Degree Of Penetration Research Articles

The Use of Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase Inhibitors in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Treatment-Literature Review.

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality. The median survival time for patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer before the era of molecular-based personalized treatment was 7.9 months. The discovery of predictive factors and the introduction of molecular diagnostics into daily practice made a breakthrough, enabling several years of survival in patients with advanced disease. The discovery of rearrangements in the ALK gene and ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors has resulted in a dramatic improvement in the prognosis of patients with this subtype of cancer. Currently, three generations of ALK inhibitors differing in activity, toxicity and degree of penetration into the central nervous system are available in clinical practice. The current state of knowledge on ALK inhibitors used in clinical practice is summarised in this research paper. Methods of diagnosis of abnormalities in ALK have been shown, and the review of research that contributed to the development of the next generation of ALK inhibitors has been presented.

Tactical analysis of direct attack from the English Premier League and Spanish La Liga.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of tactical and contextual dimensions on the offensive performance, in terms of degree of penetration or creation of goal scoring opportunities (GSO), of direct attacks in the English Premier League (EPL) and Spanish La Liga. In total, 10,078 team possessions from 40 random La Liga and EPL matches were initially selected. From that, 2,384 possessions categorized as open play direct attacks were selected for analysis, including a first univariate binary regression analysis and a further construction of adjusted binary multivariate logistic regression models. Four independent tactical dimensions ("Initial zone," "Initial opponent position," "Initial opponent pressure," and "Width of the possession") and four independent contextual dimensions ("Match location," "Match status," "Quality of opponent," and "Quality of the observed team") were initially analyzed to predict penetration performance on one hand and scoring opportunity performance on the other hand. The results showed that the distribution of the type of attacks was different in La Liga and EPL (χ 2 = 11.015, p = 0.001), but direct attacks were not different in La Liga and EPL in terms of performance. Three of the four tactical dimensions ("Initial zone," "Initial opponent position," and "Width of the possession") showed association with "Penetration performance" (p < 0.01), while only "Width of the possession" showed association with "Scoring opportunity performance" (p < 0.01). Two of the four contextual dimensions ("Match status" and "Quality of observed team") showed association with "Penetration performance" (p < 0.05), while none of them showed association with "Scoring opportunity performance." In conclusion, direct attacks are frequent in EPL and La Liga but very ineffective offensively in terms of creation of goal scoring opportunities. The tactical dimensions that explain a higher effectiveness in terms of getting penetrative performance are vertical progression through the field, attacking against a defensive low-block, as well as starting the team possessions from the defensive zones instead of middle zones, while the only tactical dimension that explains higher performance in creating GSOs is vertical progression. Contextual dimensions, such as "Match status" and "Team level," also influence the offensive penetration performance during direct attacks but not GSO performance.

Cell migration within porous electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds in a mouse subcuticular implantation model.

Cellular infiltration into electrospun nanofibers (NFs) is limited due to the dense structure and small pore sizes. We developed a programmed NF collector that can fabricate porous NFs with desired pore sizes and thickness. Previously we demonstrated improved cellular proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and fibroblasts with increased pore sizes of polycaprolactone (PCL) NF in-vitro. This study investigated in-vivo host cell migration and vascular ingrowth within porous NF sheets implanted subcutaneously in a mouse model. Two types of PCL NFs with well-defined pore sizes were created using varying speeds of the NF collector: NF-zero (no movement, pore size 14.4 ± 8.9 µm2) and NF-high (0.232 mm/min, pore size 286.7 ± 381.9 µm2). The NF obtained by using classical flat NF collector (2D NF, pore size 1.09 ± 1.7 µm2) was a control. The three formulae of NFs were implanted subcutaneously in 18 BALB/cJ mice. Animals were killed 7 and 28-days after implantation (n = 3 per group per time point). The tissue with implanted NFs were collected for histologic analysis. Overall, 7-day samples showed little inflammatory response. At 28-days, the degree of tissue penetration of PCL NF sheet matrices was linked to pore size and area. NFs with the largest pore area had more efficient tissue migration and new blood vessel formation compared to those with smaller pore sizes. No newly formed blood vessels were observed in the 2D NF group. A porous NF scaffold with controllable pore size has potential for tissue repair/regeneration in situ with potential for many applications in orthopaedics.

Ebola Virus Matrix Protein VP40 Single Mutations G198R and G201R Significantly Enhance Plasma Membrane Localization.

Viral proteins frequently undergo single or multiple amino acid mutations during replication, which can significantly alter their functionality. The Ebola virus matrix protein VP40 is multifunctional but primarily responsible for creating the viral envelope by binding to the inner leaflet of the host cell plasma membrane (PM). Changes to the VP40 surface cationic charge via mutations can influence PM interactions, resulting in altered viral assembly and budding. A recent mutagenesis study evaluated the effects of several mutations and found that mutations G198R and G201R enhanced VP40 assembly at the PM and virus-like particle budding. These two mutations lie in the loop region of the C-terminal domain (CTD), which directly interacts with the PM. To understand the role of these mutations in PM localization at the molecular level, we performed both all-atom and coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations using a dimer-dimer configuration of VP40, which contains the CTD-CTD interface. Our studies indicate that the location of mutations on the outer surface of the CTD regions can lead to changes in membrane binding orientation and degree of membrane penetration. Direct PI(4,5)P2 interactions with the mutated residues seem to further stabilize and pull VP40 into the PM, thereby enhancing interactions with numerous amino acids that were otherwise infrequently or completely inaccessible. These multiscale computational studies provide new insights at the atomic and molecular level as to how VP40-PM interactions are altered through single amino acid mutations. Given the high case fatality rates associated with Ebola virus disease in humans, it is essential to explore the mechanisms of viral assembly in the presence of mutations to mitigate the severity of the disease and understand the potential of future outbreaks.

Authentication of a Painting Attributed to the Rembrandt School

This paper presents the archaeometric and chemometric authentication of a Renaissance-style oil painting on linen canvas, with plaster and barium sulphate-based primer preparation and bone glue as binder. By optical microscopy (OM), stereomicroscopy (SOM), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) and attenuated total reflectance–Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), a series of archaeometric characteristics were identified: the grain size of the chemical components of the paint layers, the 3D porosity distribution of the pigments, the degree of penetration between the paint layers and the varnish and between the varnish and the oxidatively anchored dirt, and the typology of the craquelure (craquelure network arrangement and morphology). By correlating the results obtained, it was possible to estimate the period of the painting as 1660 ± 3 years.

The Antecedent of Life Insurance Penetration in Malaysia

A slower rate of economic growth is indicated by a low degree of market penetration for insurance. In contrast to other Asian countries, Malaysia has a comparatively low life insurance penetration rate of 54% throughout the five years before 2020. If Malaysia has a less advantageous rate of life insurance coverage, its citizens will be more financially vulnerable. The observation suggests that people are generally skeptical when discussing insurance-related topics. People's perceptions of insurance are often unfavorable. Now, most people think that getting insurance or being an agent is fraudulent. This is a result of a general lack of understanding about insurance. This study aims to identify or determine the possible causes of Malaysia's low life insurance penetration. Age, awareness, and service quality are the variables linked to life insurance's low uptake. We used a questionnaire to gather primary data, and all the results were evaluated. In Temerloh, Pahang, Malaysia, the researchers distributed the questionnaire to a sample of 150 respondents. To ascertain the research outcome, SPSS was used to analyze the collected data. The outcome of this study revealed that there is a substantial correlation between low life insurance penetration in Malaysia and age, awareness, and service quality.

Effect of electric arc surfacing on the structure and properties of coatings

Surfacing, like welding, is associated with heating metals in a wide range of temperatures and subsequent cooling of heated zones at different rates. This leads to complex structural and phase changes that are crucial for operational properties of the “protected material – coating” joint. The structure and properties of the alloyage zone of these two materials depend on the degree of penetration, nature of the intermediate layers that arise, and carbon diffusion in the boundary areas. When surfacing on low-carbon steel, depending on the composition of the deposited metal, the structures with a predominant amount of martensite or austenite can be obtained in the alloyage zone, depending on carbon content. The structure and mechanical properties of the bimetallic joint between carbon steel and stainless steel were studied depending on the modes of electric arc surfacing (submerged arc surfacing in one pass, in argon for one and two passes). It was established that the structural and phase composition of the deposited metal is austenite, finely dispersed carbides and a needle component. The structure of the layer deposited in argon in one pass is more homogeneous and does not contain defects. The microhardness increases smoothly along the depth of the deposited layer. As a result of surfacing in argon in two passes, the joint has a homogeneous microstructure, but a large number of microdefects are formed in the layer, which can further lead to the formation of a crack near the alloyage boundary. In submerged surfacing, the heating rate and specific heat input are insufficient, therefore, the surfacing bath is poorly mixed, which leads to a suboptimal structure and the formation of thermal stresses at the alloyage boundary and to the formation of a coating that is heterogeneous in structure and microhardness.

Hemifacial microsomia – a review of the literature of current hypotheses of pathogenesis, and possible therapeutic methods

&lt;b&gt;Introduction:&lt;/b&gt; Hemifacial microsomia (HFM) is the second most common congenital craniofacial anomaly.&lt;b&gt;Aim:&lt;/b&gt; The aim of this study is to review data related to HFM.&lt;b&gt;Materials and methods:&lt;/b&gt; Materials for the review were selected based on an analysis of publications published in the last 10 years.&lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; There are three possible models of pathogenesis – vascular abnormalities, Meckel’s cartilage damage, and abnormal development of cranial neural crest cells – caused by genetic, maternal, and external factors. Symptoms results from disorders of structures originating from the first, and second branchial arches, most commonly resulting in mandibular hypoplasia, microtia or anotia, hypoplasia of the auditory ossicles, facial nerve paralysis, and soft tissue deficiency. The severity of the disorder varies greatly, depending on the number of structures involved, and the degree of penetration. The most common classification system (Orbit, Mandible, Ear, Nerve, Soft tissue; OMENS) has recently been proposed to assess the temporomandibular joint disc, and to assess disturbances originating from another structures. Other classifications such as FACIAL or ICHOM criteria have also been developed. The approach to treating each case should be individualized, primarily focusing on reconstructing the underdeveloped mandible, orthodontic treatment, creating the external ear, and filling soft tissue deficiencies.&lt;b&gt;Discussion:&lt;/b&gt; The complexity of the condition is noted, as well as the need for interdisciplinary patient care.&lt;b&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/b&gt; Through analysis of existing research, and clinical data, significant information regarding etiology, symptoms, possible classification systems, and therapeutic options has been gathered.

Transport infrastructure in ensuring regional development and China's global competitiveness

Purpose: is to evaluate the modern role of transport infrastructure as the factor in the development of the regional economy and strengthening competitive positions outside the country using the example of China.Methods: the correlation-regression analysis, traditionally used to solve the task of the identifying influencing factors, was applied to the economic and transportation indicators across 28 Chinese regions for the year 2021. It was supplemented by the analysis of statistical data and the thematic case study of data on Chinese investments into the transport infrastructure projects both domestically, and abroad.Results: the assessment of infrastructure development of the railway and port infrastructure was carried out based on the analysis of the dynamics of the main indicators. The construction of a correlation and regression analysis model made it possible to form an idea of the impact of China's transport infrastructure on the gross regional product of the provinces. The degree of penetration of Chinese influence into other economies of the world through investments in transport infrastructure has been assessed. The tools for promoting infrastructure projects have been identified that characterize Chinese specifics and make it possible to ensure the country's competitiveness at the global level.Conclusions and Relevance: China is the striking example of the widespread construction of ports, railways, and highways, in addition to the creation of direct freight vehicles and dry cargo ships for the distribution of their products. The high importance of transport infrastructure and the number of employed people in this industry for the growth of the regional product of the provinces of China has been revealed. In the external circuit, the PRC is actively using the strategy of lending to other countries for the construction of infrastructure on their territories. The construction of roads, airports, seaports, power plants and transmission lines allow China to create infrastructure enclaves in developing countries to market its goods and export raw materials for subsequent processing. Borrowing the experience of the PRC in terms of mechanisms for granting grants and loans for the implementation of infrastructure projects will allow Russia to create an extensive system of movement of national goods to markets where they are most in demand in the territories of neighboring states.

Effect of Impregnation of PEDOT:PSS in Etched Aluminium Electrodes on the Performance of Solid State Electrolytic Capacitors

Electrolytic capacitors store larger amounts of energy thanks to their thin dielectric layers and enlarged surface area. However, the benefits of using a liquid electrolyte are at the expense of the possibility of leakage, evaporation, or rupture of the device over time. As a solution, solid electrolytes, such as conductive polymers, substitute the liquid ones decreasing the internal resistance and enlarging the lifetime of these devices. PEDOT:PSS is a widely used conductive polymer in the formation of solid electrolytic capacitors. However, using the enlarged surface of the porous electrodes efficiently requires industrial processes, the efficacy of which has not been explored. In this work, porous aluminium electrodes with dielectric layers of different thicknesses were coated with PEDOT:PSS at different levels of doping in order to study the efficiency of the production of solid electrolytic capacitors in industry. The combination of odd random phase electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (ORP-EIS) with surface characterization techniques (SEM-EDX, GDOES) formed a methodology that allowed the study of both the electrical properties and the level of impregnation for these model systems. All samples consisting of a porous aluminium electrode with an amount of PEDOT:PSS deposited on top resulted in an inefficient degree of penetration between the two electrodes. However, the electrochemical analysis proved that the use of dopants produces systems with the highest capacitive properties. Consequently, the evolution towards better solid electrolytic capacitors does not rely solely on the proper coverage of the porous electrodes, but on the proper electrical properties of the PEDOT:PSS within the pores.

Simulated skin model for in vitro evaluation of insertion performance of microneedles: design, development, and application verification

Microneedles, as a new efficient and safe transdermal drug delivery technology, has a wide range of applications in drug delivery, vaccination, medical cosmetology, and diagnostics. The degree of microneedles penetration into the skin determines the reliability of the delivery dose, but its evaluation is not yet well-established, which is one of the major constraints in the commercialization of microneedles. In this paper, a novel visual simulated skin model was developed with reference to the physical properties of real skin. The simulated skin model was well-designed and its prescription was optimized to make the thickness, hardness, elasticity, and other parameters close to those of real skin. It not only meets the need to assess the degree of insertion of microneedles but also provides a visual observation of the insertion state of microneedles.

Porter Framework vs A More Extended Framework

Michael Porter presents a framework for defining an industry's structure to assist strategic teams in identifying the right strategy to gain a competitive advantage over rivals. This framework is based on two major axioms that determine the industry's structure. The first axiom focuses on the relationship among firms in the value chain, involving a zero-sum or distributive bargaining relationship according to Porter. The second axiom sets out that all firms in an industry are confronted with similar conditions. We defend an alternative axiom in determining the industrial structure. The assumption here is that participants in a value chain are involved in a non-zero-sum or integrative bargaining relationship. The alternative axiom that focuses more on mutual cooperation between participants in the value chain is more appropriate for the long-term prosperity of the company. It provides a better set of factors influencing a greater degree of market penetration and profits in the long run. In this paper, we add two more forces to Porter’s Framework that according to today’s business environment and context will help to create a more complete framework for analyzing the industry. We plan to use and test the framework as a basis for research in the future in order to determine the competitive advantage of businesses operating in an industry but with different means, in other words from brick-and-mortar businesses to totally virtual firms that have flourished over the past years. The modeling tools help in understanding the business potential, whereas, the value chain analysis provides help to understand where the most productive advantage is based.

Theory and evidence-base for a digital platform for the delivery of language tests during awake craniotomy and collaborative brain mapping

ObjectivesBuild the theoretical and evidence-base for a digital platform (map-OR) which delivers intraoperative language tests during awake craniotomy and facilitates collaborative sharing of brain mapping data.DesignMixed methodology study including two...

Study of Rock Damage Constitutive Model Considering Temperature Effect Based on Weibull Distribution

The deformation and damage process of rocks is accompanied by crack extension and penetration. The rock strength criterion, as a macroscopic characterization of the rock strength microelement, is the basis for establishing the damage constitutive modeling of rock. Aiming at the problem of the Hoek–Brown (H–B) strength criterion having a large strength prediction value under high confining pressure, the H–B strength criterion is corrected by considering the influence of the initial cracks on the development of the rock strength, and its applicability is verified. Based on the damage theory, assuming that the rock strength microelement obeys the Weibull distribution and considering the influence of residual strength, the damage correction coefficient is introduced, and a thermal damage statistical constitutive model that can reflect the whole process of the development of initial cracks inside the rock is established. The degree of penetration up to the damage is established, and the method of determining the parameters of the model is given. The theoretical curves of the established model are compared and analyzed with the curves of a conventional triaxial compression test of rock samples, and the study shows that the statistical constitutive model of the thermal damage of rock, established based on the modified H–B strength criterion, can better simulate the stress–strain relationship of rock under a conventional triaxial test. It also verifies the reasonableness and applicability of the model, which is expected to provide a basis for the exploitation of deep resources and the safety assessment of underground engineering.

Obstetric violence and racism: analysis of scientific production from an intersectional perspective

This study aimed to investigate obstetric violence as a phenomenon arising from racism and its intersectionality, as factors suffered during the pregnancy and puerperal period in hospital institutions in several countries. To this end, systematic literature review research was used as a method, as well as the PRISMA protocol perspective was adopted for data collection. References were recruited from the databases, using the descriptors “obstetric violence” and “racism” or “intersectionality”. The search resulted in 1126 articles which, when applying the eligibility criteria, reached the volume of 3 (three) works. Based on the findings, two categories were constructed, “Intersectionality (race, gender and social class)” and “Obstetric violence”. As a result, there was a shortage in national and international journals dedicated to Health Sciences. Such absences or insufficiencies may indicate the non-consolidation of black women's health as thematic and research fields, related to the low degree of penetration in research institutions debates about racism, its impacts on health and ways of coping.

Abstract 1862: ZW191 - a FRα-targeting antibody drug conjugate with strong preclinical activity across multiple FRα-expressing indications

Abstract Background: Folate Receptor alpha (FRα) is a validated cancer target that is prevalently expressed in multiple cancers with high unmet need, including ovarian cancer and other gynecological cancers, NSCLC, endometrial cancer and TNBC. Due to FRα’s favorable expression profile, multiple antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are being explored in this setting. Here we present the preclinical characterization of a new anti-FRα ADC, ZW191. ZW191 is a bystander active antibody drug conjugate (ADC) comprised of a humanized IgG1 antibody conjugated to a novel camptothecin-based topoisomerase 1 inhibitor (TOPO1i) payload, ZD06519, via a maleimidocaproyl (MC) anchor and a glycyl glycyl phenylalanyl glycyl (GGFG)-aminomethyl (AM) cleavable linker at a drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) of 8. ZW191 is projected to undergo IND submission in 2024. Materials and Methods: The novel antibody and drug-linker components of ZW191 were generated, characterized, and optimally integrated. The apparent binding affinity and cellular internalization of the ZW191 antibody were determined in FRα-expressing cells. Tumor spheroid cancer cell cultures were utilized to determine ZW191’s degree of tissue penetration and its cytotoxicity. The bystander activity of ZW191 was assessed using antigen positive and negative co-culture experiments. The anti-tumor activity of ZW191 was evaluated in a panel of ovarian cancer, NSCLC, endometrial cancer and TNBC patient-derived xenografts (PDX) spanning a range of FRα expression. ZW191 was evaluated in toxicology and pharmacokinetic (PK) studies performed in non-human primates (NHP). Results: The antibody component of ZW191 features a favorable binding profile with strong binding to FRα, and drives superior tumor spheroid penetration, cellular internalization, and payload delivery compared to FRα targeted antibodies used in multiple other ADCs. ZW191 demonstrates potent activity in FRα expressing cell cultures and effective bystander activity. In a panel of PDX models representing a range of FRα expression, ZW191 demonstrates compelling anti-tumor activity across ovarian and endometrial cancers, NSCLC and TNBC. ZW191 demonstrates an encouraging tolerability profile in NHP, with favorable PK. The promising efficacy, tolerability, and PK support the potential of ZW191 as a novel therapeutic agent that may help address unmet need in patients with high and low FRα expressing cancers. Citation Format: Sam Lawn, Andrea Hernandez Rojas, Raffaele Colombo, Jodi Wong, Kaylee Wu, Vincent Fung, Manuel Lasalle, Mark E. Petersen, Lemlem Degefie, Araba Sagoe-Wagner, Dunja Urosev, Luying Yang, Ambroise Wu, Catrina Kim, Amos Chua, Kurt Stahl, Geoffrey C. Winters, John C. Fann, Jamie Rich, Stuart Barnscher. ZW191 - a FRα-targeting antibody drug conjugate with strong preclinical activity across multiple FRα-expressing indications [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 1862.

Does recognition matter? Exploring patron penetration of de-facto state structures

ABSTRACT De facto states seek international recognition. But do patron states that extend such recognition to their de-facto state clients treat them differently than they would have done otherwise? Will patrons, having extended official recognition, be more inclined to treat their clients as ‘regular’ states? Or does recognition only make the client more beholden to the patron? To investigate this, we explore whether granting recognition affects the degree of patron-state penetration of two sectors critical to the de facto state for retaining (internal) sovereignty and agency: the executive branch, and the military.

How does credit information sharing shape bank loans?

This paper analyzes the influence of credit information sharing on how banks set the terms of bank loans and the ownership of the loans. Using a sample of 23,341 bank loans in 44 countries during the period 2005–2019 we examine how interest rates, collateral, maturity, amounts, and ownership of bank loans are influenced by the degree of penetration of credit bureaus and public credit registries. The results show that credit information sharing decreases interest rate spread for high-quality borrowers and decreases loan maturity. Moreover, the amount of credit is negatively affected by the degree of coverage by registries. Finally, we find evidence in line with credit information sharing increasing loan ownership concentration.

The impact of ICT and e-commerce on employment in Colombia

This study presents new empirical evidence regarding the impact of e-commerce adoption on employment in Colombia, a developing economy. We use firm-level data from the Annual Manufacturing Survey between 2013 and 2018 and differentiate the workforce by skill level and type of contract. We also use multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) to construct a parsimonious set of instrumental variables to account for the endogeneity of e-commerce. Our main finding is that an increase of 1% in the degree of e-commerce penetration increases demand for skilled workers by 0.2% and does not have a negative impact in the demand for unskilled workers. We then delve deep into the evidence and test for complementarity or substitution between skilled labor and ICT capital related to e-commerce implementation by employing a new and specific theoretical framework, which is empirically assessed. Our results confirm that highly skilled workers benefit the most from the introduction of e-commerce and its associated ICTs into a company, exhibiting a high degree of complementarity compared to unskilled workers. Thus, our findings support the hypothesis that ICT utilization and e-commerce adoption lead to labor substitution, particularly for low skill workers. This study recommends that policymakers invest in skill development to meet e-commerce demands, focusing on both upskilling workers to enhance digital literacy and implementing targeted support programs for a smooth transition to the digital economy across all skill levels.

AN EFFECTIVE RESOURCE-SAVING OPTION IN THE SPHERE OF WOOD PROCESSING AND ITS PROCESSING IN THE PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY

The possibility and expediency of obtaining and bleaching sulfite pulp from young small-sized spruce wood from thinning (thinning) fellings was studied in comparison with ripe wood. In the process of thinning, a significant amount of young small-sized wood is formed, which can serve as a significant reserve of wood raw materials for the production of pulp and paper.&#x0D; Sulfite pulping from young and ripe spruce wood obtained two samples of pulp of different degrees of penetration.&#x0D; Comparative pulp bleachings were carried out according to the traditional economical but effective D/C-EG-G-D-A scheme; For comparison, pulp samples from ripe and young spruce wood were bleached according to the modern ecological scheme Pa-E-Ch1-E-Ch2-A (ECF technology). &#x0D; It is shown that young small-sized spruce wood is delignified by sulfite cooking solution without difficulty, but somewhat more slowly than ripe wood.&#x0D; Sulfite spruce pulp obtained from thinnings is easier to grind and bleach, has higher mechanical strength than from ripe wood. Bleached pulp was obtained from young thin spruce wood by bleaching according to the scheme D/C–EG –G–D–A of pulp from young thin spruce wood, which in all quality indicators meets the standards for grade AK-II (GOST 3914), which is used mainly in the production of "cultural" grades of paper (written and printed). Comparative bleaching of pulp of approximately the same degree of penetration from ripe and young wood using ECF technology using only two oxidative bleaching agents (hydrogen peroxide and chlorine dioxide) significantly increases the efficiency of pulp bleaching in all quality indicators, but the cost of bleaching, in modern conditions, may be will be slightly higher than in the traditional scheme.