Degree Of Sufficiency Research Articles

Degree of Causal Contribution and Degree of Moral Responsibility: Using Shapley Values as a Measure

This paper is about the pros and cons of measuring degree of causal contribution by Shapley Value (a concept from cooperative game theory). The Shapley Value approach defines degree of causal contribution for a causal factor in terms of a kind of average of its marginal contributions across a range of possible groupings of factors. Some existing literature already explores applying Shapley Values to degrees of causal contributions. This paper supplements this literature by evaluating a range of justifications for applying Shapley Values, addressing several potential problems for the Shapley Value approach, and tying this to recent discussions of the tension between degree of sufficiency and degree of necessity originating with Bernstein.

Attitudinal factors associated with protein sufficiency in Chilean vegan university students - A pilot study.

Introduction: vegan diets are currently an essential topic of discussion because they are recognized as a prototype of a healthy diet but are also associated with deficits in the intake of critical nutrients such as protein. Evaluating the factors that influence the deficit in their intake in vulnerable populations such as university students represents an important topic of interest, considering that this is one of the groups where veganism is most popular. Given this, the present study aimed to determine the degree of protein sufficiency and its associated factors in a sample of Chilean vegan university students. Materials and methods: an exploratory cross-sectional study was conducted on 114 vegan university students who responded to an online survey on academic, attitudinal, clinical, dietary, and sociodemographic variables. Protein intake was calculated, and based on self-reported weight, daily protein adequacy was calculated according to the recommendation of 0.9 g/kg/day. Finally, the association between protein adequacy and previously consulted variables was calculated by determining the odds ratios. Results: only 53.5 % had adequate daily protein intake, which was associated with the length of time respondents had been vegan (OR, 2.86; 95 % CI, 1.07 to 7.34; p < 0.05), use of supplements (OR, 5.24; 95 % CI, 1.17 to 25.2; p < 0.05), and the frequency with which they ate lunch at home (OR, 87.7; 95 % CI, 24.1 to 304; p = 0.000). Conclusion: there needs to be more protein adequacy in the assessed sample. Protein adequacy is associated with the length of time on the vegan diet, frequency of eating lunch away from home, and use of supplements regularly.

Enabling coordination in energy communities: A Digital Twin model

Starting from the EU vision for Energy Communities (EC), our purpose is to support them by proposing a Digital Twin (DT) that includes a bi-level optimization model to deliver coordination, economic, social, and environmental benefits to its members that can be quantified as Key Performance Indicators (KPI). The diversity of EC members from the size and interest perspectives leads us to consider a bi-level optimization model. It offers support to individual consumers/prosumers (first level) and coordination for EC (second level). This model is embedded into a DT that replicates the EC and the operation of individual entities such as consumers/prosumers and public assets. The DT is created as an automatic assistant with two components: iEMS – as a member's assistant and eEMS – as an EC assistant. These components optimize the schedule, generate bids for the Local Electricity Market (LEM) and control the flexible appliances of the participants to deal with deficits and surpluses. The DT receives input from EC members, LEM, metering system and improves the operation of the EC in a two-way continuous exchange data flow. Furthermore, it is a reliable framework to test and improve models, regulations and policies in emergent EC as DT provides alternatives regarding its functionalities: optimization, market operation, setting the clearing price, settlement, value sharing for distributing benefits, etc. It can be extended to support grid operators to design tariffs, testing regulation and offer additional energy services. The proposed DT model is tested within an EC case study, both on a seasonal and an annual basis. The average trading index on LEM is 0.6 during the summer and 0.3 during the winter months, while the Degree of Local Sufficiency (DLS) for the EC is 0.45 in summer and 0.28 in winter. Moreover, the proposed LFM model reduces the exchanges with the main grid by an average of 45 kW in summer, that represents almost 15% of the average exchange at peak hours.

Heuristic Potential of Applying the Assessment Index to Regional Public Programs in the Field of Youth Policy

The aim of the research is to determine the possibilities and limitations of applying indices for assessing regional youth policy in the Russian Federation. The article contains a detailed analysis of domestic and foreign scientific literature on current methods for evaluating state youth policy and possibilities of applying indices in this sphere. The comparative analysis of the use of indices for assessing youth policy in the CIS countries was conducted. The authors propose an index of complex evaluation of regional state programs based on the correlation between the data on the budgeting of the youth policy sphere in the subjects and the migration indicators of this age group. As a result of empirical research, the authors have identified groups of regions of the Russian Federation with different levels of funding of the investigated sphere and the degree of sufficiency of budgetary provision to maintain a neutral balance of youth migration.

Design and Validation of a Classroom Observation Instrument to Evaluate the Quality of Mathematical Activity from a Gender Perspective

This study aimed to design and validate an instrument as a guideline for classroom observation and analysis of teaching–learning process in mathematics. The instrument considers 3 dimensions and 16 subdimensions with a gender perspective. A content validity process by eight expert judges is presented, built from a dialectical work between theory and empirical evidence from more than 100 classes observed and recorded on video from 19 educational centers. The degree of agreement between experts was determined with Fleiss Kappa and Kendall coefficients. Experts’ judgement scored each dimension from 1 to 3. Globally, an almost perfect strength of agreement was obtained in 6 of 16 dimensions with x-&gt;2.5, and in the other 10 dimensions, a strength of agreement was obtained between moderate and almost perfect, 2,14≤x-≤2,5. Fleiss Kappa coefficients were highest in relevance and clarity, κ = 0.425, 95% CI [0.344, 0.506], p &lt; 0.001 and, κ = 0.461, 95% CI [0.375, 0.548], p &lt; 0.001, respectively. Moreover, the degree of clarity, coherence, sufficiency, and relevance was statistically moderately agreed upon in their assessments, with an overall Kendall’s W = 0.489, p &lt; 0.001.

US Pacific coast communities’ past preparedness and preparedness intentions for Cascadia subduction zone tsunamis

This study examined tsunami awareness and preparedness by 225 respondents in three communities exposed to Cascadia Subduction Zone (CSZ) tsunamis. Some participants viewed a tsunami brochure, but all participants reported their degree of information sufficiency about tsunamis and protective actions to take when a tsunami threatens, expected warning sources for local and distant tsunamis, past preparedness actions and preparedness intentions, tsunami experience, past tsunami information, perceived tsunami zone, and demographic characteristics. In addition to the results showing that the brochure had a significant positive effect on tsunami information sufficiency and expected warning sources, the latter two variables affected intentions to engage in future preparedness actions. In addition, tsunami experience, past tsunami information, and past preparedness also affected these variables. Although psychological responses were significantly related to preparedness intentions, they were not related to hypothesized antecedent variables—tsunami experience, past preparedness, past information, and demographic characteristics. The data suggest that emergency managers can promote tsunami hazard education by distributing comprehensive tsunami brochures, but should also work with local news media to direct CSZ residents to agency web sites where they can access additional information about tsunami hazard, expected warning sources, appropriate preparedness, and response actions.

A Study on the Degree of Sufficiency for Old-age Living according to the Level of Old-age Income of Housing Pension Users

This study provided policy implications by analyzing the effect of the income level of old-age people with reverse mortgages on enough level of living cost for old age. The analysis methods were cluster analysis, analysis of variance, binary logistic analysis, and multiple regression analysis. As a result of the analysis, compared to the reference group A (a group that has consistently well prepared for old age), group B (a group that has not consistently well prepared for old age) was insufficient in both expenditures (family support, cultural life travel expense) and income (national pension, personal and retirement pension, real estate rental income, savings/financial income). Second, group C (a group that was insufficient in the past, but is currently prepared for old age) did not lack in expenditure, but the income was insufficient in national pension, personal/retirement pension, and real estate rental income. Group D (A group that complied with in the past, but is not currently prepared for old age) was insufficient in both expenditure (family support, cultural life travel expense) and income (national pension, personal and retirement pension, real estate rental income). Implications are: First, job expansion for elderly households and minimum livelihood security policies are necessary. Second, it is urgent to receive a pension rather than a lump sum. Third, activation policies of local autonomy for elderly households outside the metropolitan area are required. Fourth, service improvement and tax benefits are required to expand the numbers of participants for reverse mortgages.

Vitamin B6 deficiency with normal plasma levels of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate in perinatal hypophosphatasia.

Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP), the principal circulating form of vitamin B6 (B6), is elevated in the plasma of individuals with hypophosphatasia (HPP). HPP is the inborn-error-of-metabolism caused by loss-of-function mutation(s) of ALPL, the gene that encodes the "tissue-nonspecific" isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase (TNSALP). PLP accumulates extracellularly in HPP because it is a natural substrate of this cell-surface phosphomonoester phosphohydrolase. Even individuals mildly affected by HPP manifest this biochemical hallmark, which is used for diagnosis. Herein, an exclusively breast-fed newborn boy with life-threatening perinatal HPP had uniquely normal instead of markedly elevated plasma PLP levels before beginning asfotase alfa (AA) TNSALP-replacement therapy. These abnormal PLP levels were explained by B6 deficiency, confirmed by his low plasma level of 4-pyridoxic acid (PA), the B6 degradation product. His mother, a presumed carrier of one of his two ALPL missense mutations, had serum ALP activity of 50U/L (Nl 40-130) while her plasma PLP level was 9 μg/L (Nl 5-50) and PA was 3 μg/L (Nl 3-30). Her dietary history and breast milk pyridoxal (PL) level indicated she too was B6 deficient. With B6 supplementation using a breast milk fortifier, the patient's plasma PA level corrected, while his PLP level remained in the normal range but now in keeping with AA treatment. Our experience reveals that elevated levels of PLP in the circulation in HPP require some degree of B6 sufficiency, and that anticipated increases in HPP can be negated by hypovitaminosis B6.

Degrees of necessity and of sufficiency: Further results and extensions, with an application to covid-19 mortality in Austria.

The purpose of this paper is to extend to ordinal and nominal outcomes the measures of degree of necessity and of sufficiency defined by the authors for dichotomous and survival outcomes in a previous paper. A cause, represented by certain values of prognostic factors, is considered necessary for an event if, without the cause, the event cannot develop. It is considered sufficient for an event if the event is unavoidable in the presence of the cause. The degrees of necessity and sufficiency, ranging from zero to one, are simple, intuitive functions of unconditional and conditional probabilities of an event such as disease or death. These probabilities often will be derived from logistic regression models; the measures, however, do not require any particular model. In addition, we study in detail the relationship between the proposed measures and the related explained variation summary for dichotomous outcomes, which are the common root for the developments for ordinal, nominal, and survival outcomes. We introduce and analyze the Austrian covid‐19 data, with the aim of quantifying effects of age and other potentially prognostic factors on covid‐19 mortality. This is achieved by standard regression methods but also in terms of the newly proposed measures. It is shown how they complement the toolbox of prognostic factor studies, in particular when comparing the importance of prognostic factors of different types. While the full model's degree of necessity is extremely high (0.933), its low degree of sufficiency (0.179) is responsible for the low proportion of explained variation (0.193).

The impact of knowledge components on the world competitiveness

Purpose. To analyze the impact of the knowledge component on the level of global competitiveness of the world. Methodology. The methodological basis of the article is the methods and forms of scientific knowledge adopted in domestic science, such as system approaches, comparative and synthesis methods, methods of abstract logical evaluation, methods of detailing, groupings and generalizations, experts evaluations; dynamics series, logic analysis, paired and multiple correlation techniques. Moreover, the Google Trends search engine was used, since the use of this search tool allowed drawing the following conclusions: searches for both concepts in the world and in Ukraine are substantially different: both concepts in the global space, particularly in countries with a high level of competitiveness, are hardly in demand. Findings. Knowledge as an economic category and practical skill permeates all spheres of human life. Currently, knowledge formation is concentrated within TNCs localized in the developed countries of the world (the USA, Singapore, the EU countries, Japan, and others), which is confirmed by the level of competitiveness of the economy of these countries and high ranking of the knowledge component in it. In the overall rating of competitiveness of the influence of the components of the knowledge economy, Ukraine ranks below average, while science now barely crosses the threshold of performing a sociocultural function and begins to perform a cognitive one. Originality. Globalization processes and technological revolution of recent decades have transformed knowledge and intellectual capital into key drivers of competitiveness in the world. We have formed and studied groups of subjective (regional and state policy, which determines the quality of economic and financial processes, as well as the management of the public sector) and objective (geographic, natural and climatic conditions, the degree of sufficiency in raw materials, infrastructure, and others) factors affecting competitiveness of countries. According to the research results, the use of this approach allows for continuous monitoring of the competitiveness level of social and economic indicators in order to identify and eliminate bottlenecks in various levels of state management. Practical value. The authors approach suggested is recommended to be used by scientific institutes, universities, government bodies and services for monitoring socio-economic indicators included in the groups of objective and subjective factors in order to form a holistic understanding and systematic analysis of the influence of the competitiveness of the knowledge component on different aspects of the countrys social and economic life.

The Peasants of the St. Petersburg and Moscow Provinces after Abolition of Serfdom

The article examines the condition of the peasantry in the St. Petersburg and Moscow provinces in 1850–1890 against the background of the development of 50 provinces of European Russia as a whole. The aim is to test the adequacy of the concept of the agrarian crisis of the post-reform village, which occurred as a result of the unfair reform of the 1860s predatory towards peasantry. The article criticizes the dominant concept of the Soviet historiography, which is regarded as controversial in modern scholarship. The first part of the article assesses the dynamics of the standard of living of the peasantry based on the traditionally used data: firstly, on production factor and sources of income, and the degree of sufficiency of peasant incomes for normal life and, secondly, on anthropometric indicators. The analysis of anthropometric data is preceded by a methodological introduction, which explains the theoretical foundations of using the body length data and the technique and procedure of processing primary information to obtain an adequate picture. Special attention is paid to the interpretation of the results of anthropometric analysis, which poses a difficulty to classical historians. The analysis of traditional and anthropometric indicators characterizing the condition of the metropolitan peasantry of the capital and 50 provinces of European Russia leads to the conclusion: in 1861–1890, the standard of living of peasants in the capital provinces had improved, moreover, to a larger extent compared to European Russia as a whole. The agreement of the results of economic and anthropometric analysis enhances the reliability of the conclusion about the improvement of the welfare of the Russian peasantry during the first 30 years after the peasant reform.

Circadian biorhythm night sleep - wakefulness as a bioindicator of the adequacy of the degree of chronoadaptation of the body of athletes under conditions of high physical exertion

The state of the circadian (daily) biorhythm night sleep - wakefulness can significantly affect the mental and physical performance of athletes. This provides a basis for considering the issue of the prospects of its use as a bioindicator for assessing the degree of sufficiency of chronoadaptation of the body of athletes under conditions of high physical exertion.&#x0D; Purpose of the research: to develop methodological approaches to the use of circadian biorhythm night sleep - wakefulness as a bioindicator of the state of chronoadaptation of the body of athletes under conditions of high physical exertion.&#x0D; Research methods: the methods of theoretical analysis of scientific literature are used: generalization, synthesis, formalization, abstraction.&#x0D; Research results and conclusions: on the basis of a system analysis of scientific, scientific - methodical literature and other sources of information, a test - questionnaire was developed to assess the biorhythm of night sleep - wakefulness to determine the degree of chronoadaptation of the body of athletes under conditions of high physical exertion. It is concluded that the test questionnaire can be used in the future to diagnose the state of chronoadaptation of female athletes' organism under conditions of high physical exertion.

Topological triviality of deformations of regular mappings

We give a sufficient condition for topological triviality of f+tP, t∈[0,1] for C2 mappings f,P:Rn→Rm, m≤n, in terms of the Hörmander-Łojasiewicz inequality ν(df(x))≥C(dist(x,Z)/(1+|x|2))k, x∈Rn, where Z is the set of critical points of f and ν is the Rabier function. We apply this condition for regular mappings. As a corollary we obtain an estimation of the degree of sufficiency of non-isolated regular mappings' singularities in terms of degrees of polynomials describing the regular mappings.

Experimental Study on the Effect of Air Pollution Caused by Methane-Air Deflagration Characteristics

In order to study the effect of combustible gas cloud releasing from FPSO upper deck facilities deflagration characteristics on air pollution, a semi-open open test pipe system was built. By changing the initial conditions such as the obstacles length, distance between obstacles, section shape of obstacles and pipe system structure, the flame propagation mechanism and overpressure changing rules of methane / air deflagration were analyzed. As a result of that, the degree of sufficiency of methane combustion was analyzed, which could be seen as air pollution level. With the increase of the length of obstacle and decrease of the distance between obstacles, the induced turbulence increased, the compression effect of unburned gas became stronger, the combustion of combustible gas became more intense and sufficient, and the flame propagation speed and the maximum overpressure increased. The effect of square cross section was more obvious on inducing turbulence than that of rectangular cross section and circular cross section. The flame front was divided into many small flames by the pipe structure obstacle, and the flame front showed as a `spiny` shape. Under the effect of �spiny� flame, the methane combustion was more sufficient, and the maximum overpressure value was 3.1 times of the circular section obstacle condition. In conclusion, as the methane-air deflagration becoming more serious, although the overpressure and flame speed would be higher and the extent of damage to the surrounding facilities would be more serious, the air pollution causing by unburned gas would abate.

Functional platelet activity in Dutch newborn calves

The hemostatic properties of platelets in cattle are physiologically very significant, as they affect the course of metabolic processes. This is especially significant in early ontogenesis and, apparently, strongly depends on the genetic characteristics of animals. The study was carried out on 37 Dutch calves, which were obtained from healthy cows after a normal pregnancy. All calves were examined and examined for 1-2 days, 3-4 days, 5-6 days, 7-8 days and 9-10 days of their ontogenesis. In the work were applied biochemical, hematological and statistical research methods. In the examined animals, during the neonatal phase, there was a tendency to inhibition of platelet aggregation in response to all inductors used. The number of platelet-discocytes in the blood of the examined Dutch calves in the first 10 days of their life experienced an upward trend. The amount of active platelet species they had decreased by 11.1%. The number of small and large platelet aggregates in the blood also decreased in them during the observation period. This was provided in the observed calves with a tendency to weaken the severity of synthesis in thromboxane platelets, a decrease in the level of adenosine phosphates in them and a weakening of their secretion. The level of platelet actin and myosin on the 1-2nd day in the examined calves was small and tended to decrease during the observation. Additional self-assembly of actin and myosin during platelet aggregation of the observed animals experienced some decrease during the observation period. It is clear that newborn calves of the Dutch breed are characterized by a high degree of functional sufficiency of platelets, creating physiologically favorable conditions for microcirculation processes. At the basis of these changes they have a small activity of the mechanisms that implement the hemostatic properties of platelets. Low intravascular activity of platelets in newborn calves of the Dutch breed is able to provide them with optimum perfusion and metabolic processes in all animal tissues that are necessary for the normal development of animals.

Predicting the Significance of Necessity.

With Necessary Condition Analysis (NCA), a necessity effect is estimated by calculating the amount of empty space in the upper-left corner in a plot with a predictor X and an outcome Y, and recently a method for testing the statistical significance of the necessity effect through permutation has been proposed. In the present simulation study, this method was found to give significant results already with a very weak true population necessity effect, i.e., exhibit high power, unless the sample size is very small. However, in some situations the significance of the necessity effect tends to increase with increased degree of sufficiency, which is paradoxical for a method whose objective is to find necessary but not sufficient conditions.

Indicación y resultados de la prótesis con estabilidad aumentada en la artroplastia primaria de rodilla [Constrained prosthesis in primary total knee arthroplasty

Introducción:&#x0D; Presentamos los resultados funcionales y criterios de indicación para artroplastía de rodilla con estabilización superior al estabilizado posterior, en la artroplastia de rodilla primaria (ATR).&#x0D; Materiales y métodos:&#x0D; Análisis retrospectivo de 43 ATR en 40 pacientes, con seguimiento promedio de 6,2 años. 38 casos presentaban genu valgo artrósico y 5 genu varo artrósico. La suficiencia de los ligamentos colaterales se definió como suficiente, atenuado o incompetente. Se desarrollo un sistema de clasificación para los genu valgo que relacionara el tipo de rodilla con el implante elegido.&#x0D; Resultados&#x0D; Se utilizaron 28 prótesis con estabilización posterior plus en pacientes con un deseje coronal promedio de 15.9°, de los cuales 21 presentaron ligamentos suficientes y 5 atenuados.&#x0D; Se utilizo una prótesis constreñida en 7 pacientes con deseje en valgo promedio de 21.6°, 2 con ligamentos suficientes y 5 con ligamentos atenuados.&#x0D; Se utilizaron 8 prótesis abisagradas rotatorias, 5 en pacientes con un genu valgo promedio de 24.6° (3 de ellas asociadas a recurvatum), 4 con ligamentos incompetentes y una con ligamentos atenuados, y tres con genu varo de 16° promedio.&#x0D; Conclusiones:&#x0D; Recomendamos utilizar las prótesis estabilizadas plus en desejes &lt; 20°, con ligamentos colaterales suficientes en ausencia de defectos óseos. Las prótesis constreñidas en pacientes con grandes desejes con ligamentos colaterales que presenten algún grado de suficiencia (a lo sumo atenuados). Las prótesis abisagradas rotatorias las reservamos para rodillas con incompetencia ligamentaria colateral o multidireccional, grandes defectos óseos o deformidades severas en artritis reumatoide o de origen neuropático.&#x0D; &#x0D; Abstract&#x0D; Introduction: The objective of this retrospective study was to show the functional results and indication criteria for prostheses for primary TKA with more constraint than posterior stabilization.&#x0D; Methods: Forty-three TKA were analyzed in 40 patients, with an average follow-up of 6.2 years. Preoperative diagnoses were valgus osteoarthritis (38 cases) and varus osteoarthritis (5 cases). Sufficiency of the collateral ligaments was classified as sufficient, attenuated or incompetent, through physical examination and X-rays with varus-valgus stress. Functional results were evaluated using the KSS.&#x0D; Results: Posterior-stabilized plus implants were used in 28 cases, with an average alignment of 15.9°: 26 were valgus knees, 21 of which presented sufficient and 5 attenuated ligaments. Constrained prostheses were used in 7 patients with an average valgus alignment of 21.6° (2 with sufficient and 5 with attenuated ligaments). Rotating-hinge prostheses were used in 8 patients, 5 with an average valgus alignment of 24.6° (3 of them associated with recurvatum), 4 with incompetent ligaments and one with attenuated ligaments. The average post-operative KSS was 84 (range 73-94) points. Noinstabilities were detected and prosthetic survival was 100% at the end of the follow-up.&#x0D; Conclusions: We recommend using posterior-stabilized plus implants in deformities &lt;20°, with sufficient collateral ligaments and no bone defects; constrained prosthesis in patients with greater deformity (&gt;20°) and collateral ligaments with some degree of sufficiency (attenuated at the most); and rotating-hinge implants in knees with collateral or multidirectional ligament insufficiency, associated with recurvatum, significant bone defects or severe deformities in rheumatoid arthritis or with neuropathic origin.

Dynamic Functional Stiffness Index of the Ankle Joint During Daily Living

Exploring ankle joint physiologic functional stiffness is crucial for improving the design of prosthetic feet that aim to mimic normal gait. We hypothesized that ankle joint stiffness would vary among the different activities of daily living and that the magnitude of the stiffness would indicate the degree of energy storage element sufficiency in terms of harvesting and returning energy. We examined sagittal plane ankle moment versus flexion angle curves from 12 healthy subjects during the daily activities. The slopes of these curves were assessed to find the calculated stiffness during the peak energy return and harvest phases. For the energy return and harvest phases, stiffness varied from 0.016 to 0.283 Nm/kg° and 0.025 and 0.858 Nm/kg°, respectively. The optimum stiffness during the energy return phase was 0.111 ± 0.117 Nm/kg° and during the energy harvest phase was 0.234 ± 0.327 Nm/kg°. Ankle joint stiffness varied significantly during the activities of daily living, indicating that an energy storage unit with a constant stiffness would not be sufficient in providing energy regenerative gait during all activities. The present study was directed toward the development of a complete data set to determine the torque-angle properties of the ankle joint to facilitate a better design process.

Morphological Box Classification Framework for supporting 3D scanner selection

ABSTRACT 3-Dimensional (3D) scanning systems are becoming more common in the industry nowadays, for inspection and reverse engineering (RE) purposes. Although technical specifications are provided with commercially available scanners, a question could be raised pertaining to the degree of sufficiency of the technical specifications typically provided, with regard to specific application needs such as the scanning of challenging objects. These challenging objects present a less than ideal working condition for some 3D scanners, and the specified accuracy cannot be achieved. This effect varies across different types of 3D scanning technology. A more intuitive specification with regard to the time taken and ease of use will be beneficial to the user, but often not available. Hence, this paper proposes a Morphological Box Classification Framework based on the functional decomposition of the non-contact 3D scanning technology, in order to help users better understand and compare 3D scanners efficiently, and choose a scanner for their application that is able to perform within their desired accuracy, time taken, and ease of use. A case study of 3D scanners evaluation using the proposed framework for a RE application is conducted, and results presented.

A site‐consistent method to quantify sufficiency of alternative IMs in relation to PSDA

SummaryIn probabilistic seismic demand analysis, evaluation of the sufficiency of an intensity measure (IM) is an important criterion to avoid biased assessment of the demand hazard. However, there exists no metric to quantify the degree of sufficiency as per the criterion of Luco and Cornell (2007). This paper proposes a site‐specific unified measure for degree of sufficiency from all seismological parameters under consideration using a total information gain metric. This unified metric for sufficiency supports not only comparison of the performance of different IMs given a response quantity but also assessment of the performance of a particular IM across different response quantities. The proposed sufficiency metric was evaluated for a 4‐story steel moment frame building, and the influence of ground motion selection on the degree of sufficiency was investigated. It was observed that ground motion selection can have a significant impact on IM sufficiency. Because computing the total information gain requires continuous deaggregation across the IM space, an approximate deaggregation technique that allows for a more practical estimation of marginal deaggregation probabilities is proposed. It is expected that the total information gain metric proposed in this paper will aid in understanding the efficiency‐sufficiency relation, thus enabling the selection of a proper scalar IM for a given site and application in probabilistic seismic demand analysis.