Degree Of Parasitemia Research Articles

Effect of neem leaf extract (Azadirachta indica) in reducing the degree of parasitemia and apoptosis in C57BL mice with cerebral malaria.

Brain malaria, which results from Plasmodium falciparum infection, is responsible for substantial fatalities and health issues. These processes, including cytoadherence, rosetting, and sequestration, induce an immune response, hypoxia, brain microvascular obstruction, disruption of the blood-brain barrier, and cell death. Parasitemia level can reveal the presence of infection and its association with apoptosis-related genes. Neem (Azadirachta indica) leaves with antimalarial properties could replace ineffective Indonesian malaria medications. This study was designed to evaluate the impact of neem leaf extract on cerebral malaria-induced parasitemia and neuron cell apoptosis in mice through an in vivo approach. 13-16 weeks old C57BL mice received infection by Plasmodium berghei strain ANKA. Parasitemia was estimated daily from the mice's tail blood. 8 mg, 12 mg, and 16 mg of a 96% ethanolic neem leaf extract were orally given for 6 days. Healthy, positive, and negative controls were included for treatment comparisons. On the 7th day, brain tissue was analyzed for (p > 0.05) gene expression. Through immunohistochemistry, both cell apoptosis in neurons expressing caspase-3 within a brain sample and the degree of parasitemia in a blood smear were assessed. The Pearson correlation test and one-way analysis of variance were employed to analyze the data. Neem leaf extract reduces parasitemia and neuron cell apoptosis at multiple dosages (p < 0.000). Apoptosis in brain neurons and parasitemia show a strong positive correlation (r = +0.939). Neem leaf extract at doses of 12 and 16 mg was the most effective in reducing parasitemia levels and causing cell death. Neem leaf therapy significantly reduced the degree of parasitemia and cell apoptosis in C57BL mice compared with the control group without treatment (p = 0.05). This shows that neem leaves have the potential to be a candidate drug for malaria.

Blood count changes in malaria patients according to blood groups (ABO/Rh) and sickle cell trait

IntroductionIntroduction: Malaria continues to be the leading cause of hospitalization and death in Angola, a country in sub-Saharan Africa. In 2023, in the first quarter, 2,744,682 cases were registered, and of these 2,673 patients dieddue to malaria disease. Previous studies have shown that the ABO blood group can affect the progression ofmalaria to severe conditions after P. falciparum infection, while the sickle cell gene offers relative protection.ObjectiveWe investigated changes in the blood count according to blood groups (ABO/Rh) and sickle celltrait in patients with malaria in Luanda, capital of Angola.Methodology This was a longitudinal, prospectiveand observational study with 198 patients hospitalized for malaria.Results Of the 198 patients studied,13(6.6%) were ABRh(+), 4(2.0%) were ARh(-), 49(24.7%) were ARh(+), 42(21, 2%) were BRh (+), 5(2.5%)were ORh(-) and 85(42.9%) were ORh(+). For sickle cell trait, 145(73.2%) were AA, 37(18.7%) were AS and16(8.1%) were SS. No statistical relationship was observed between age group, sex, parasitemia, clinicalpicture, hematocrit, MCV, HCM, MCHC, leukocytes, NEUT, LINF and PTL values with blood groups(p<0.05), but there was a relationship between values of hemoglobin and ABO/Rh blood groups (p>0.05).There was no relationship between age, parasitemia, clinical condition, MCV, HCM and MCHC values,leukocytes, NEUT and LINF with sickle cell trait (p<0.05), but there was a relationship between sex,hemoglobin and PTL and sickle cell values. sickle cell trait (p>0.05).ConclusionIt is imperative todifferentiate patients with malaria based on blood groups and sickle cell trait, taking into account mainly theblood count parameters that demonstrate that there are patients who, depending on blood group or sickle celltrait, may react weakly to malaria infection regardless of the degree of parasitemia and medical prognosis.

THE EFFECT OF JOHAR PLANT FLOWER EXTRACT “CASSIA SIAMEA” ON THE DEGREE OF PLASMODIUM BERGHEI PARASITEMIA IN VIVO

Malaria is a disease caused by a parasite of the genus Plasmodium sp. that spreads through the bite of the female Anopheles mosquito. Malaria is still a global problem because almost half of the world’s population is at risk of malaria which is endemic to 86 tropical and subtropical countries. In addition, resistance to antimalarial drugs that occur in some places makes many researchers try to find antimalarial drugs made from natural ingredients so that they can reduce the risk of resistance with minimal effects. One natural ingredient that is thought to be used as an antimalarial drug is the johar flower (Cassia siamea). The objective of this study is to determine the effect of johar flower extract (Cassia siamea) at doses of 10 mg/kgBW, 100 mg/kgBW, and 1000 mg/kgBW on the degree of parasitemia in male mice Balb/c strain infected with Plasmodium berghei. This study is an experimental study in vivo using the design of the Randomized Post-test Only Controlled Group method using 24 samples of mice which were divided into four groups, one negative control group and three treatment groups. The average degree of parasitemia was obtained in the control group of 24.9%, the 10 mg/kgBW dose treatment group of 13.4%, the 100 mg/kgBW dose treatment group of 10.3% and the 1000 mg/kgBW dose treatment group of 12.2%. Based on the results of the analysis with One-way ANOVA, an average difference was found between the control and treatment groups with a p-value &lt;0.001. The result showed that giving johar flower extract (Cassia siamea) had an influence on antimalarial activity in reducing the percentage of parasitemia of mice infected with Plasmodium berghei by looking at the average difference between the control group and the treatment and obtained the average results of the treatment group of 100 mg/kgBW and 1000 mg/kgBW had the highest influence in reducing the degree of parasitemia. Keywords: Cassia siamea, Antimalaria, Plasmodium berghei, Degree of Parasitemia

THE EFFECT OF PANDAN WANGI ROOTS ETHANOL EXTRACT (Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb.) ON THE DEGREE OF PLASMODIUM BERGHEI PARASITEMIA IN VIVO

Malaria is an disease caused by Plasmodium genus and transmitted by female Anopheles mosquitoes via bites. The occurrence of antimalarial drug resistance in various places, such as Chloroquine and Artemisinin Combination Therapy, be a challenge for researchers to find new herbal and effective alternative antimalarial drugs. Pandan Wangi roots (Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb.) contain compounds with antimalarial properties. This study aims to determine the effect of Pandan Wangi roots ethanol extract at doses of 1, 100, and 1,000 mg/kgBW (Body Weight on the degree of Plasmodium berghei parasitemia in vivo. This study employs an experimental in vivo method using the Post-Test Only Controlled Group Design. Sample of 24 mice were divided into one negative control group and three treatment groups. The data analysis technique employed is One Way ANOVA and Post Hoc Test. In this study, the mean degree of parasitemia in negative control group was 32.60%, treatment group with dose of 1 mg/kgBW was 22.27%, treatment group with dose of 100 mg/kgBW was 18.49%, and treatment group with dose of 1,000 mg/kgBW was 14.88%. The One Way ANOVA analysis resulted in p-value of 0.001, which is &lt; 0.05, indicating a significant difference in the average degree of parasitemia among the three treatment groups. Thus, the effect of Pandan Wangi roots ethanol extract has antimalarial activity. Administration dose of 1,000 mg/kgBW proved to be the most effective in suppressing the growth of Plasmodium berghei parasitemia.&#x0D; Keywords : Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb., Antimalarial, Plasmodium berghei, Degree of Parasitemia

Estimation of parasitaemia in imported falciparum malaria using the results of a combined rapid diagnostic test. No big help from haematological parameters

BackgroundMicroscopy continues to be the mainstay for the evaluation of parasitaemia in malaria but requires laboratory support and microbiological experience. Other fast and simple methods are necessary.MethodsA retrospective observational study of imported malaria treated from July-2007 to December-2020 was carried out to evaluate the association between the degree of parasitaemia and both rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) reactivity patterns and haematological parameters. Plasmodium falciparum monoinfections diagnosed by peripheral blood smear and/or polymerase chain reaction (PCR),which also had a positive RDT result in the same blood sample, were included in the study.ResultsA total of 273 patients were included. Most of them were male (n = 256; 93.8%) and visiting friends and relatives (VFR) travellers (n = 252; 92.3%). Patients with plasmodial lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) or aldolase and histidine-rich protein 2 (HRP-2) co-reactivity (Pan/Pf pattern) had a parasitaemia range between 0 and 37% while those with just HRP-2 reactivity (P. falciparum pattern) had ranges between 0 and 1%. Not a single case of P. falciparum pattern was found for parasitaemia ranges greater than 1%, showing a negative predictive value of 100% for high parasitaemia. All the correlations between haematological parameters and parasitaemia resulted to be weak, with a maximum rho coefficient of -0.35 for lymphocytes and platelets, and of 0.40 for neutrophils-to-lymphocytes count ratio. Multivariate predictive models were constructed reflecting a poor predictive capacity.ConclusionsThe reactivity pattern of RDT allows a rapid semi-quantitative assessment of P. falciparum parasitaemia in travellers with imported malaria, discriminating patients with lower parasite loads. Haematological parameters were not able to estimate parasitaemia with sufficient precision.

Effect of Plasmodium Infections on CD4 Cells, Neutrophil and Lymphocytes

Knowledge of malaria-immunity is essential for understanding the pathology, treatment &amp; vaccine production. So, changes in CD4 in malaria patients were studied at a teaching hospital in Enugu, Nigeria. 45 patients on doctor’s provisional diagnosis of malaria were examined for Plasmodium infections and the degree of parasitaemia (0/+/ ++/ &amp; +++). Positive/(+) and negative/(0) samples were thereafter counted for CD4 using Flow Cytometry. CD4 cell count of Plasmodium-negative specimens were within reference ranges (RR): (464-1308); mean value: 835. Fifteen (+) parasitaemia showed lower ranges of CD4 count (502-1282); mean: 678; with immune falls in one (427). 9/12 (++) parasitaemia showed crash in CD4 counts, range: 301- 415; mean: 399. Seven (+++) parasitaemia showed crashes in CD4 counts, range: 160-357; mean: 225. As parasitaemia rises, neutrophils, Total WBC and lymphocyte significantly rise in numeric. Malaria causes immunosuppression; unlike prevailing reports, should accelerate complications in immunodeficients-patients, Haemolytic-anaemia results only from chronic cases. CD4 counts should be a paradigm in malaria investigation.

Haematological parameters and their correlation with the degree of malaria parasitaemia among outpatients attending a polyclinic

BackgroundMalaria is a parasitic disease caused by various species of the blood parasite Plasmodium; of all the parasitic diseases, malaria has the highest prevalence and mortality with an estimated 247 million cases and 619,000 deaths recorded worldwide as of 2021. Malaria causes febrile illness with several changes in blood cell parameters. Some of these changes include leucopenia, thrombocytopenia, and anaemia. If these changes could be correlated with the degree of parasitaemia, it can serve as a guide to physicians when treating malaria. This study was therefore aimed at correlating haematological parameters with levels of parasitaemia during malaria infection.MethodsThe study was a cross-sectional study involving 89 malaria positive patients. About 5 ml of blood was collected from each participant who gave his or her informed consent to partake in the study. A full blood count was performed on their samples to determine their haematological parameters using a haematology auto-analyzer. A parasite count was also performed via microscopy to determine the degree of parasitaemia. The data obtained from the study was entered into a database and statistically analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23 and Microsoft Excel 2016.ResultsThe study comprised of 89 participants out of which 35 were males and 54 were females with the mean age of 26.15 years. Secondary education participants were the highest with quaternary education the lowest. The highest parasite count recorded was 398,174 parasites/µl of blood, lowest count was 101 with the average being 32,942.32584. There was also a significant positive Pearson’s correlation between total WBC and parasitaemia and with the WBC differentials, neutrophils, lymphocytes and monocytes had positive correlations while eosinophils and basophils had negative correlations. Furthermore, platelets, total RBC’s, haemoglobin, MCH, MCHC and Hct all showed negative correlations. Linear regression also showed a linear relationship between parasite density and the various haematological parameters.ConclusionThe linear relationship (correlation) between WBC and MCH were the only significant ones at 95% and 99% confidence interval, respectively based on a two-tail t-test. Also, based on the regression analysis, the changes caused by WBC and PLT were the only significant changes at 95% confidence level in a two-tailed t-test.

UJI EFEKTIVITAS KOMBINASI EKSTRAK DAUN SIRIH HIJAU “PIPER BETLE L” DAN MADU SEBAGAI ANTIMALARIA PADA MENCIT YANG DIINFEKSI PLASMODIUM BERGHEI

Malaria is an infectious disease caused by the parasite Plasmodium sp. transmitted by the female Anopheles mosquito vector through its bite. Patients infected with malaria worldwide in the last two decades have increased, mainly due to the emergence of strains of Plasmodium falciparum that have become resistant to antimalarial drugs. This has resulted in the emergence of efforts to find alternative medicinal plants that can overcome this problem. One of the plants that have the potential to be developed is Piper betle L, or commonly known as green betel plant. This study aims to determine the effect of green betel leaf extract (Piper betle L) and honey at doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kgBW as antimalarials in Balb/c mice infected with Plasmodium berghei. This study is an in vivo experimental study using the Randomized Post-test Only Controlled Group method design using 24 samples of mice which were divided into four groups, one negative control group and three treatment groups. The average degree of parasitemia in the control group was 45.51%, the treatment group at a dose of 50 mg/kgBW was 35.71%, a dose of 100 mg/kgBW was 30.96% and a dose of 200 mg/kgBW was 31.67%. Based on the results of the analysis using One Way ANOVA, it was found that the mean difference between the control and treatment groups with p value &lt;0.001 was found. The results showed that green betel leaf extract (Piper betle L) could inhibit the growth of Plasmodium berghei by looking at the mean difference between the control group and the treatment group and obtained that the average treatment group of 100 mg/kgBW and 200 mg/kgBW were equally effective at inhibiting parasitemia levels.&#x0D; Keywords : Antimalarial, Piper betle L, Degree of Parasitemia

Effect of malaria parasites’ infection on CD4 cells, haemopoietic cells and haemopoietic factors

Abstract Malariology Immunity is essential for understanding the pathology, treatment &amp; vaccine production. Changes in CD4, haemopoietic cells &amp; factors (RBC/HB/PCV/MCV/MCH &amp; MCHC) in malaria parasites-infected patients were studied at a teaching hospital in Enugu, Nigeria. 45 patients on doctor’s provisional diagnosis of malaria were examined for Plasmodiuminfections &amp; the degree of parasitaemia (0/+/++/&amp; +++). Positive (+) &amp; negative (0) samples were thereafter counted for CD4/haemopoietic cells &amp; factors using Flow Cytometry/Automated Blood Cell Counter, respectively. Plasmodium-negative specimens were within reference ranges for CD4 cell count (464–1308); mean value: 835. Fifteen (+) parasitaemia showed lower ranges of CD4 count (502–1282); mean: 678; with immune falls in one (427). Nine from twelve (++) parasitaemia showed crash in CD4 cells counts, range: 301–415; mean: 399. Seven (+++) parasitaemia showed crashes in CD4 cell counts, range: 160–357; mean: 225. Significant rise with increase in parasitaemia occurs in neutrophils and Total WBC. Opposite occurred in the three other primary immune cells &amp; platelets. There were variances in the basic immune cells’ percent &amp; numeric. The haemoglobin factors didn’t exhibited significant change, except platelet that showed marked steady decrease with increase in parasitaemia. Plasmodiuminfection causes immunosuppression in patients, vivid changes in haemopoietic cells populations/percentages, &amp; platelets. Malaria infection in the immunodeficients patients shouldaccelerate the complications, including death, unlike prevailing reports. Haemolytic anaemia in malaria is likely complication resulting only from chronic cases since there was no vivid anaemia in this study None

Bifidobacterium longum Administration Diminishes Parasitemia and Inflammation During Plasmodium berghei Infection in Mice.

During Plasmodium berghei (P. berghei) infection, infected erythrocytes are sequestered in gut tissues through microvascular circulation, leading to dysbiosis. This study aimed to investigate the effect of Lactobacillus casei (L. casei) and Bifidobacterium longum (B. longum) administration on the parasitemia level, gut microbiota composition, expression of cluster of differentiation 103 (CD103) in intestinal dendritic and T regulatory cells (T reg), plasma interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) levels in P. berghei infected mice. P. berghei was inoculated intraperitoneally. Infected mice were randomly divided into 5 groups and treated with either L. casei, B. longum, or the combination of both for 5 days before up to 6 days post-infection (p.i). The control group was treated with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), while uninfected mice were used as negative control. Levels of CD103 and forkhead box P3 (FoxP3) expression were measured by direct immunofluorescense, while plasma IFN-γ and TNF-α level were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). All treated groups showed an increase in parasitemia from day 2 to day 6 p.i, which was significant at day 2 p.i (p = 0.001), with the group receiving B. longum displaying the lowest degree of parasitemia. Significant reduction in plasma IFN-γ and TNF-α levels was observed in the group receiving B. longum (p = 0.022 and p = 0.026, respectively). The CD103 and FoxP3 expression was highest in the group receiving B. longum (p = 0.01 and p = 0.02, respectively). B. longum showed the best protective effect against Plasmodium infection by reducing the degree of parasitemia and modulating the gut immunity. This provides a basis for further research involving probiotic supplementation in immunity modulation of infectious diseases.

RT PCR Assay to Determine Efficacy of Buparvaquone in Reducing Degree of Parasitemia of Theileria orientalis

Background: Theileriosis is a haemoprotozoan illness that poses severe economic loss to dairy farmers due to its negative impact on mortality and productivity, especially in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. Methods: The present study was conducted for a period of one year (June 2020 to July 2021) during which 55 blood samples of cattle showing clinical signs suggestive of theileriosis were examined and quantified by using multiplex real time PCR for Theileria orientalis and Theileria annulata using Taq-Man probe. Result: Prevalence of theileriosis in three Theileria-endemic districts of Odisha due to Theileria annulata and Theileria orientalis were 26.11 per cent (11/42) and 57.14 per cent (24/42), respectively. Mixed infection were reported in 16.6 percent (7/42) cases. Parasite load for T. annulata in clinically affected cases ranged from 2.85 x 103 to 1.51 x 105 parasites per ml of blood while for T. orientalis, it ranged from 1.94 x 104 to 5.88 x 105 parasites per ml of blood. Ten cattle positive for T. orientalis were administered two doses of buparvaquone (Butalex) @2.5 mg/kg b.w. at an interval of 48 hours after which degree of parasitemia were quantified ten days post treatment. The parasitic load in blood ten days post treatment decreased significantly from 4.04 x 104 to 2.21 x 102 per ml of blood.

UJI AKTIVITAS BUAH MAHKOTA DEWA (PHALERIA MACROCARPA) SEBAGAI ANTIMALARIA PADA MENCIT YANG DIINFEKSI PLASMODIUM BERGHEI

Malaria is a parasitic infection caused by Plasmodium sp. Malaria’s medication and prevention are known, but there is a problem of increasing Plasmodium resistance to antimalarial drugs such as drugs from the chloroquine class, to overcome this problem traditional medicine is chosen because it is safer and cheaper. God’s crown (Phaleria macrocarpa) is one of the plants commonly used for traditional medicine which contains several active substances, namely saponins, polyphenols, flavonoids, tannins, sterols, alkaloids and terpenoids which have potential as antimalarials which can be proven by observing the degree of parasitemia in the mice blood. This study was conducted in vivo using the Randomized Post Test Only Controlled Group method using 24 samples of mice which were divided into 4 groups. The negative control group was only 0.2 ml of RPMI as a treatment control and the treatment group was treated with God’s crown extract at doses of 1, 10, and 100 mg/kgBW, then the degree of parasitemia was examined in each mouse. The data analysis technique used is One Way ANOVA and Post Hoc test. The results obtained mean the degree of parasitemia in the control group, doses of 1 mg/kgBW, 10 mg/kgBW and 100 mg/kgBW respectively 41.70; 37.96; 31.55; and 37.0. The results based on the analysis using One Way ANOVA posttest, it was found that there were significant differences between the control group and treatment groups 1,2, and 3 with p value of 0.000 (p &lt; 0.05). The results showed that the extract of the fruit of the God’s crown (Phaleria macrocarpa) could inhibit the growth of Plasmodium berghei, the best dose was found at a dose of 10 mg/kgBW.

High Degree of Parasitemia Induces Placental Hypoxia and Low Birth Weight

Placental malaria causes low fetal weight associated with infiltration of monocytes and parasites in the placenta resulting in placental hypoxia. Hypoxia is characterized by HIF expression. HIF-1α expression responds early to the occurrence of hypoxia (&lt;24 hours) and HIF-2α promotes chronic hypoxia (&gt;24 hours). There were two groups in this study, namely the control group (10 pregnant mice without Plasmodium berghei infection) and the treatment group (10 pregnant mice infected with Plasmodium berghei). Pregnant mice were operated on on the 18th day after mating. The degree of parasitemia was measured by Giemsa staining. Expression of HIF-1α and HIF-2α in placental tissue was measured by immunohistochemistry. Results by paired t test, HIF-1α expression in the placental tissue in the treatment group was higher than the control group (p=0.02), HIF-2α expression in the placental tissue was higher in the treatment group than in the control group (0, 01) the fetal weight in the treatment group was lower than in the control group (p=0.01). By using SEM analysis, the degree of parasitemia caused high expression of HIF-1α in placental tissue (tcount = 4.625, ttable = 1.96). High expression of HIF-2α in placental tissue (tcount = 2.672 ttable = 1.96). The degree of parasitemia causes low fetal weight (tcount = 27.764 ttable = 1.96). The results also showed that HIF-1 caused low birth weight (tcount = 2.376 ttable=1.96) also HIF-2α caused low fetal weight (tcount = 4.267 ≥ 1.96). Conclusions the degree of parasitemia causes high expression of HIF-1α and HIF-2α in placental tissue and low birth fetuses. Expression of HIF-1α and HIF-2 also causes low birth weight.&#x0D; Keywords: malaria in pregnancy, degree of parasitemia, HIF-1α , HIF-2α , birth weight

Alteration of Coagulation Profile in Malaria Patients and its Correlation with The Degree of Parasitemia

Objective: To determine the alteration of coagulation profile (PT, APTT, D-dimers) in malaria patients and its correlation with the degree of Parasitemia.Study Design: Cross-sectional study.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: Pathology department of Combined Military Hospital Lahore, from Jan to July 2018.&#x0D; Methodology: A total of 92 patients were included in the study. The malarial parasite was identified using thick and thin smears. Hemoglobin, Red blood cell, White blood Count, Prothrombin Time, Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time, and Ddimer levels were measured using automated analyzers Sysmex KX-21 and CA-600. &#x0D; Results: The mean age of the patients was 23.35 ± 14.4 years with 53 (57.6%) males and 39 (42.4%) females. Plasmodium falciparum was identified as the causative species in 33 (35.9%) of the cases, 59 (64.1%) cases were caused by Plasmodium vivax. Based on parasitic load, 50 (54.3%) patients were found to have a mild degree of parasitemia whereas 26 (28.3%) had moderate and 16 (17.4%) had severe parasitemia. A significant association was found between the degree of parasitemia and coagulation parameters.&#x0D; Conclusion: Partial thromboplastin time, activated partial thromboplastin time and D-dimer levels were positively correlated with the degree of parasitemia specifically in plasmodium falciparum as compared to the other species. Therefore, special care should be exercised in patients having an underlying inherited bleeding disorder and a strict prevention protocol should be made.

Hubungan Kepadatan Parasit Terhadap Kadar Hemoglobin Pada Penderita Malaria Asimtomatik Di Gunung Sari

Malaria is an infectious disease that still provides a high morbidity rate in the world. Malaria affects almost all blood components, one of which is hemoglobin levels. In malaria infection, there is a decrease in hemoglobin levels due to the destruction of excessive red blood cells by the malaria parasite. Asymptomatic malaria infection plays an important role in malaria transmission as it is a major influence on ongoing treatment-based malaria control programs. The research objective in this study was to know the effects of parasite density on hemoglobin levels in patients with Asymptomatic Malaria disease in Gunung Sari. The research study used is an analytic observational study with a Cross-Sectional approach with the Accidental sampling method and the Consecutive sampling method. The result of the study is out of the 14 samples diagnosed with asymptomatic malaria, 12 people (85.7%) had a mild degree of parasitemia based on parasite density calculations (8-800 / μl), and 2 people (14.3%) had moderate degrees of parasitemia (801- 8800 / μl). As many as 6 people (42.9%) had normal Hb levels, and 8 people (57.1%) had Hb levels below normal values. The conclusion of this study proved that there is a significant correlation between parasite density and hemoglobin levels in asymptomatic malaria patients in Gunung Sari.

Effects of Gymnema inodorum Leaf Extract on the Alteration of Blood Coagulation Parameters and Platelet Count in Plasmodium berghei-Infected Mice.

Malaria remains highly prevalent and one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in tropical and subtropical regions. Alteration of blood coagulation and platelets has played an important role and attributed to increased morbidity in malaria. Hence, this study was performed to investigate the efficacy of Gymnema inodorum leaf extract on Plasmodium berghei-induced alteration of blood coagulation parameters and platelet numbers in mice. Groups of ICR mice were inoculated with 1 × 107 parasitized red blood cells of P. berghei ANKA (PbANKA) and given orally by gavage with 100, 250, and 500 mg/kg of G. inodorum leaf extract (GIE). Chloroquine (10 mg/kg) was used as a positive control. Platelet count and blood coagulation parameters were measured. The results showed that PbANKA induced thrombocytopenia in mice as indicated by markedly decreased platelet count. Decreased platelet count had a negative correlation with the degree of parasitemia with R2 value of 0.6668. Moreover, significantly (p < 0.05) shortened activated partial thromboplastin time was found in PbANKA-infected group, while prothrombin time and thrombin time were still normal. GIE gave significantly (p < 0.05) good results with respect to platelet count, compared with the results obtained from positive and healthy controls. Additionally, GIE reversed the alteration of blood coagulation parameters when compared to untreated mice. The highest efficacy of GIE was observed at a dose of 500 mg/kg. It was concluded that GIE exerted a protective effect on thrombocytopenia and altered blood coagulation parameters induced by PbANKA infection in mice. This plant may be a future candidate for alternative antimalarial development.

Comparative therapeutic efficacy of imidocarb and diminazene aceturate against Babesia gibsoni in dogs

The present study estimated the therapeutic management of Babesia gibsoni in the dog population located in and around Jabalpur (M.P.). A total of 2103 dogs that were brought to Veterinary Clinical Complex, College of Veterinary Science & A.H., Jabalpur and different government and private clinics of Jabalpur (M.P.) were screened for a period of six months (June 2021 to November 2021). 503 dogs found suspected based on clinical history viz. anorexia, fever, vomiting, diarrhoea, bleeding from the nostrils, pale of the mucous membrane, maelena, anaemia, jaundice, weight loss etc. and detection of the organisms in the blood of infected dogs and out of which 76 samples were haemoprotozoan positive amongst which 26 were B. gibsoni positive. For the therapeutic study, a total of 12 dogs confirmed for B. gibsoni were divided randomly into two treatment groups i.e., T2 and T3, each comprising of 6 dogs. Dogs of group T2 and T3 were treated with Doxycycline @ 5mg/kg bodyweight, PO, q12 h for 30 days +Metronidazole @ 15 mg/kg bodyweight, PO, q12 h for 30 days +Imidocarb @ 6.6 mg/kg bodyweight, S/C, two doses14 days apart and Doxycycline @ 5mg/kg bodyweight, PO, q12 h for 30 days +Metronidazole @ 15 mg/kg bodyweight, PO, q12 h for 30 days + Diminazene aceturate @ 5 mg/kg bodyweight, I/M, two doses 48 h apart respectively. The best therapeutic response was observed in the T2 group. A blood smear examination reveals a lower the degree of Parasitemia on the 15th-day post-treatment and on the 30th-day post-treatment blood smear was negative in all affected dogs.

HIV and Chagas Disease: An Evaluation of the Use of Real-Time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction to Measure Levels of Trypanosoma cruzi Parasitemia in HIV Patients in Cochabamba, Bolivia.

This cross-sectional study evaluated epidemiologic characteristics of persons living with HIV (PWH) coinfected with Trypanosoma cruzi in Cochabamba, Bolivia, and estimated T. cruzi parasitemia by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) in patients with and without evidence of reactivation by direct microscopy. Thirty-two of the 116 HIV patients evaluated had positive serology for T. cruzi indicative of chronic Chagas disease (27.6%). Sixteen of the 32 (50%) patients with positive serology were positive by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and four of the 32 (12.5%) were positive by direct microscopy. The median parasite load by qPCR in those with CD4+ <200 was 168 parasites/mL (73-9951) compared with 28.5 parasites/mL (15-1,528) in those with CD4+ ≥200 (P = 0.89). There was a significant inverse relationship between the degree of parasitemia estimated by qPCR from blood clot and CD4+ count on the logarithmic scale (rsBC= -0.70, P = 0.007). The correlation between T. cruzi estimated by qPCR+ blood clot and HIV viral load was statistically significant with rsBC = 0.61, P = 0.047. Given the significant mortality of PWH and Chagas reactivation and that 57% of our patients with CD4+ counts <200 cells/mm3 showed evidence of reactivation, we propose that screening for chronic Chagas disease be considered in PWH in regions endemic for Chagas disease and in the immigrant populations in nonendemic regions. Additionally, our study showed that PWH with advancing immunosuppression have higher levels of estimated parasitemia measured by qPCR and suggests a role for active surveillance for Chagas reactivation with consideration of treatment with antitrypanosomal therapy until immune reconstitution can be achieved.

Assessing Anti-malaria Effect of Naja Naja Oxiana Snake Venom by Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction Method

Objective: Malaria is one of the most important parasitic diseases and one of the important health issues especially in tropical and subtropical countries. The importance of this disease is due to its high prevalence and mortality, as well as drug resistance and side effects of common drugs used for its treatment. Snake venom is a complex mixture of active pharmaceutical ingredients. The present study aims to investigate the anti-Plasmodium falciparum activity of the purified fractions isolated from the venom of Iranian cobra snake (Naja Naja Oxiana) by real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method. The importance of this disease is due to its high prevalence, significant mortality, as well as drug resistance and, side effects of current drugs in treatment. Venom is a complex mixture of active pharmaceutical ingredients. The purpose of this study was to investigate the anti-Plasmodium falciparum activity of the purified fraction of Iranian cobra snake venom by Real -time PCR. Methods: After preparation and purification of lyophilized venom for determining the parasitic load, different fractions obtained from the venom of Naja Naja Oxiana put in different plates adjacent to Plasmodium falciparum (3D7) strain in the ring stage. The degree of parasitemia was determined by real-time PCR. Finally, the effective fraction with anti-malaria properties was identified. Results: The active fraction with a half maximal inhibitory concentration of 0.026 μg/mL was the most effective fraction on Plasmodium falciparum in vitro (P&lt;0.001). Conclusion: The active fraction of Naja Naja Oxiana venom at the mentioned concentration has anti-malaria effect. This results can motivate the continuation of further research in this field.

A preliminary Study of Malaria infection (Plasmodium spp.) in Iraqi Livestock

Malaria in livestock (cattle, buffalo, sheep, and goat) was detected and diagnosed in Mosul, Iraq. A total of forty infected animals of local breeds, from different ages and both sexes, showed Plasmodium parasites in their blood smears. Ten animals of each species were selected. All animals were clinically examined. The identification of Plasmodium parasites was done by microscopy and PCR assay. Fever, pale mucous membranes, lymphadenitis, jaundice, and recumbences are more common clinical signs were associated with malaria infection in livestock. Trophozoites, schizonts, and gametocytes appeared morphologically resemble those of Plasmodium spp. of humans. Sporozoites, Oocyte, and Ookinets were observed in stained blood smears of some cows, sheep, and goats. A high degree of parasitemia and erythrocytes infected with two or more trophozoites were seen. Trophozoites were seen more visible in the peripheral blood smears stained with the direct Acridine Orange and wet mount preparations in comparison to the traditional Giemsa, and Leishman stains method. The presence of hemozoin crystals was diagnostic of malaria parasites. Plasmodium DNA was detected from all samples. We need further studies to genotype Plasmodium spp. in livestock and to understand the prevalence of malaria parasites in animals of Iraq.