sublinear sections are explained in terms of the theory of the "injection depletion effect". The formation of nanoclusters with the participation of zinc ions was confirmed by atomic force microscopy studies.

Assessment of suitability of abandoned lands for oats cultivation based on the forecast of the yield according to long-term monitoring data (the case of a specific farm)

The paper presents the results of predicting the yield of oats in the conditions of abandoned lands of the former pilot production farm (PPF) of the All-Russian Research Institute of Reclaimed Lands, located in the center of the Tver region. There were used the data of long-term monitoring (1997-2020) of the yield of this crop in clean and cover crops (with under-sowing of grasses) on the agroecological transect of the Gubino agroecopolygon located within the PPF. With the help of statistical and mathematical modeling, regularities in the formation of oat yields within the transect were revealed. On the basis of these formulas, predicted oat yields were calculated for the entire territory of abandoned lands, and maps of its variability under the conditions of the protected area and measures for intensifying grain production were also created. It has been established that oats in pure crops react most strongly to the content of exchangeable potassium in soils, to water supply and humus content, while in cover crops the yield largely depends on mobile phosphorus in the soil and the degree of illumination and swampiness of the territory. More than 92 % of the PPF area is potentially capable of providing oat yield in clean crops from 2.7 to 3.1 centners/ha, and an increased oat yield (3.0-3.3 centners/ha) in cover crops can be obtained only on ≈ 44 % of the farm area. The main methods for increasing the yield of oats in pure crops are the application of potash and organic fertilizers, as well as the preservation of moisture in the soil, while expanding the area of cover crops involves the use of oat varieties that react poorly to excess phosphorus in the soil. Intensification of oat production in clean crops is possible on the area of 6026 ha, and in cover crops only 790 ha, since in the rest of the territory its productivity is limited by insufficient illumination and waterlogged soils.

Poetry as Philosophy in Song-Dynasty Chan Buddhist Discourse

Abstract This paper examines ways leading Song-dynasty Chan teachers, especially Cishou Huaishen 慈受懷深 (1077–1132), a prominent poet-monk (shiseng 詩僧) and temple abbot from the Yunmen lineage, transform the intricate rhetorical techniques of Chinese poetry in order to explicate the relationship between an experience of spiritual realization beyond language and logic and the ethical decision-making of everyday life that is inspired by transcendent principles. Huaishen’s poetry expresses didactic Buddhist doctrines showing how an awareness of nonduality and the surpassing of all conceptual boundaries and categories can and must be applied to negotiating moral choices in concrete everyday situations that are either conducive or detrimental to the attainment of enlightenment. My main argument is that Song Chan discourse does not lead to antinomianism or an indifference to the conflicts of the mundane world but, instead, features an ethical approach for determining an aspirant’s degree of illumination. This function is central to the school’s overall teaching mission of assisting those seeking to overcome their egocentric delusions by realizing the benefits of Chan insight.

Effect of external factors on the stability of sparkling wine quality during storage

The shelf life of sparkling wine is an indicator that can vary depending on the impact of a large number of external factors on the product. These factors include transportation conditions, storage temperature, humidity, exposure to light, and packaging quality. The current regulatory documentation regulates certain requirements for the storage conditions of sparkling wines, but they are often violated during transportation and storage, which leads to a significant deterioration in the quality of products. This review is devoted to the study of changes in the quality characteristics of wines during their storage and transportation. It is shown that the intensity of physicochemical changes occurring in wine during storage depends on temperature conditions, the presence of vibration and exposure to light. The issue of the influence of temperature storage conditions on the quality characteristics of wine products, including sparkling wines, has been studied in some detail. Most researchers are of the opinion that in order to maintain a stable quality of wine, it is necessary to store and transport it at a constant temperature not exceeding 20 °C. In scientific publications, there are different views on the problem of the influence of bottle color on the change in chemical composition and the preservation of the quality characteristics of both still and sparkling wines during storage. It has been found that bottles made of darker glass allow protecting wine to a greater extent from the effects of light, especially in its ultraviolet and visible short-wave (λ = 400 nm) range, and prevent the appearance of the so-called “taste of light” (gout de lumière) in the wine. It is shown that the causes of the appearance of the “taste of light” in champagne are sulfur-containing compounds formed as a result of photochemical reactions. It has been found that the intensity of these reactions depends on the degree of illumination, as well as the presence of riboflavin and iron (III) ions in the wine. It is concluded that controlling the amount of light to which wines are exposed can prevent deterioration of their quality during storage and extend the shelf life. The possibility of preventing photodegradation of wine through the use of various antioxidants is also considered. Based on the information available in scientific publications, the study of the development of negative changes in wine under the influence of light is an important aspect from the point of view of risk assessment during product storage.

Abnormality Retrieval Method of Laboratory Surveillance Video Based on Deep Automatic Encoder

Aiming at the problem that abnormal behavior is difficult to distinguish from normal behavior, a retrieval method for abnormal behavior of laboratory security surveillance video based on deep automatic encoder is proposed. Firstly, the fuzzy median filtering algorithm is used to reduce the noise of the collected laboratory security surveillance video, and then the YUV spatial chromaticity difference method is used to divide the foreground and background of the video, and the illumination degree in the video is determined. The diagonal model and codebook clustering idea are used to compensate for global and local lighting mutations. Finally, the preprocessed video is input into the mixture model, which is based on the deep automatic encoder and combined with the Gaussian mixture model, and the abnormal behavior retrieval results are output. The experimental results show that the proposed method has good security surveillance video preprocessing effect, large AUC, small error rate of abnormal behavior retrieval, and high operation efficiency.

The polyvariety of <i>Acer negundo</i> L. individuals development in different conditions of the urbanized environment

The paper studies the morphological and rhythmological polyvariety of the female and male A. negundo individuals development in conditionally clean and conditionally dirty habitats. The morphological polyvariety of leaves has been analyzed according to three characteristics: shape, edge and venation. Of the 5 identified leaf forms, elliptical leaves are found with a high frequency. Two forms of the edge of the leaf blade have been revealed one-piece and toothed: female trees have an increase in the occurrence of leaves with a jagged edge; in males growing in a conditionally clean habitat, the leaves were mostly whole-edged, and in a conditionally dirty one toothed. Regardless of the habitat, three types of venation are noted: regular, opposite and mixed. The most common type of venation is mixed. The revealed diversity of leaves in A. negundo, growing in conditionally clean and conditionally dirty habitats according to the three characteristics studied, indicates the manifestation of morphological polyvariety. It is established that the flowering of A. negundo depends not only on weather conditions and the degree of illumination, but also on the location of inflorescences in different tiers of the crown. Even within the same tier, the order of flowering of inflorescences is not the same. The rhythmological polyvariety of the phenophases of A. negundo flowering manifests itself in the asynchrony of flowering, this is due to the peculiarities of individuals of the generative period and is of great biological importance for this species. Apparently, atmospheric air pollution can accelerate phenophases, so male A. negundo individuals in a conditionally dirty habitat bloomed earlier than in a conditionally clean habitat.

A rotating ring disc electrode study of photo(electro)catalyst for nitrogen fixation.

There are numerous reports of photo(electro)catalysts demonstrating activity for nitrogen reduction to ammonia and a few reports of photo(electro)catalysts demonstrating activity for nitrogen oxidation to nitric acid. However, progress in advancing solar-to-fertilizer applications is slow, due in part to the pace of catalyst screening. Most evaluations of photo(electro)catalysts activity occur using batch reactors. This is because common product analyses require accumulation of ammonia or nitric acid in the reactor to overcome instrument detection limits. The primary aim here is to examine the use of an electroanalytical method, rotating ring disk electrode voltammetry (RRDE), to detect ammonia produced by a nitrogen fixing photo(electro)catalyst. To examine the potential for RRDE, we investigated a photo(electro)catalyst known to reduce nitrogen to ammonia (titania), while varying the applied electrochemical potential and degree of illumination on the disk. We show that the observed ammonia oxidation at the ring electrode corresponds strongly with ammonia measurements obtained from the bulk electrolyte. Indicating that RRDE may be effective for catalyst screening. The chief limitation of this approach is the need for an alkaline electrolyte. In addition, this approach does not rule out the presence of adventitious ammonia.

Specific shoot formation in Miscanthus saccharif lorus (Poaceae) under different environmental factors and DNA passportization using ISSR markers.

The generic complex Miscanthus Anderss. (Poaceae) is a unique example among herbaceous plants characterized by high values of growth of aboveground vegetative mass and practical use as a valuable source of alternative energy. Miscanthus is one of the most eff icient solar energy accumulators, and since phytomeliorative use implies the cultivation of these resource plants in inconvenient and semi-shady areas, the question about the effect of insuff icient lighting on the productivity of Miscanthus arises. As a result of a long-lasing introduction effort, the Central Siberian Botanical Garden SB RAS created a population of Miscanthus saccharif lorus (Maxim.) Benth., which has good prospects for growing under the conditions of the forest-steppe area in Western Siberia. The goals of our study were: (1) to determine the peculiarities of shoot formation, (2) to assess the cellulose and lignin accumulation in M. saccharif lorus populations under different lighting conditions and (3) to perform a DNA passportization of the Miscanthus population by ISSR marking. Evaluation of shoot formation and the amount of accumulated cellulose and lignin in plants was carried out under different degrees of illumination: one variant was grown in a sunny area, and the other, in partial shade. As a result of analysis of variance, it was found that the number of shoots does not depend on environmental conditions, but on the age of the plant, while environmental conditions have a signif icant effect on plant height. Although the samples of both M. saccharif lorus variants were characterized by different rates of creation of a continuous projective cover, plants in semi-shaded areas formed up to 89.34 % of shoots compared to their peers in illuminated areas, which did not affect signif icantly the size of the aboveground mass and the cellulose content in it. As a result of ISSR-analysis of genomic DNA in the M. saccharif lorus population, unique molecular polymorphic fragments were identif ied, which can be used for identif ication and DNA passportization at the inter-population level. Thus, the complex use of M. saccharif lorus as a valuable meliorative and bioenergetic culture is due to the high adaptive potential of this species. It was found that the illumination factor has virtually no effect on the amount of the cellulose content in the shoot, and a reduced content of the technologically undesirable lignin was observed in plants growing in the partial shade conditions.

Influence of light indicators on the development of Clarias gariepinus during early ontogenesis

High-quality and fast fish farming is very relevant and in demand nowadays. The african clary catfish is one of the representatives of aquatic organisms, which makes it possible to study complete embryogenesis in a short time in order to understand what favorable environmental conditions are necessary to obtain a larger volume of marketable fish. The aim of our study is to study the early stage of ontogenesis of Clarias gariepinus under the influence of changes in the degree of illumination of the environment. The material for the study was eggs obtained from females at the age of 2 years. The incubation was carried out on special mesh trays located on the surface of the pools. A total of 91000 eggs were laid for incubation. The eggs were fertilized by artificial insemination. The fertilized eggs were kept at an optimum temperature of 28,5°C. The first group was incubated in the dark, and the second under fluorescent lamps. Every 5-15 minutes, eggs were placed in a Petri dish and the material was counted and photographed using a digital camera.The results of our research showed that 20 minutes after fertilization, the onset of blastodisc formation was recorded in both groups. After 35 minutes, cell cleavage begins. The duration of this period is considered from the moment of cleavage until the complete overgrowth of the embryonic disc with cells. After 80 minutes, further division of the embryonic cell occurs with the formation of a spherical structure - morula, as well as the overgrowth of the yolk with the embryonic layer. Later 15 hours, after fertilization, we found that the development of the embryo occurs evenly, with positive dynamics, regardless of illumination.An analysis of the results obtained allows us to conclude that changes in light parameters do not have a negative effect on the rate of development of the Clarias gariepinus eggs.

Moral Virtue as a Requisite for Illumination in the Platonic Tradition

This paper traces the development of the idea that we must cultivate moral virtue in order to attain some degree of illumination regarding the nature of reality. I use the term “illumination” to cover a range of meanings intended by the philosophers I discuss, such as the “acquisition of wisdom” (Phaedo, 65a), the “sight” of divine beauty (Symposium, 210d–212b), or a mystical experience involving God or divine reality. Although this theme appears in many texts from the Platonic tradition, I focus on three major stages of its development. First, I show how Plato provides the basic framework of the idea that moral virtue is necessary for illumination, especially in his Phaedo and Symposium. Then, I explain how Plotinus synthesizes and substantially develops Plato’s discussions of this idea. Finally, I discuss the Cappadocian Fathers’ (Basil of Caesarea, Gregory of Nyssa, and Gregory Nazianzen) Christianization of this Platonic theme. In other words, Plotinus develops the basic framework of this argument first set forth by Plato, and the Cappadocians then adapt and modify Plotinus’ views to fit their Christian commitments.

Dynamic FPAA-based Mixed-Signal Processing Circuit for Thin-Film CdTe/Lead-Free Perovskite Photodetectors

New photodetector structure combining thinned CdTe film with lead-free perovskite photoelectric film was produced and investigated. This setting of the CdTe thickness results in photodetector parameters’ competitiveness to the state-of-the-art in the field of advanced photoelectric materials. The device shows a promising sensitivity of ~40 μA/W, maximum responsivity of 10.6 mA/W at 460 nm, equal rise and fall times of 30 ms, and high linearity (maximum linearization error is less than 0.6 %). However, the optoelectronic performance of CdTe/lead-free perovskite structures integrated with signal processing circuit remains unexplored. For this purpose, Field Programmable Analogue Array (FPAA)-based mixed-signal processing circuit is developed for pulse width modulated electrical signal with duty cycle controlled by the illumination degree of the detecting photoelement. This novel approach guarantees a smooth change of the electrical output at a smooth change of the input illumination between the light and dark switching states and can be practically applied as a precise position detector of moving objects. The paper represents a synergistic connection between microelectronics, electronics, and signal technology.

An Unique Application of Pnccd X-Ray Detector in Material Characterization

In the current work, the principle focus is to analyze the measurements of X-rays by the application of Fast Readout Charge-Coupled Device (pnCCD), which is a special form of CCD developed for the purpose of spectroscopy & imaging of X-radiation with high time resolution. As a part of this work, two phases are taken into consideration. In the first phase, highly accelerated electrons induced by high voltage are collided with a metal target (anode material-Mo in this case) in X-ray tube and emitted X-rays from the tube are measured by pnCCD. In this phase, the X-ray spectrum depends on the anode material and accelerating voltage. During the phase 1 experiment, various elements are noticed in the X-ray spectra, which are originated from the experimental apparatus (X-ray tube only) and its surrounding materials. Through proper energy calibration technique, elemental composition of the materials have been determined. In the second phase, fluorescence X-radiation (secondary radiation), emitted by the secondary target source (MnO2) is measured by pnCCD where, Mn is excited by being bombarded with high energy X-rays from X-ray tube. It is to be noted that MnO2 source is guarded by pure Al sheet foil that protects X-rays from other materials. That is why background radiation is decreased and as a result, clean Mn spectrum is observed. To avoid distortion of the intensity determination, the detector’s degree of illumination is maintained less than 2% in both phases by using Al filters with required thickness. In terms of intensity, it can be concluded that the intensity of K X-rays released from MnO2 source is approximately 0.06% in compare to the total intensity of direct emission spectra from experimental apparatus (X-ray tube) for 25 keV.

The Bakken Blind Field: Investigating Planetary Urbanization and Opaqueness in the Oil and Gas Fields of Eastern Montana

This work advances the critical urban studies literature on “planetary urbanization” by emphasizing the everyday struggles experienced by the people who live in and through planetary transformations. Specifically, we empirically investigated people in eastern Montana who experienced the intensive and extensive oil and gas production of the Bakken Boom via interview and survey data. In the process, we interrogated Lefebvre’s notion of the “blind field” and conclude that what we call the Bakken blind field represents a deeply engrained “habit of the mind” that functions for the energy industry as a means of neutralizing the transformative potential that always lurks in response to persistent socioenvironmentally exploitative practices. We suggest that the degree of illumination that results from personal hardships can determine the degree to which local exploitation is rejected (or accepted) as a necessary result of living with oil and gas.

Environmental priority and the impact of determining the intensity of lighting in interior design

The intensity of the illumination is different in all countries due to geographical nature, proximity or distance from the equator and time zone, which will require from the designers to have more study about illumination in interior spaces. High different illumination will effect human eye and retina with severe damage, which might lead to vision loss after expose to large period of lighting might lead to injury of many different diseases. Therefore, designers should consider the lighting gradient (high/low-light in spaces) by studying how to use lighting designs to overcome this gradient. The Problem : The shortage in interior designer’s study that appeared in the designs like high contrast illumination and its relationship with regional priority that impact on humans. Objectives : Reaching to specific criteria for regional priority. Arrange design study to provide a graduation between high/low-light spaces. Methodology : analytical descriptive approach. Results: The designer should provide a design study to identify the proper distribution of illumination intensity in different spaces. according to the activity of each space and users to achieve a comfortable sense for the eyes without any stress due to varying variations in the values of light surfaces, where the eye require a period of time to absorb and respond to the vision. When using a natural light in spaces the designer should study the long-term expose to UV radiation from the sun, as it might damage cornea and cause cataracts (white water). Therefore, must be installed suitable glass panel to control the natural illumination intensity or installed suitable curtains with transparency in the spaces. The lighting ratio between the activity space and around space should (not less than 10%). Even does not happen any temporary vision for a time up to a few seconds until the eye meets the new illumination conditions. The lighting systems contain different degrees of illumination that help the designer to control the illumination effect and provide proper distribution of illumination intensity in different spaces. Also, will help to save energy according to the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) system. In hot countries, the outside illumination intensity is high, when people moving from outside to inside spaces, the high different illumination intensity between spaces will affect the eye and retina with severe damage which might lead to vision loss after expose to large period of illumination. Also, might lead to injury of many different diseases. This case occurs as usual in the hotter countries.

Analysis of the State of Woody Plants in the City of Nukus (Streets of Ernazar Alakoz)

This article observed seven species of Fraxinus excelsior L., Fraxinus pensylvanica March., Salix alba L., Populus alba L., Juniperus communis L., Catalpa bignonioides Walt., Ulmus densa Litv for seasonal growth. The Republic of Karakalpakstan is located in the North-West of Uzbekistan, covers 166,600 km2 (28%), and is the largest in terms of territory by region. The study of woody plants in the flora of Karakalpakstan is an important aspect of the convention on biological diversity. The species composition of the natural flora of Karakalpakstan is quite poor in ornamental plants, especially evergreens, suitable for gardening. At the same time, the biodiversity of these plants in Nukus and the factors contributing to them were analyzed. Relevance of the study: Creating an environmentally friendly environment in cities is possible by optimizing intra-urban tree plantations that perform forming, improving and regulating functions in the environment. The effectiveness of green spaces mainly depends on the range of trees and shrubs and their correct use in accordance with biological characteristics, environmental requirements and decorative qualities. The degree of impact of plantings on the environment also depends on the type, age and physiological characteristics of plants [1]. Woody plants, unlike hardwoods, enrich and purify the air throughout the year and can be used for single and group planting when creating hedges and borders, as well as green gardens. All year round, they enrich the air with oxygen, absorb street noises, and lower the air temperature. However, the conservation of flora is necessary not only for individual components, but also for the entire population diversity. Salinized land, unfavorable climate and other environmental factors are among the obstacles or restrictions to the introduction of new species of trees and shrubs, especially evergreen ones, in arid areas [2] [3]. The urban environment differs from the natural environment in terms of the degree of illumination, the amount of solar radiation, air temperature and humidity, soil properties, etc. In this regard, green plants only with proper planning, selection of assortment, sufficient quantity and good care ensure the improvement of the ecological state of the city. For scientifically based gardening, it is necessary to have objective ideas not only about the quantity and quality of existing plantings, but also to know the ecological and physiological state of each species, which allows us to assess the role of plants in improving the quality of the environment [4]. The sharply continental climate, aridity of the territory, increased wind activity and salinity of the soil contribute to the aggravation of environmental problems in the cities of the southern Aral sea region. The deteriorating environmental situation in Nukus requires the development of a specific gardening strategy aimed at creating sustainable urban plantings of various types. In this regard, we conduct research on the biological characteristics of ornamental woody plants in urban conditions. The range of tree and shrub species used in the landscaping of the city of Nukus remains quite poor today [5]. The predominant tree species are P. alba L., P. nigra L., P. diversifolia L., F. excelsior L., F. pensylvanica Marsh., Fraxinus potamaphylla Herd, S. excels S. Gmel, S. babylonica L., S. alba L., Juniperus communis L. In the landscaping of Nukus, introduced plants are also used, which have adapted to local conditions, although they are damaged by frosts. These include C. bignonioides Walt, Ulmus pumila L., F. pensylvanica Marsh.

Особливості росту і розвитку рослин роду Corylus L. залежно від впливу оптичного випромінювання в умовах Правобережного Лісостепу України

Наведено результати досліджень особливостей росту і розвитку рослин фундука в умовах насаджень. Продуктивність рослин фундука насамперед пов'язана з фотосинтетичною активністю листків. Тому формування конструкцій насаджень істотно впливає на рівень плодоношення фундука. Створення різних конструкцій в поєднанні з урахуванням сортових особливостей фундука сприяє оптимальному розміщенню рослин у насадженнях і забезпечує їхню високу врожайність. Освітлення погіршується з ростом і розвитком рослин фундука і починає впливати на рівень плодоношення на 5-6 рік після закладення насаджень. У всіх досліджуваних сортів фундука незалежно від сили росту за форми крони "Кущ", нижня частина перебуває в умовах недостатнього освітлення – 19-30 %, яке не перевищує мінімального порогу – 30 % від відкритої поверхні. У середній частині крони рівень освітлення також був досить низький – 55-65 %. Найбільш освітленою виявилася верхня частина крони, світловий режим якої становив – 80-94 % від повної освітленості на відкритій поверхні. Погіршення рівня освітленості в контрольному варіанті "Кущ" відбулося через постійний ріст пагонів та їх загущення. Окрім цього, відбулося змикання рослин фундука в лінії ряду, що значно утруднювало проникнення сонячного світла в середину крони. У насадженнях із конструкціями насаджень "Вогнище", "Дерево" та "Татура" складався більш сприятливий, порівняно з контролем, світловий режим, що є наслідком оптимального розміщення стовбурових пагонів та гілок у кроні рослини фундука. У варіантах досліду "Вогнище", "Дерево" та "Татура" перевищення мінімального порогу освітлення у низькорослих сортів спостережено на висоті 0,5 м від поверхні ґрунту, що позитивно впливало на плодоношення рослин фундука під час застосування цих конструкцій насаджень. Тобто ступінь освітлення більше залежить від формування конструкцій насаджень, ніж від сортових особливостей рослин фундука, і отримані показники свідчать про значну перевагу освітленості конструкцій "Вогнище", "Дерево" та "Татура", порівняно з контролем. Найбільш розріджену схему садіння рекомендовано застосовувати для високорослих сортів фундука під час використання конструкцій насаджень "Кущ" і "Вогнище" – 6×6 м. Найщільнішу схему садіння доцільно використовувати для низькорослих сортів фундука за формування конструкції насадження "Дерево" і "Татура" – 3×5 м.

Investigation into effects of non-uniform irradiance and photovoltaic temperature on performances of photovoltaic/thermal systems coupled with truncated compound parabolic concentrators

This work concerns a type of efficient and promising solar energy utilization systems namely concentrating photovoltaic/thermal (CPV/T) systems. In CPV/T systems, uneven irradiance and PV temperature introduced by concentrators cause a rise in ohmic loss, decrease in PV fill factor and electrical efficiency, and local hot spot. Thus, the objective of this work is to develop a two-dimensional optical-thermal-electrical coupled model to predict PV temperature distribution and investigate effects of non-uniform irradiance and temperature on performance of linear concentrating CPV/T systems. Firstly, rays tracing of two kinds of truncated compound parabolic concentrators (CPCs) with different concentration ratios was simulated by TracePro to obtain their irradiance profiles. These two kinds of CPCs were designed and defined as HEMR and LEMR respectively in our previous work. Then, rays tracing results namely non-uniform irradiance distributions functioned as the inputs of a two-dimensional electrical-thermal coupled model developed by FORTRAN to obtain temperature distribution of PV array and performances of CPV/T systems. Meanwhile, a CPV/T prototype was set up to validate the theoretical results. The degrees of illumination and PV temperature non-uniformity were weighed based on the concept of standard deviation. Ultimately, the effects of non-uniform irradiance and temperature on performances of the CPV/T system were investigated with different concentration ratios. Results revealed that with a rise in concentration ratio, irradiance and PV temperature non-uniformity in the case of LEMR concentration experience a rapider increase than those in the case of HEMR concentration. Correspondingly, with increasing concentration ratios, both the fill factor and the electrical efficiency in the case of LEMR concentration experience a rapider decrease than those in the case of HEMR concentration. When the concentration ratio was 8, compared to HEMR concentration case, non-uniformity of irradiance and PV temperature in the case of LEMR concentration is increased by 63.1% and 65.7% respectively; the fill factor and the electrical efficiency in the case of LEMR concentration are decreased by 2.6% and 2.1% respectively.