Degree Of Inertness Research Articles

Problemi kvalifikacije i radnopravne zaštite "digitalnih radnika"

Although the increased performance in digital platform work has been recorded only recently, the numerous problems related to employment law and social welfare protection of crowdworkers are not new. Due to diverse issues in classifying specific individuals as employees, "atypical" workers and crowdworkers have encountered many problems while attempting to obtain employment law and social welfare protection. Despite numerous differences, majority of countries have made employment law protection available to those digital platform workers who meet the requirements of the legal definition of "an employee" (or "a worker", as explicitly designated in specific legislations). In other words, the legal definition of an employee or a dependent contractor provides entrance into the area of employment law protection. However, both national and international legislators have demonstrated a certain degree of inertness in terms of avoiding to adjust the legal concept of "an employee" (or a subordinate, as defined in some legislations) to new social and economic circumstances. Considering the traditional concept of "employee", a crowdworker cannot be designated as a subordinate; consequently, digital platform workers do not fall under the scope of relevant provisions of labor, social care and tax law. On the other hand, when it comes to traditional legal categories, classifying crowdworkers as independent contractors does not diminish their need for adequate protection, primarily in terms of fair financial compensation for work, clearly limited working hours, health care and safety at work, protection in case of illness, injury at work, maternity leave or freedom of association. Therefore, national legislators should revise the justifiability and proportionality of legislation applied to economic cooperation, and consider the specificities of economic cooperation business models and tools that can be used for resolving ample issues in defining employment law protection of crowdworkers and identifying entities that may have the legal status of the employer.

High-purity fused-silica capillary columns for gas chromatography

High-purity fused-silica capillaries (made of SiO 2 of 99.9999% or higher purity, containing less than 1 ppm of hydroxy groups and metal oxides) have been evaluated for gas chromatographic applications. Various types of conventional glass capillary column were compared for inertness, and untreated high-purity fused-silica capillary columns were found to be the most inert. Untreated fused-silica capillary columns were compared with those deactivated with PEG-20M, using the Grob test mixture and a test mixture containing primary amines. Untreated fused-silica capillary columns coated with methylpolysiloxane (OV-101) showed some activity after coating, but, after conditioning at 280–350°C, they showed almost the same degree of inertness as the deactivated columns. In quantitative analysis of highly polar compounds containing a primary amine, the untreated fused-silica column showed no adsorption in the low concentration range of 0.1 ng for 2,6-dimethylphenol and dicyclohexylamine, 0.3 ng for octanol, and 2 ng for primary amine (laurylamine). In order to exaḿine the stability and service life in high-temperature operation, the heights equivalent to a theoretical plate (HETPs) before and after 550 h of continuous operation at 280°C column temperature were compared using an untreated fused-silica capillary column. The change inHETP was only 30%, and the chromatograms of polar compounds showed no significant difference. An untreated high-purity fused-silica capillary column coated with methylpolysiloxane (OV-101) ensured better stability and almost the same degree of inertness, in high-temperature operation, compared with the same column deactivated with PEG-20M.

A Radiological and Histological Evaluation of Ionic and Non-Ionic Contrast Agents in Rabbit Knees

Non-ionic contrast agents, metrizamide (MET) and iosulamide (IOSUL) and ionic agents, Renografin-60 (RENO-60) and Renografin-60 with epinephrine (RENO-60 + EPI) were evaluated to determine their effectiveness as arthrographic contrast agents. The histological changes in the synovium and joint were determined. To ascertain a radiographic timing sequence, the persistence of diagnostic joint opacification was determined. New Zealand white rabbits were studied in 5 groups of 12 rabbits each: control (saline), and MET, IOSUL, RENO-60 and RENO-60 + EPI. Each agent had an iodine concentration of 280mg/ml. All radiographs were taken using the same radiographic technique at 2, 5, 20, 30 and 60 minutes after injection. Two investigators graded each arthrogram. At least four animals in each group were sacrificed at 24 hours, 7 days and 28 days respectively. Both the contrast injected knee and the opposite control saline injected knee were examined histologically and graded. Histologic evaluation revealed statistically significant (p<0.05) inflammation in the joints injected with MET and RENO-60. The degree of inflammatory change was more pronounced with MET compared to RENO-60. All significant inflammation was noted within the first week after injection. Arthrographic scores judging persistence of diagnostic opacification were highest for IOSUL followed by RENO-60 + EPI, MET and RENO-60 respectively. Scores in all groups were below average at 30 and inadequate at 60 minutes. No statistical difference in degree of opacification existed between contrast agents at any interval. The non-ionic or ionic character of an agent does not affect the diagnostic opacification obtained at arthrography. Short term local inflammatory changes may be produced by either type of agent. These data suggest that one might choose an agent based on the degree of inertness since little difference exists in opacification. Supported by a grant from Sterling-Winthrop Research Institute.

Biologic response to sutures.

Whenever a foreign object is implanted in living tissue, a cellular response occurs. Sutures usually produce a mild response that varies in character with different materials. The cellular and tissue reaction can be evaluated by both morphologic and enzyme histochemical approaches. Such studies assist in understanding suture absorption and the degree of inertness in tissues associated with the various suture materials. In addition, the in vivo measurement of breaking strength retention provides information on suture safety. Such studies also assist in the development of improved suture materials for various surgical applications.

Effect of stress on tissue ingrowth into porous aluminum oxide.

AbstractA study of the tissue compatibility of aluminum oxide implants under different stress conditions in rabbits was performed over four‐ and eight‐week implantation periods. The specific objectives were to examine endosteal bone ingrowth into aluminum oxide coneshaped plugs in amputated tibiae, while additional pellet‐shaped implants in the tibiae and femora of rabbits with amputated and nonamputated limbs were studied to determine: (1) if the degree of loading placed on the amputated limb was sufficient to promote bone activity, (2) the degree of inertness and/or toxicity of the aluminum oxide implants, and (3) a possible cause of bone spurs.The results of the radiographic, histologic and microradiographic analyses of the in vivo implants demonstrated that there was little mineralized bone ingrowth into the coneshaped aluminum oxide implants in the amputated tibiae. The study also showed that the aluminum oxide pellet implants in the tibiae and femora of the nonamputated limbs demonstrated excellent mineralized bone ingrowth into surface and internal pores. By comparing these results with the incomplete ingrowth into corresponding pellet implants in the tibiae and femora of amputated limbs, it was determined that a lack of weight bearing and damage to the musculature and vascularity following amputation were interfering with the normal bone activity and therefore bone ingrowth.Angiographs and radiographs of the amputated tibiae demonstrated that bone spurs were present and that they originated at the site of the periosteal damage. Their cause was believed to be associated with an increase in the vascularity of the adjacent tissues.