Degree Of Feeding Research Articles

TITLE OF THE ARTICLE: "MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TISSUE TRANSFORMATIONS OF ALLOPLASTICS AND COMBINED HERNIOPLASTICS IN THE EXPERIMENT"

Introduction : There is a clear tendency to increase the number of patients with hernias and their surgical treatment, so there is an increasing numbers of postoperative complications : seroma, suppuration of postoperative wounds, mesh migration, pain, etc. The aim of the study : to create a new combined method of hernioplasty of complicated ventral hernias in the experiment and to investigate the morphological features of the tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. Materials and methods: Laboratory rats, namely 30 adult female rats of the breed Wistar, one age and weighing 200 250 g were kept in compliance with bioethical standards, in daylight for 12 hours, with a temperature of 210 С, the same degree of feeding "Coccidiostatic Premix", was divided into 3 groups of 10 individuals. On animals of group №1 (control) hernioplasty was performed with their own tissues, laboratory rats of group №2 were used for allogernioplasty with polypropylene mesh. Animals of group №3 were operated by a combined method, suturing of a hernia defect by fixing a polypropylene mesh 3x3 cm with single-knot sutures and then using a skin flap processed for 3-5 s in 960 С isotonic sodium chloride solution, deepithelizated and removed of subcutinious fats, and than implanted the epithelial side to the mesh and on top of it. Results: As a result of morphological analysis, there was a discrepancy in the lag of scar formation in the 2nd and 3rd groups compared to the 1st. At the same time, no significant morphological differences between the 2nd and 3rd groups were found. Conclusions: our proposed method of combining autodermoplasty and algernioplasty is a safe and effective method of hernioplasty.

Transport of ixodid ticks and tick-borne pathogens by migratory birds

Birds, particularly passerines, can be parasitized by Ixodid ticks, which may be infected with tick-borne pathogens, like Borrelia spp., Babesia spp., Anaplasma, Rickettsia/Coxiella, and tick-borne encephalitis virus. The prevalence of ticks on birds varies over years, season, locality and different bird species. The prevalence of ticks on different species depends mainly on the degree of feeding on the ground. In Europe, the Turdus spp., especially the blackbird, Turdus merula, appears to be most important for harboring ticks. Birds can easily cross barriers, like fences, mountains, glaciers, desserts and oceans, which would stop mammals, and they can move much faster than the wingless hosts. Birds can potentially transport tick-borne pathogens by transporting infected ticks, by being infected with tick-borne pathogens and transmit the pathogens to the ticks, and possibly act as hosts for transfer of pathogens between ticks through co-feeding. Knowledge of the bird migration routes and of the spatial distribution of tick species and tick-borne pathogens is crucial for understanding the possible impact of birds as spreaders of ticks and tick-borne pathogens. Successful colonization of new tick species or introduction of new tick-borne pathogens will depend on suitable climate, vegetation and hosts. Although it has never been demonstrated that a new tick species, or a new tick pathogen, actually has been established in a new locality after being seeded there by birds, evidence strongly suggests that this could occur.

Evaluation of Dietary Toxicity of some Essential Oil Allelochemicals for The Management of Chilo Partellus (Swinhoe)

Eight essential oil compounds were used for study of larvicidal and growth inhibitory effects against the maize stem borer, Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). It is the most prevalent key pests, and is one of the limiting factors in the successful cultivation of the maize crop in India. Two dietary bioassays; on-diet and in-diet, were used. The bioassays showed different tenden- cies and LC 50 values were on the lower side in on-diet tests compared to in-diet assays. Thymol was the most active in both laboratory and greenhouse experiments. In greenhouse conditions, thymol was significantly active at a 10 x LC 50 level of treatment. Overall mor- tality due to thymol was 41.66% in 4 days and larvae failed to bore into the plant and could not feed until 48 h post-treatment. After 72 h there was some degree of feeding and boring in the plants by insects, but still < 45% of that in the controls. The present study suggests that larvicidal and growth inhibitory activity by the essential oil compounds could be beneficial as a possible control of the maize borer. This is especially true about thymol which has potential in field situations. It is effective if a proper delivery system and the appropriate time of sprays is established. A 4 day-interval spray of thymol against C. partellus can control the pest significantly and can be used in any integrated pest management system. On the basis of compound structure, no specific trend was observed.

The Respiratory Quotient has Little Value in Evaluating the State of Feeding in Burn Patients

The respiratory quotient (RQ) is frequently used to predict over or under feeding in burn patients. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the usefulness of RQ obtained from indirect calorimetry to assess feeding adequacy in pediatric burn Intensive Care Unit patients. We evaluated pediatric patients who received enteral nutrition by continuous duodenal tube feeding at a calculated goal rate in the burn intensive care unit from January 2003 to March 2006. RQ lower than 0.85 indicated underfeeding and RQ greater than 1.0 indicated overfeeding. Actual energy intake was recorded and compared with the energy intake divided by measured resting energy expenditure. Underfeeding was defined as a nutritional regimen providing <90% of caloric requirement; appropriate feeding was provision of within +/-10% of caloric requirements and overfeeding was provision of >110% of caloric requirements. On the basis of regression analysis, there was no relationship between energy intake divided by measured resting energy expenditure and RQ (R2 = 0.0059). There was also no relationship between measured RQ and the degree of feeding (N = 222). RQ <0.85 as an indicator of underfeeding had a low sensitivity of 40% and specificity of 77%. RQ >1.0 as an indicator of overfeeding had a poor sensitivity of 23% and a specificity of 85%. The RQ, used in isolation, is a poor method to assess over or underfeeding. Future prospective studies are needed to determine the optimal methodology for the assessment of nutritional needs in children with burn injury.

Relative Activity of a Tobacco Hybrid Expressing High Levels of a Tobacco Anionic Peroxidase and Maize Ribosome-Inactivating Protein against Helicoverpa zea and Lasioderma serricorne

Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants grown from seed obtained by crossing a tobacco line that expressed an activated maize ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) with a line that overexpressed tobacco anionic peroxidase were tested for their effects on corn earworm Helicoverpa zea and cigarette beetle Lasioderma serricorne larvae as compared to the wild-type plant cross. Significant feeding reductions were noted for transgenic plants expressing both resistance proteins as compared to wild-type plants for both H. zea and L. serricorne. Significant increases in mortality were also noted for those insects fed on the transgenic cross as compared to wild-type plants in some cases. Levels of both peroxidase and maize RIP were significantly higher in transgenic as compared to wild-type plants (which did not produce maize RIP). The degree of feeding was significantly negatively correlated with the level of RIP or peroxidase individually.

Patterns of abundance and maturity among three species of parasitic nematodes (&lt;i&gt;Pseudoterranova decipiens&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Contracaecum osculatum&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Anisakis simplex&lt;/i&gt;) co-existing in Sable Island grey seals (&lt;i&gt;Halichoerus grypus&lt;/i&gt;)

The abundance and maturity of three species of anisakine nematode (Pseudoterranova decipiens, Contracaecum osculatum, Anisakis simplex) that co-occurred in the stomachs of Sable Island grey seals were examined in relation to seal growth and seasonal considerations. Sealworm (P. decipiens), the predominant nematode in these seals, typically reached numbers of 400 to 2000 worms per stomach. C. osculatum and A. simplex were usually found in much smaller numbers of 40 to 100 and 20 to 60 worms, respectively, per stomach. All three species initially increased in abundance as the seals grew, but after most of a seals’ growth had been attained P. decipiens abundance continued to increase with age, A. simplex numbers either continued to increase or were simply maintained, while C. osculatum abundance declined. Numbers of both P. decipiens and A. simplex declined during winter breeding/pupping and summer moulting fasts or partial fasts, and rose during the regular feeding periods between the fasts. Conversely, numbers of C. osculatum rose during the breeding period, and also during the moulting period in younger seals. We believe this could be attributed to some degree of feeding on prey species in the immediate vicinity of Sable Island that were not preferred during focused feeding periods, and that the inclination to feed during fasting periods decreased as seals grew. An inverse relationship between worm abundance and worm maturity, attributable to the seasonal changes in rates of ingestion of immature worms, was more pronounced for C. osculatum than P. decipiens. C. osculatum was usually represented by much higher proportions of mature worms than P. decipiens. This could be entirely related to the longer periods of time dedicated to feeding than spent breeding or moulting, but higher mortality rates of immature C. osculatum or greater longevity of mature C. osculatum could also have occurred. A. simplex, generally associated with cetacean species as final hosts, rarely matured in grey seals. We have doubts that the grey seal could be considered a final host for A. simplex.

Variation in Adult Populations of the Potato Leafhopper (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) and Feeding Injury Among Clones of Red Maple

Leaf flush phenology of red maple, Acer rubrum L., changes in the number of potato leafhopper adults, Empoasca fabae (Harris), and feeding injury were recorded for 2 yr for 5 different maple clones. Migratory adults started arriving between late April and early May. More insects were collected from clone 56026 than from the other 4 clones during this time. Populations peaked during 31 May-14 June. During that peak, more insects were collected from clones 60068, 56026, and 59904 than from clones 55410 and 57775. Leafhopper numbers declined thereafter. Leaf flushing (i.e., leaf growth initiation, expansion, and development) differed among clones during April. Clone 55410 was the 1st clone to show signs of leaf flushing. The order of leaf flushing from early to late was 55410 with more leaves than 57775, both followed by 59904, which in turn had more leaves than 60068 or 56026. Leaf flushing of clone 56026 occurred late in the spring. Clone 56026 suffered the most feeding injury during the growing seasons and clone 57775 showed the least feeding injury. During spring, the cumulative number of leafhoppers collected on traps was negatively correlated with the amount of leaf flushing and positively correlated with the amount of foliage injury. That is, trees with more unexpanded and young leaves had more leafhoppers and, thus, showed more feeding injury. Late in the season, the amount of feeding injury was positively correlated with the cumulative number of insects caught on traps. Early in the season, amount of feeding injury was, in part, influenced by the degree of leaf flushing. However, other tree factors appear to influence degree of feeding later in the season.

Motility Responses to Fasting in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Three Avian Species

To better understand responses of the avian gastrointestinal tract to fasting, fifteen domestic fowls (Gallus), two Ring-necked Pheasants (Phasianus), and two Barred Owls (Strix) were implanted with chronic Ag-AgCl electrodes and extended myoelectric recordings were made during different degrees of feeding or fasting. The motility responses are described, especially single, strong, spike potential bursts (SPBs) that rapidly propagated in an orad direction. The best explanation for our observations seems to be that when the food in the lumen of the upper digestive tract of a chicken begins to be exhausted, fed-state activity in the gizzard and duodenum is restimulated for a short period by single orad SPBs that propagate rapidly from the distal ileum. This stimulation presumably results from nutritive material being moved into the duodenum and gizzard. When one SPB becomes insufficient to stimulate upper-tract activity, orad SPBs begin to occur more frequently. Eventually the stronger rhythmic oscillating complex (ROC) occurs when SPBs no longer elicit fed-state activity. The ROC's extended activity presumably moves nutritive material more effectively than single SPBs. After a ROC, fed-state activity in the stomach and duodenum continues for a longer period (30-60 min in birds fasted for 24 hr). Both SPBs and ROCs continue to occur as long as a bird fasts (≥80 hr). Single strong orad SPBs and prolonged ROCs appear to be successive mechanisms whereby, in times of food deprivation, the gut maximizes its nutritive resources by recycling whatever food still remains within the digestive system. This system exists in the two galliforms studied, but apparently not in Barred Owls.

Toxicity of Chlorpyrifos to Normal and Defaunated Formosan Subterranean Termites123

The toxicity of chlorpyrifos to normal and defaunated Coptotermes formasanus Shiraki was determined. The LD50 values (based on the 5th day mortality) ranged 2.22–3.18 µg/g termite over a period of 2 yr. Defaunated termites, relative to norma1 ones, appeared to be more susceptible to chlorpyrifos. Symptoms of poisoning were typically cholinomimetic. The feeding activity of the termites was affected by chlorpyryfos with the degree of feeding being inversely related to the dosage of the insecticide applied. Mortality attributable to the acute action of chlorpyrifos was apparently over by 5 days posttreatment. Subsequent high mortality of the treated normal termites could be due to depletion of the protozoon content in the hindgut which caused host starvation.

Determination of Host Specificity of the Alligatorweed Flea Beetle, Agasicles n. sp., with Radioisotopes1

Host specificity was determined with 3 experimental designs. each replicated. Three plant species, Alternanthera phylloxerroides (Mart.) Griseb., Atriplex patula L. var. hastate (L.) A. Gray, and Polygonum punctatum Ell., that were known to invoke different degrees of feeding in alligatorweed flea beetles, Agasicles n. sp., were supplied labeled phosphorus (via the roots) as P32O4H2K, nearly carrier free (~20 µ/Ci in 65 ml,~10-7M), during a 74.5-hr period prior to feeding. Plants thus prepared were offered to the beetles. In the 3 tests the results confirmed the host specificity of the beetle to alligatorweed, and a ratio of feeding to nibbling was determined from the radio assays.

The Food of the Pike, Esox lucius, in Heming Lake, Manitoba

The stomach contents of 29,477 northern pike (Esox lucius) captured mainly in gill nets at Heming Lake, Manitoba, between 1950 and 1962 were examined. The food consisted almost exclusively of fish: trout-perch (Percopsis omiscomaycus) and yellow perch (Perca flavescens). Other fish included common suckers (Catostomus commersoni), spottail shiners (Notropis hudsonius), sticklebacks (Eucalia inconstans and Pungitius pungitius), pike, burbot (Lota lota), whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis), tullibee (Leucichthys sp.), yellow walleye (Stizostedion vitreum), cottid (Cottus cognatus), and darters (Etheostoma nigrum). Among invertebrates were crayfish, mayflies, dragonflies, caddisflies, and leeches. Ducks, small mammals, and frogs formed an insignificant part of the diet. Seasonal variation in food content and annual variation in the degree of feeding were evident. Trout-perch were important as food items in May and June, the spottail shiner in July, the yellow perch in August and September, and stickleback between October and March. Coregonine fishes, important in the life-cycle of Triaenophorus crassus but of minor importance as pike food, occurred in higher concentrations in October. There appeared to be annual differences in the degree of feeding, possibly related to differences in temperature. The frequency of empty stomachs from pike caught by angling and in gill nets was approximately the same. No obvious differences were noted in feeding habits of male and female pike, but there were some minor differences in the food of pike from shallow and deeper water habitats. Over an 11-year period of intensive fishing, there did not appear to be any unusual changes in the food habits of pike. The size of the prey is related to the size of the pike. There is a marked increase in the number of small perch, trout-perch, and spottail shiners consumed by pike of increasing size. The possible effects of the predator (pike) on other prey species is discussed. Relative abundance and seasonal availability appeared to determine the incidence of prey consumed. The reduction in the average size of the pike appears to have had some effect on the survival of other species of fish.