Degree Of Interpenetration Research Articles

Ultrasonic Influence on Macrostructure and Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Welded Joints of Al/Mg Sheets with 2 mm Thickness.

Friction stir welding (FSW) and ultrasonic vibration enhanced FSW (UVeFSW) experiments were conducted by using 6061-T6 Al alloy and AZ31B-H24 Mg alloy sheets of thickness 2 mm. The suitable process parameters windows were obtained for the butt joining of Al/Mg sheets. The effect of ultrasonic vibration on the macrostructure and mechanical properties of the dissimilar joints was studied. The results showed that the width of the weld nugget zone (WNZ) was enlarged to some extent and the hardness distribution in WNZ was more uniform in UVeFSW. In addition, the application of ultrasonic vibration effectively promoted the interpenetration degree of dissimilar materials in the WNZ so that the mechanical interlocking on the bonding interface of dissimilar Al/Mg materials was enhanced. The facture positions were changed from the bonding interface in FSW to the boundary between WNZ and the thermo-mechanical affected zone, and the ductile fracture zone was expanded. The highest ultimate tensile strength was 205 MPa at the process parameters set of 1200 rpm-50 mm/min in UVeFSW in this experiment. The average ultimate tensile strength of FSW/UVeFSW joints was 172.3 MPa and 184.4 MPa, respectively, and the average ultimate tensile strength was increased by 7.02% with the introduction of ultrasonic vibration.

Controlling the Degree of Interpenetration in Chiral Three-Dimensional Covalent Organic Frameworks via Steric Tuning.

Network interpenetration plays a crucial role in functionalizing porous framework materials. However, controlling the degree of interpenetration in covalent organic frameworks (COFs) to influence their pore sizes, shapes, and functionalities still remains a significant challenge. Here, we demonstrate a steric tuning strategy to control the degree of COF interpenetration and modulate their physicochemical properties. By imine condensations of 1,1'-bi-2-naphthol-derived tetraaldehydes bearing different alkyl substituents with the monomer tetra(p-aminophenyl)-methane, we synthesized and characterized a family of two-component and three-component chiral COFs with different interpenetrated dia networks. The alkyl groups are periodically appended on the pore walls, and their types/contents that can be synthetically tuned control the interpenetration degree of COFs by minimizing repulsive interactions between the alkyl groups. Specifically, the COF with -OH groups adopts an interpenetrated dia-c5 topology, those with -OMe/-OEt groups take an interpenetrated dia-c4 topology, whereas those with the bulky -OnPr/-OnBu groups exhibit a noninterpenetrated dia-c1 topology. The multivariate COFs with both -OH and -OnBu groups display either a noninterpenetrated or dia-c5 topology, depending on the proportion of -OnBu groups. The extent of interpenetration in COFs significantly affects their porosity, thermal stability, and chemical stability, resulting in varying selective performances in the adsorption and separation of dyes and asymmetric catalysis. This work highlights the potential of using steric hindrance to tune and control interpenetration, porosity, stability, and functionalities of COFs materials, broadening the range of their applications.

Unified understanding of the impact of semiflexibility, concentration, and molecular weight on macromolecular-scale ring diffusion

Conformationally fluctuating, globally compact macromolecules such as polymeric rings, single-chain nanoparticles, microgels, and many-arm stars display complex dynamic behaviors due to their rich topological structure and intermolecular organization. Synthetic rings are hybrid objects with conformations that display both ideal random walk and compact globular features, which can serve as models of genomic DNA. To date, emphasis has been placed on the effect of ring molecular weight on their unusual behaviors. Here, we combine simulations and a microscopic force-level theory to build a unified understanding for how key aspects of ring dynamics depend on different tunable molecular properties including backbone rigidity, monomer concentration, degree of traditional entanglement, and molecular weight. Our large-scale molecular dynamics simulations of ring melts with very different backbone stiffnesses reveal unanticipated behaviors which agree well with our generalized theory. This includes a universal master curve for center-of-mass diffusion constants as a function of molecular weight scaled by a chemistry and thermodynamic state-dependent critical molecular weight that generalizes the concept of an entanglement cross-over for linear chains. The key physics is how backbone rigidity and monomer concentration induced changes of the entanglement length, interring packing, degree of interpenetration, and liquid compressibility slow down space-time dynamic-force correlations on macromolecular scales. A power law decay of the center-of-mass diffusion constant with inverse molecular weight squared is the first consequence, followed by an ultraslow activated hopping transport regime. Our results set the stage to address slow dynamics and kinetic arrest in different families of compact synthetic and biological polymeric systems.

Interpenetrating polymer networks of polyurethane and polytriazole: Effect of the composition and number average molecular weight of glycidyl azide polymer on the mechanical properties and morphology

AbstractOn account of some special advantages of interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs), the preparation of IPNs with excellent properties may be a promising way to strengthen the polyurethanes (PUs) and toughen the glycidyl azide polymer (GAP) based polytriazoles (PTAs). This work provides the effect of composition and number average molecular weight (Mn) of GAP on the mechanical properties and morphology of full‐IPNs. A series of IPNs based on the crosslinked Ace‐terminated GAP (Ace‐GAP) as polytriazole phase and crosslinked hydroxy‐terminated liquid fluorinated polymer (HTLF‐1500) as polyurethane phase (namely, GAP‐HTLF‐X full‐IPNs) were successfully fabricated via in situ polymerization without any catalysts at 80°C by azide–alkynyl click chemistry and hydroxyl‐isocyanate urethane reaction. These IPNs were characterized using attenuated total reflectance/Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR/FTIR), uniaxial tensile testing, swelling measurement, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The tensile strength of GAP‐HTLF full‐IPNs gradually increased by increasing the weight ratio of Ace‐GAP, but the breaking elongation dramatically decreased compared with elongation at break of HTLF polyurethane. In addition, a small Mn of GAP is beneficial in enhancing the tensile strength, elongation at break and toughness of the IPNs. However, a small Mn of GAP corresponds to increased difficulty of preparing GAP‐HTLF full‐IPNs. GAP1k‐HTLF full‐IPN was not successfully prepared. When the Mn of GAP was 2000 g/mol, the GAP2k‐HTLF‐80 full‐IPN exhibited prominent mechanical performance with a tensile strength of 83.1 MPa, elongation at break of 28.5% and fracture energy of 99.1 kJ/m3. Swelling measurement showed that when the weight ratio of GAP with larger Mn (5, 3, and 2 k) increased to more than 70%, the molecular interpenetration existed in the IPNs, demonstrating the presence of additional physical crosslinks and entanglement for full‐IPNs. SEM studies revealed that highly formed interpenetration and few microphase separations can be observed on the fracture surface of the IPNs with optimal mechanical properties. Combined with the results of mechanical properties, swelling measurement, and SEM studies, the degree of molecular interpenetration and microphase separation were beneficial to improve the mechanical properties of elastomers. This work can provide a certain guiding significance for the preparation of IPN with excellent properties.

Solvent-Induced In(III)-MOFs with Controllable Interpenetration Degree Performing High-Efficiency Separation of CO2/N2 and CO2/CH4.

Herein, three In(III)-based metal-organic frameworks (In-MOFs) with different degrees of interpenetration (DOI), namely In-MOF-1, In-MOF-2, and In-MOF-3, constructed by In3+ and Y-shaped ligands 4,4',4″-s-triazine-2,4,6-triyltribenzoate (H3TATB), are successfully synthesized through the ionothermal/solvothermal method. Subsequently, three novel In-MOFs, including noninterpenetration polycatenation, 2-fold interpenetrated, and 4-fold interpenetrated structure, are employed as the platform for systematically investigating the separation efficiency of CO2/N2, CO2/CH4, and CO2/CH4/N2 mixture gas system. Among them, In-MOF-2 shows the highest CO2 uptake capacities at 298 K and simultaneously possesses the low adsorption enthalpy of CO2 (26.4 kJ/mol at low coverage), a feature desirable for low-energy-cost adsorbent regeneration. The CO2/N2 (v: v = 15/85) selectivity of In-MOF-2 reaches 37.6 (at 298 K and 1 bar), also revealing outstanding selective separation ability from flue gases and purifying natural gas, affording a unique robust separation material as it has moderate DOI and pore size. In-MOF-2 shows exceptional stability and feasibility to achieve reproducibility. Aperture adjustment makes In-MOF-2 a versatile platform for selectively capturing CO2 from flue gases or purifying natural gas.

ІНТЕГРАЦІЯ ТРАНСПОРТНИХ, ЕКСКУРСІЙНИХ ТА АНІМАЦІЙНИХ ПОСЛУГ В СУЧАСНОМУ ТУРОПЕРЕЙТИНГУ

The article improves the concept of integrated tourist product and integrated tourist service, substantiates the concept of directions, extent and depth of integration of tourist services in one tourist product, using the example of the most common in the modern tour operating system of transport, excursion and entertainment and animation services. Two directions of integration are distinguished and justified – “integration of sequence” and “integration of simultaneity and interpenetration” of services. The degree of integration is presented as the degree of coherence and sophistication of the tourist product with the entire set of interdependent, substantively and technologically combined services of varying depth of interpenetration, taking into account the degree of its acceptance by tourist consumers and the market justification, establishment and viability of this product in the tourist market. The degree of integration in this way partially shows how successful this synthesis of specific services in a specific product turned out to be. The depth of integration of tourist services in one trip is justified as the degree of interdependence and interpenetration of such services, both in the direction of sequence and simultaneity of their provision. The depth of integration of the sequence can also predict the degree of compliance with a certain logical line of gradual increase or decrease of the overall tourist wow-effect as the route passes, depending on the general ideology and mission of the tour. In the direction of simultaneous integration of different services into one another in one product, the depth shows the degree of interdependence and “synthesis” of services provided in parallel, the extent to which several simultaneously provided services mix and form a certain single “monolithic”, thus turning into a single indivisible integrated service with the corresponding synergistic effect of such a combination. In the future, it is possible to develop a scheme-algorithm for measuring the degree and depth of service integration, with an outline of formal evaluation criteria, which is important for the design and implementation of more advanced and original products of tour operator companies in conditions of high competition.

Partial-Interpenetration-Controlled UiO-Type Metal-Organic Framework and its Catalytic Activity.

An unprecedented correlation between the catalytic activity of a Zr-based UiO-type metal-organic framework (MOF) and its degree of interpenetration (DOI) is reported. The DOI of an MOF is hard to control owing to the high-energy penalty required to construct a partially interpenetrated structure. Surprisingly, strong interactions between building blocks (inter-ligand hydrogen bonding) facilitate the formation of partially interpenetrated structures under carefully regulated synthesis conditions. Moreover, catalytic conversion rates for cyanosilylation and Knoevenagel condensation reactions are found to be proportional to the DOI of the MOF. Among MOFs with DOIs in the 0-100% range, that with a DOI of 87% is the most catalytically active. Framework interpenetration is known to lower catalytic performance by impeding reactant diffusion. A higher effective reactant concentration due to tight inclusion in the interpenetrated region is possibly responsible for this inverted result.

Isoreticular Expansion and Linker-Enabled Control of Interpenetration in Titanium-Organic Frameworks.

Titanium-organic frameworks offer distinctive opportunities in the realm of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) due to the integration of intrinsic photoactivity or redox versatility in porous architectures with ultrahigh stability. Unfortunately, the high polarizing power of Ti4+ cations makes them prone to hydrolysis, thus preventing the systematic design of these types of frameworks. We illustrate the use of heterobimetallic cluster Ti2Ca2 as a persistent building unit compatible with the isoreticular design of titanium frameworks. The MUV-12(X) and MUV-12(Y) series can be all synthesized as single crystals by using linkers of varying functionalization and size for the formation of the nets with tailorable porosity and degree of interpenetration. Following the generalization of this approach, we also gain rational control over interpenetration in these nets by designing linkers with varying degrees of steric hindrance to eliminate stacking interactions and access the highest gravimetric surface area reported for titanium(IV) MOFs (3000 m2 g-1).

Effect of post-weld heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of induction pressure welded joint for A283GRC steel and 5052 aluminum alloy

To further enhance the mechanical characteristics of the induction pressure welding (IPW) joint, the heat treatment was carried out for the IPW joint of A283GRC steel and 5052 aluminum alloy plates. The effect of annealing time and annealing temperature on the microstructure and properties of IPW joint was considered in the process of post-weld heat treatment (PWHT). The outcomes demonstrated that PWHT can successfully increase the shear strength of the welding joint under IPW. When the annealing temperature was 300 ℃ and the annealing time was 2 h, the shear strength of the joint reached 51.56 MPa, which was increased by 84 % compared with that before heat treatment, and the maximum improvement effect was achieved. PWHT had no effect on the intermetallic compounds (IMCs) type of IPW joint, and the interface was still composed of tongue Fe2Al5 and serrated FeAl3. PWHT increased the degree of component interpenetration at the steel-aluminum alloy contact, which can both raised the IMCs' thickness and uniformly distribute the chemical make-up of the interface IMCs. The cracks near the aluminum alloy side of the joint were gradually repaired and healed with the increase in annealing temperature and the extension of holding time. After heat treatment, the grain was finer close to the steel side of the joint, which was conducive to the increase of the strength of the joint. Increasing the annealing temperature and time, the IPW joint's shear strength increased at first, then declined. In the time and temperature range examined, annealing temperature had a bigger impact on the joint's shear strength than annealing time did. At the fracture, PWHT resulted in a significant number of large-area equiaxed dimples. The mixed fracture mode, which was predominately brittle fracture without heat treatment, transforms into another mixed fracture mode, which was predominately ductile fracture after heat treatment.

Enhancement in Two-Photon Absorption and Photoluminescence in Single Crystals of Cd(II) Metal Organic Frameworks.

The emergence of metal organic frameworks (MOFs) as advanced photonic materials has placed them at the forefront of exploration. Nonlinear optical (NLO) phenomena such as simultaneous two-photon absorption and consequent upconversion emission have been in demand for promising applications. A rational design approach based on the fundamental structure-property relationship is key for the fabrication of nonlinear optically active MOF materials. Here, we investigate two-photon-absorption (2PA)-induced photoluminescence of four new Cd(II) MOFs based on an acceptor-π-donor-π-acceptor trans, trans-9, 10-bis(4-pyridylethenyl)anthracene chromophore linker. The use of auxiliary carboxylate linkers resulted in the variation of crystal structures, leading to the modulation of NLO properties. On comparison with a standard Zn(II)-MOF, two MOFs showed enhancement in 2PA, while the other two showed a mild decrease. We tried to establish a structural correlation to explain the trend in NLO activity. The interplay of various factors such as chromophore density, degree of interpenetration, chromophore orientation, and π···π interactions between the individual networks affects the NLO activities. These results show the modulation of the optical properties of MOFs based on a combined strategy for the development of tunable single crystal NLO devices.

Tuning of Second-Harmonic Generation in Zn-Based Metal–Organic Frameworks by Controlling the Structural Interpenetrations: A First-Principles Investigation

To explain the huge difference in the second harmonic generation (SHG) response of two novel interpenetrated metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) that consist of Zn2+ ions coordinated to the trans-2-(4-pyridyl)-4-vinylbenzoate (pvb) ligand, eightfold interpenetrated Zn(pvb)2 (M1) and sevenfold interpenetrated [Zn(pvb)2]·DMF (M2), first-principles calculations were performed to study the geometries, band structures, and various linear and second-order nonlinear optical properties of M1 and M2 and two other hypothetical Zn-MOFs. Our results indicate that the structural transformation from M2 to M1 by the loss of the DMF guest is energetically favorable, and the M1 compound with the most tightly packed structure has the largest dielectric constant. For MOFs with the same order of interpenetration, the presence of the DMF guest has a small effect on the optical anisotropy of the system. Due to the different coordination environments of two kinds of Zn atoms, eightfold interpenetrated M1 shows more significant optical anisotropy than M2, and correspondingly, the range of phase matchability of M1 (>863 nm) is wider than that of M2 (>1126 nm). This means that at an experimental wavelength of 950 nm, M1 has a favorable phase-matching feature and displays strong SHG response, while the phase-mismatched behavior of M2 with sevenfold interpenetration leads to a weak SHG signal. Therefore, the difference in the interpenetrated structure induced by the guest DMF solvent is the main reason for the giant deviation in SHG intensity between M1 and M2 compounds. The present work provides new insights into how the phase-matching ability can be tuned by switching of the degree of interpenetration to enhance SHG response of MOFs.

Exploring the phase stability in interpenetrated diamondoid covalent organic frameworks

Soft porous crystals, which are responsive to external stimuli such as temperature, pressure, or gas adsorption, are being extensively investigated for various technological applications. However, while substantial research has been devoted to stimuli-responsive metal-organic frameworks, structural flexibility in 3D covalent organic frameworks (COFs) remains ill-understood, and is almost exclusively found in COFs exhibiting the diamondoid (dia) topology. Herein, we systemically investigate how the structural decoration of these 3D dia COFs—their specific building blocks and degree of interpenetration—as well as external triggers such as temperature and guest adsorption may promote or suppress their phase transformations, as captured by a collection of 2D free energy landscapes. Together, these provide a comprehensive understanding of the necessary conditions to design flexible diamondoid COFs. This study reveals how their flexibility originates from the balance between steric hindrance and dispersive interactions of the structural decoration, thereby providing insight into how new flexible 3D COFs can be designed.

Enhancing Ethane/Ethylene Separation Performance in Two Dynamic MOFs by Regulating Temperature-Controlled Structural Interpenetration.

The separation of ethane from ethylene is an important but challenging process in the chemical industry because of their similar physicochemical properties. Generally, the adsorbents for C2H6/C2H4 separation require an appropriate and relatively small aperture. Herein, we report two dynamic pillar-layered metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) BUT-111 and BUT-112 with isomorphic frameworks but different degrees of interpenetration for efficient C2H4 purification. The dynamic behavior makes both the activated MOFs exhibit ultramicropores and reversed order adsorption behavior for C2H6 and C2H4, which could obtain highly purified C2H4 in one step from the C2H6/C2H4 mixture. BUT-111 and BUT-112 could work in a wide temperature range, and with the decrease in temperature, the C2H6/C2H4 selectivity would increase. Moreover, the degree of interpenetration could be well controlled by the synthetic temperature, and the increase in the interpenetration degree of BUT-112 enhanced the C2H4 purification effectively.

The interaction of pectin with wheat starch and its influence on gelatinization and rheology

Adsorption isotherms have been determined for pectin obtained from citrus peel, apple pomace and creeping fig seeds onto wheat starch granules at room temperature. The results show that the amount adsorbed was significantly higher than can be accommodated solely on the surface of the granules and is, therefore, evidence that the pectin molecules must penetrate into the interior of the granules through the surface pores. The amount of pectin adsorbing/absorbing into the granules was found to decrease with increasing pectin molar mass. The adsorption/interpenetration of the pectin molecules reduced the amount of starch molecules leaching from the starch granules at room temperature. The transition temperatures and enthalpy of the gelatinization process were determined by differential scanning calorimetry and found to slightly increase in the presence of the pectin samples and with the degree of pectin interpenetration. The viscosity of starch – pectin dispersions on heating and cooling under constant shear increased with increasing pectin concentration. The final viscosity values of the starch pastes decreased with increasing pectin molar mass. The study provides a clearer understanding of the nature of starch–pectin interactions which will be of significant importance in food formulation.

Chiral Motifs in Highly Interpenetrated Metal-Organic Frameworks Formed from Achiral Tetrahedral Ligands.

Formation of highly interpenetrated frameworks is demonstrated. An interesting observation is the presence of very large adamantane-shaped cages in a single network, making these crystals new entries in the collection of diamondoid-type metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). The frameworks were constructed by assembling tetrahedral pyridine ligands and copper dichloride. Currently, the networks' degree of interpenetration is among the highest reported and increases when the size of the ligand is increased. Highly interpenetrated frameworks typically have low surface contact areas. In contrast, in our systems, the voids take up to 63 % of the unit cell volume. The MOFs have chiral features but are formed from achiral components. The chirality is manifested by the coordination chemistry around the metal center, the structure of the helicoidal channels, and the motifs of the individual networks. Channels of both handednesses are present within the unit cells. This phenomenon shapes the walls of the channels, which are composed of 10, 16, or 32 chains correlated with the degree of interpenetration 10-, 16-, and 32-fold, respectively. By changing the distance between the center of the ligand and the coordination moieties, we succeeded in tuning the diameter of the channels. Relatively large channels were formed, having diameters up to 31.0 Å×14.8 Å.

Atomic-resolution structures from polycrystalline covalent organic frameworks with enhanced cryo-cRED

The pursuit of atomic precision structure of porous covalent organic frameworks (COFs) is the key to understanding the relationship between structures and properties, and further developing new materials with superior performance. Yet, a challenge of how to determine their atomic structures has always existed since the first COFs reported seventeen years ago. Here, we present a universal method for ab initio structure determination of polycrystalline three-dimensional (3D) COFs at atomic level using enhanced cryo-continuous rotation electron diffraction (cryo-cRED), which combines hierarchical cluster analysis with cryo-EM technique. The high-quality datasets possess not only up to 0.79-angstrom resolution but more than 90% completeness, leading to unambiguous solution and precise refinement with anisotropic temperature factors. With such a powerful method, the dynamic structures with flexible linkers, degree of interpenetration, position of functional groups, and arrangement of ordered guest molecules are successfully revealed with atomic precision in five 3D COFs, which are almost impossible to be obtained without atomic resolution structure solution. This study demonstrates a practicable strategy for determining the structures of polycrystalline COFs and other beam-sensitive materials and to help in the future discovery of novel materials on the other.

Alternative theories of morphology in the Parallel Architecture

The Slot and Structure Model of morphology (SSM: Benavides 2022) presents itself as an extension of the Parallel Architecture (PA: Jackendoff 1997, 2002). The present article compares SSM to Relational Morphology (Jackendoff and Audring 2020) and Construction Morphology (Booij 2010), which also claim allegiance to the Parallel Architecture. It is shown that (a) SSM does not segregate semantic structure from syntactic structure, violating the fundamental premise of the PA; (b) SSM is concerned primarily with deriving productive morphology, while the PA is stated in terms of declarative schemas that license nonproductive as well as productive morphology; (c) SSM enforces a strict division between morphology and syntax, while the PA allows a degree of interpenetration. Finally, Benavides accuses RM of lacking a direct connection between semantics and syntax. It is shown that this is based on a misunderstanding of the RA formalism.

Tetramethylammonium Cation: Directionality and Covalency in Its Interactions with Halide Ions.

The degree of interpenetration of the van der Waals crusts of two atoms, represented by a penetration index, is defined to better quantify the meaning of the nonbonding contact distances between two atoms, which should allow us to compare different atom pairs on the same footing. The structural trends of the intermolecular contacts between the tetramethylammonium cation (TMA) and halogen atoms are reviewed, and a computational study of model X···TMA ion pairs (X = F, Cl, Br, I, Au) is presented. The results disclose two energy minima, in each of which the anion simultaneously interacts with three hydrogen atoms. The bonding mechanisms in the two cases are discussed based on the results of the tools of the trade that provide a consistent picture in which a distribution of charges significantly varies not only around each different atom but is also strongly dependent on the distance to the central N atom. This behavior, together with some non-negligible covalent character of the interionic interaction, is not predicted from a single-molecular electrostatic potential map of the TMA cation.

Miniaturized 3D printed solid-phase extraction cartridges with integrated porous frits

Here we have studied the effect of the thickness and printing orientation using PolyJet 3D printing to fabricate single-material cartridges with built-in porous frits enabling solid-phase extraction (SPE) by packing commercial sorbents. This is achieved by tuning the degree of interpenetration of the building material and the water-soluble support material used in PolyJet 3D printing by modifying the orientation of the print head respective to the frit. SPE cartridges printed at an orientation of 30° with a 150 μm thick integrated frit were selected for the SPE experiments in a compromise between frit permeability to flow and stability to retain commercial sorbents for SPE.The performance of the 3D printed cartridges was evaluated for the SPE of the endocrine-disrupting phenols 4-tert-octylphenol (4-tOP) and 4-nonylphenol (4-NP), comparing three commercial SPE sorbents (Evolute Express ABN, Bond Elut PPL, and Silica-C18). The best overall extraction performance was obtained using Silica-C18, and the main extraction parameters were optimized. Detection limits of 0.3 μg L−1 for 4-tOP and 1.1 μg L−1 for 4-NP were achieved using HPLC-DAD for analyte separation and quantification. Enrichment factors of 30.1 (4-tOP) and 16.2 (4-NP) were obtained under the selected conditions. The developed method was applied to water and milk powder samples obtaining satisfactory recoveries ranging from 97% to 103%. These results demonstrate the suitability of PolyJet 3D printing for the fabrication of miniaturized cartridges with integrated frits for SPE applications.

Cognitive model of the national financial market: creating process and prospects for assessing the security of its functioning

The subject of the research is the Russian financial market. The aim of the study is to develop a cognitive model of the Russian financial market to assess the security of its functioning. The relevance of the study is due to the need to assess the reaction of the national financial market to various exogenous and endogenous stressors in the face of growing geopolitical tensions and the emergence of new artificial restrictions on the access of domestic investors to foreign sources of capital. The belonging of modern financial markets to complex adaptive systems consisting of elements and relationships, the formal description of the dynamics of which is very problematic, determines the advisability of using cognitive analysis and modeling methods in the process of assessing the safety of their functioning. A feature of the study is that when building a cognitive model of the national financial market, the author uses as the main elements not individual actors of the financial market, but macroeconomic aggregates that characterize the state of the financial market and the economy as a whole. The actor-network structure of the national financial market presented in this way makes it possible to consider the high degree of interpenetration of the financial and real sectors, which is characteristic of the modern economy. The novelty of the paper lies in the development of tools for analyzing the dynamics of the financial market as a result of constructing a methodological framework for studying the security of its functioning based on cognitive modeling. The developed cognitive model shows how the identified macro-aggregates change as a result of the spread of a positive or negative impulse, allowing to highlight the critical factors ensuring the sustainable functioning of the financial market. The author concludes that in the case of a balanced state of the considered macroeconomic aggregates, the existing hierarchical structure of the Russian financial market makes it possible to localize and neutralize crisis phenomena of an endogenous nature. At the same time, within the framework of the existing networks of the interaction of the financial market, exogenous stress impulses will intensify and lead to a violation of its effective performance of the function of capital circulation. The practical significance of the research results lies in the ability to determine the stabilizing processes and mechanisms operating in the economy as a whole and in the financial sector in particular, and in their absence, to identify the possibilities for their design that can increase the systemic security of the functioning of the country’s financial market.