Degree Of Grinding Research Articles

Effect of coal quality and preparation on the stamping performance and quality of coke.

This article presents the results of the research on real coal charges of different compositions intended for coking with loading into the chamber by the stamping method. The results of the study established that with an increase in the content of coal at a low stage of metamorphism and a decrease in the content of coal at a high stage of metamorphism in the charges, a decrease in the quality indicators of the coke obtained from them leads to a decrease in the yield of coke. At the same time, there is a gradual decrease in the compaction of the charges from 22.5 to 21.1kPa; their expansion pressure decreases from 6.8 to 5.9kPa; and the work of stamping decreases from 8966 to 6822J. It was also discovered that with the increase in the degree of grinding of the charge, and, accordingly, with the decrease in the average diameter of its particles, the work of stamping coal charges decreases from 7407 to 6238J. The results can be used in the manufacturing of blast furnace coke by stamping coal charges.

Construction of the technological process and design development of a multifunctional unit for processing vital soybeans with ultrasound. Feasibility of water-crude suspension

Cereals and legumes have a porous structure, being an inert carrier during mass exchange processes; they contain voids in the form of pores and stomata, on the surface of which there are foreign extractable substances in a solid state, in particular, trypsin and urease inhibitor proteins. These substances, due to their harmful effect on the final product, are subject to removal by extraction. One of the methods for inactivating anti-nutritional substances is ultrasonic treatment of soybeans.The article discusses the technology of inactivating inhibitors that worsen food and protein value of vital soybeans. The developed technology was aimed at dissolving a solid substance - soybean inhibitor protein in a liquid, carried out due to molecular diffusion, intensifying the processes of mass transfer and mass return. When creating a suspension by mixing the solid (crushed soybean grain) and liquid (water) phases, water molecules, which are a solvent, penetrate under the action of capillary forces into the pores and stomata of the treated body, begin to penetrate. On this basis, technological directions of research have been established, a sequence has been built and the physical essence of operations has been substantiated, consisting of four main ones - grinding soybean grain, creating a “water-soybean” suspension, ultrasonic (US) treatment of soybeans, drying. As a result of the conducted research, optimal technological parameters have been established for intensifying the process of inactivation of anti-nutritional substances contained in native soybeans: the degree of grinding of soybean grains is 0.5-1.0 mm; the ratio of water-soy suspension (1:1). The efficiency of the developed technological process will be factors affecting the quality of the resulting products, the duration and energy intensity of the process, resource conservation, simplicity of design and low cost of manufacture, the possibility of automation.

Characterization of Jurassic mudstones of the Northwest Caucasus as a raw material for clinker tile production

The article characterizes Jurassic mudstones of the North-West Caucasus as a potential raw material for the production of clinker tiles with water absorption of less than 3%. It is noted that traditional for the south of Russia raw materials for the production of ceramic bricks and tiles in the last centuries were various types of loams, which are widely distributed almost throughout the territory. However, for a number of reasons, they cannot be considered as raw materials for the production of clinker tiles, for which there has been a steady demand in recent years, especially on the Black Sea coast. Geographically, the Jurassic sediments in the Krasnodar region are traced in a wide strip (50–100 km) at a distance of 20 to 60 km from the coast. These are the oldest rocks in the region. The thickness of numerous mudstones varies from a few to many tens of meters. The chemical composition of mudstones is characterized by the content of aluminum oxide from 17 to 22 %, increased content of potassium oxide and iron oxides. The mineral composition is represented by hydrous mica, kaolinite and chlorite with admixture of quartz and feldspars. Pre-firing properties of argillites can be regulated by the degree of grinding. In terms of sinterability, argillites are qualified as a strong-medium sintering raw material of low-temperature sintering with high strength of ceramic stone. The results and analysis of the obtained data allow us to assert that the Jurassic mudstones of the North-West Caucasus are potentially suitable raw materials for production of clinker tiles with a wide range of physical and technical properties using a simplified technology.

Mechanochemical Tailoring of Lignin Structure: Influence of Different Particle Sizes in the Organosolv Process.

The autocatalyzed ethanolic organosolv process is gaining increasing attention for the sulfur-free isolation of lignin, which is subsequently used as a renewable substitute for various fossil-based applications. For the first time, the mechanochemical influence of seven different particle sizes of two different biomasses on the respective organosolv lignin structure is examined. Wine pruning (Pinot Noir) and wine pomace (Accent) are used for organosolv process with particle sizes ranging from 2.0-1.6mm to less than 0.25mm. As particle size decreases, the weight-average molecular weight increases, while the total phenol content decreases significantly. Additionally, the distribution of the lignin-typical monolignols and relevant substructures, as determined by two-dimensional heteronuclear nuclear magnetic resonance spectra single quantum coherence (HSQC), is observed. The degree of grinding of the biomass has a clear chemical-structural influence on the isolated HG and HGS organosolv lignins. Therefore, it is crucial to understand this influence to apply organosolv lignins in a targeted manner. In the future, particle size specifications in the context of the organosolv process should be expressed in terms of distribution densities rather than in terms of a smaller than specification.

A Comparative Study on Dip Coating and Corrosion Behavior of Ti-13Zr-13Nb and Commercially Pure Titanium Alloys Coated with YSZ by Taguchi Design

This work evaluates experimentally the corrosion and tip testing of Ti-13Zr-13Nb joint implant alloys and commercially pure titanium (cp-Ti) covered with YSZ nanoceramic. Through the use of the Taguchi design of experiments (DOE) approach, the dip coating process produced a thin sticky covering. The effects of temperature, YSZ concentration, duration, and the level of Ti alloy substrate grinding during dip coating were investigated using a L9-type orthogonal Taguchi array to determine the deposition yield. The thickness and adhesion tests that were utilized to optimize the dip coating conditions served as the input data, and the Ti alloys were coated using the ideal dip coating technique parameters as previously mentioned. For commercial Ti, the ideal values for YSZ coating thickness and adhesion were 60°C, 10 seconds, 10% concentration, and 250 degrees of grinding; correspondingly, for Ti-13Zr-13Nb, the ideal values were 60°C, 10 seconds, 15% concentration, and 400 degrees of grinding. For both Cp-Ti and Ti-13Zr-13Nb, the obtained thickness and removal area (adhesion) were 58.5µm and 11.45%, respectively, and 69.5µm and 9.33%, respectively. High-resolution scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) images were used to study the coated alloys; optical microscopy and AFM were used to identify the microstructure and thickness measurements of the coated surfaces; EDAX was used to analyze the coating composition; and XRD was used to analyze the formed phases. The optimized coated Ti alloys' corrosion resistance was investigated in simulated body fluid (SBF) using electrochemical methods such as cyclic polarization and Tafel polarization, and the adhesion strength of the coatings was measured using a tip tester. The following corrosion-resistant values were used to compare Ti-13Zr-13Nb and coated Cp-Ti: In Ringer's solution at 37°C, both coating alloys—Cp-Ti and Ti-13Zr-13Nb—improved corrosion resistance; however, the coated Ti-13Zr-13Nb alloy demonstrated greater corrosion resistance than the coated Cp-Ti alloy (5.417×10-3 and 1.042×10-2, respectively).

РОЗРІДЖЕННЯ ЖИТНЬОГО ЗАМІСУ З ВИКОРИСТАННЯМ ФЕРМЕНТНОГО ПРЕПАРАТУ SHEARZYME 500L

The regularities of rye wort liquefaction using the Shearzyme 500L enzyme preparation have been studied. It was established that regardless of the rye grinding degree at the stage of thermo-fermentative processing using Amylex 4T simultaneously with Shearzyme 500L, the content of high molecular dextrins and sugars in the wort decreases, and the content of low molecular dextrins increases. Shearzyme 500L also increases the content of dissolved substances in the wort and decreases the wort’s kinematic viscosity.

Study of technological properties of rye and wheat flour

In the production of sourdoughs and doughs for baking bread, the main raw material is flour. To obtain a high-quality product, low-grade flour shall not be used; it must be of high activity, that is, it must have elastic gluten, high water-absorbing and gas-forming ability and low enzyme activity. All these factors give the dough certain structural-mechanical properties during ripening of the sourdough and dough, standing and baking. For the study, two samples (sample 1 and sample 2) of rye flour from producers in the Kyiv and Kirovograd regions and one sample of wheat flour (sample 3) from producers in the Kyiv region were selected. Sensorial indicators were determined in the samples, namely aroma, color, crunch, taste, pest infestation, physical and chemical indicators: humidity, grind size, acidity. The quality of the raw materials used in the study was analyzed using generally accepted and special methods. The flour samples 2 and 3 have shown the highest protein content, namely 8,9 % and 11,1 %, respectively, the lowest protein content 8,4 % was in sample 1. The energy value of wheat flour was 50,24 kcal and 42,58 kcal than in samples 1 and 2, respectively. A sensorial assessment of flour samples showed that all samples were free of foreign odors, had a pleasant aroma, and had a color characteristic of the nature of the grain, no mechanical impurities were observed. All types of flour had a uniform degree of grinding. Wheat flour showed the lowest dispersion (largest coarseness), and rye flour of both brands had high dispersion, its effect upon the quality of the finished product being positive. Rye flour samples had 11,1-13,4 % higher water absorption coefficient compared to wheat flour. The acidity of rye flour was higher than that of wheat flour. The total gas formation during 5 hours of fermentation for sample 3 was 1430 cm 3 of CO 2 per 100 g of flour; for rye flour, sample 2 was 678 cm 3 of CO 2 per 100 g of flour. Therefore, for the development of sourdough technology based on rye flour, coarse rye flour from the manufacturer’s plant in the Kirovograd region shall be recommended, which was the optimal in terms of granulometry, contained more starch, monosaccharides, disaccharides and protein, was optimal in terms of technological properties and had greater water absorption capacity than wheat flour.

THE METHOD OF QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF THE AMOUNT OF FLAVONOIDS IN THE FLOWERS OF GIANT CEPHALARIA

Giant cephalaria (Cephalaria gigantea (LEDEB.) BOBROV) is a powerful perennial whose height reaches two meters. This plant is found in Southern Europe, Western and Central Asia, as well as in North and South Africa. It is cultivated in the Botanical garden of Samara University. The extracts of giant cephalaria have been used in traditional medicine for many years due to their antimicrobial, antifungal, cytotoxic, antioxidant, antidiabetic and antipyretic activities, which may be due to various biologically active compounds. It is known that the leaves contain triterpenoids, phenolic carboxylic acids and their derivatives, flavonoids, and the flowers contain flavonoid compounds: luteolin, quercetin, cynaroside, quercimeritrin and gigantoside A. The article describes the development of a technique for quantifying of the amount of flavonoids in the flowers of giant cephalaria. Spectrophotometric analysis of water-alcohol extracts from giant cephalaria flowers allowed us to establish that the main contribution to the absorption curve of their UV-spectra in the presence of AlCl3 is made by flavonols having a free OH group at the C-3 position, and in the differential version, the maximum absorption of the tested solution is close to that of the standard sample of quercetin (428±2 nm). Optimal conditions for the extraction of flavonoids in giant cephalaria flowers were determined: extractant 70% ethyl alcohol; the ratio "raw material-extractant" – 1 : 50; extraction time – extraction in a boiling water bath for 60 minutes, the degree of grinding of raw materials – 2 mm, analytical wavelength – 426 nm. It was determined that the content of the total flavonoids calculated on quercetin in the flowers of giant cephalaria varies from 1.58±0.05% to 2.63±0.05%. The error of a single determination with a 95% confidence probability is ±1.75%. The obtained results were used in the development of the FS project for a new type of medicinal plant raw materials "Cephalaria giant flowers" for introduction into the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation.

Effect of cyclic mechanical treatment on the final properties of Nb + 2Si powder mixtures prepared for SHS

The mechanical pretreatment of a powder mixture of niobium and silicon was studied experimentally and theoretically using the new macrokinetic theory of mechanochemical synthesis. The method of organizing the operation mode of the ball mill affects the degree of grinding and activation of the powder composition, as well as the rate of formation of intermediate phases. The effect of cycling on the temperature inside the mill drum, particle size of the powder mixture, formation of mechanically synthesized niobium silicides, and structure of the initial components has been studied. Varying the cycling can lead to safe and emergency operation of the mill. The final mixtures' characteristics may vary significantly depending on the number of cycles of discontinuous mechanical treatment, even if the total operating time of the ball mill remains the same. The safe conditions for cyclic operation of the mill were determined. The effects of different mechanical treatment modes on the grinding, activation, and phase formation of a powder mixture were investigated. Various parameters were analyzed, including thermophysical, physico-chemical, and kinetic characteristics of the cyclic operation of the AGO-3 ball mill, the kinetics of grinding and activation of Nb and Si particles, and the rate of mechanochemical reaction in the mechanically activated mixture of Nb + 2Si.

Влияние вида ножевой размалывающей гарнитуры на процесс получения микрокристаллической целлюлозы

The article shows the possibility of intensifying the process of producing microcrystalline cellulose via pregrinding of fibrous semi-finished products before hydrolysis. The technological factors determining the grinding of fibrous materials have been considered. The efficiency of the microcrystalline cellulose production process is influenced by the choice of its production technology. For grinding, a semi-industrial disc mill with a tacking with rectilinear and curvilinear knives has been used. Multiphysics models of the flow of fibrous mass in the grinding zone of a disc mill with different knife tacking patterns have been constructed. The morphological properties of the fiber have been measured on the Morfi Neo automatic fiber analyzer after grinding to 65 °SR. The nature of the change in the properties of bleached sulfate hardwood and softwood cellulose has been analyzed. It has been found that it is identical for all degrees of grinding, but the quantitative characteristics change to the greatest extent when grinding softwood cellulose using a tacking with rectilinear knives: the weighted average length of fibers decreases by 17 %, the width – by 14 %; the content of broken fibers increases by 22 %, the content of fines along the length – by 67 % and the fibrillation index – by 1.9 times. A comparative analysis of the values of the degree of polymerization depending on the knife tacking pattern has been carried out. The conditions for producing microcrystalline cellulose after grinding the fibrous mass in a semi-industrial disc mill, depending on the degree of grinding, have been determined. It has been shown that with an increase in the degree of grinding of the fibrous mass from 15 to 65 °SR, the degree of polymerization of microcrystalline cellulose decreases from 272 to 120, the concentration of hydrochloric acid – from 2.5 to 1.5 N and the duration of hydrolysis – from 120 to 90 min. The developed method for producing microcrystalline cellulose makes it possible to reduce the cost of chemical treatment of the fibrous mass (acid concentration, treatment duration and hydrolysis temperature) by 1.5 times.

STUDY OF THE PROCESS OF EXTRACTION OF ISOSALIPURPOSIDE FROM THE FLOWERS OF HELICHRYSUM MARACANDICUM (HELICHRYSUM MARACANDICUM POPOV EX KIRP.)

The purpose of this research is to study the process of extraction of isosalipurposide, and on the basis of the data obtained, the development of an optimal technology for obtaining a dry extract from the flowers of Helichrysum maracandicum (Helichrysum maracandicum Popov ex Kirp.).
 In the studies, the circulation extraction method, which is widely used in local pharmaceutical enterprises, was used. Based on the characteristics of the technology for obtaining a dry extract, a four-factor experimental plan based on a 5x5 Greek-Latin square was used to study the extraction process of the target BAS. Four quantitative factors were chosen as variables: the degree of grinding of the raw material (factor A), the concentration of ethyl alcohol (factor B), the hydromodulus (factor C) and the soaking time of the raw material (factor D). The output parameter was the percentage of the sum of flavonoids in terms of isosalipurposide in the resulting product.
 The results of dispersion analysis showed that the most complete yield of isosalipurposide was observed with the following indicators of variable factors: raw material grinding – 5–7 mm, extractant – 50% ethyl alcohol, hydromodulus 1 : 5, raw material soaking time – 9 hours. The expediency of using a short-term (10 min) ultrasonic treatment, which allows to increase the yield of the target BAS by 1.12 times, has been proved. The developed technology for obtaining a dry extract has been tested in industrial conditions. The resulting extract of Helichrysum maracandicum flowers in terms of quality met the requirements of pharmacopoeial articles: "Extracts" (SP XIV, GPM.1.4.1.21), "Extracts" (European Pharmacopoeia, 9th edition).
 Dry extract of Helichrysum maracandicum is recommended for use as a substance for the production of medicines and dietary supplements.

SELECTION OF THE OPTIMAL EXTRACTION MODULE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE TECHNOLOGY OF PRODUCTION OF BLACK AND GREEN TEA EXTRACTS (Camellia sinensis) WITH HIGH INDICATORS OF ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY

It is known that various factors of extraction, such as the type of solvent, temperature, time, solvent system, degree of grinding of raw materials, extraction modulus significantly affect the level of antioxidant properties of plant products. The aim of our study was to select the optimal extraction module for two types of tea (Camellia sinensis), to obtain extracts with high values of total soluble solids, phenols, flavonoids, tannins, antiradical activity according to the DPPH method, restoring strength according to the FRAP method. The objects of the study were extracts of two types of tea obtained using water, with a grinding degree of 0.5 mm, an extraction temperature of 40–50 °C, an extraction time of 24 h, and various versions of extraction modules 1 : 10, 1 : 15, 1 : 20. The indicator of the content of dry soluble substances in black and green tea reaches high values when using the extraction module 1 : 10 (9% and 9.6%, respectively), the maximum amount of phenolic substances (3139 mg (HA) / 100 g and 2045 mg (HA) / 100 g), flavonoids (1644 mg (K) / 100 g and 718 mg (K) / 100 g), tannins (123 mg catechin / 100 g and 56 mg catechin / 100 g) were extracted from black and green tea extracts at extraction module 1 : 10. The highest index of restorative power was observed in black and green tea extracts with an extraction modulus of 1 : 10 (8.73 mmol Fe2+ / kg and 15.84 mmol Fe2+ / kg). At an extraction modulus of 1 : 10, black and green tea extracts exhibited the least antiradical activity (Ec50 = 0.39 mg / cm3 and Ec50 = 0.69 mg / cm3). Thus, we can recommend the value of the module 1 : 10 as the most acceptable for obtaining extracts from black and green tea with a high level of the studied parameters.

Identification of the impact of electric pulse action on the disintegration of a natural mineral

The work is devoted to the study of the electric pulse disintegration of a natural mineral. The object of the study is the natural mineral quartzite of the Aktas deposit of the Republic of Kazakhstan. For the destruction and grinding of quartzite, a working cell of an electric pulse unit was developed. Electric pulse crushing is a modern technique for grinding a variety of materials, which provides the desired degree of grinding with a certain granulometric composition of the product and has a high ability of selective crushing. With the help of this technology, quartzite grinding was carried out with an increase in the capacity of capacitor banks from 0.25 mF to 1 mF, the pulse discharge voltage changed from 20 kV to 30 kV, the number of pulse discharges from 500 to 1,000, the inner diameter of the working cell from 60 mm to 80 mm. The results of the disintegration of a natural mineral by the electric pulse method allowed us to determine the degree of grinding of the finished product. The obtained results can be used in the study and optimization of the extraction of natural minerals, which is important for ensuring the sustainable use of natural resources and balanced economic development. Crushed quartzite is used in various industries, including the production of optical fibers, electronics and photovoltaic devices. A material with a particle diameter of 0.1 to 0.4 millimeters is used to create glass, ceramic and porcelain products, as well as insulation materials. Due to its homogeneous composition containing up to 98 % silicon oxide (SiO2) and excellent absorbent properties, quartz sand is also used as a filter material for water purification

Technology for Producing Composite Solid Fuel From Coals of Kyzyl-Bulak and Kozho-Kelen Deposits and Heated Bitumen

The paper presents the results of a study of the production of composite solid fuels (CSF) from compositions of coal from the Kyzyl-Bulak and Kozho-Kelen deposits and a bitumen binder. The possibilities of producing CSF from a mixture of bitumen and preheated coals have been studied. To determine the dependence of the quality of the resulting CSF on the grinding size, the above coal was crushed into three fractions: a fraction with a particle size of 0-1mm, a fraction with particles of 0-3 mm and a fraction of 0-5 mm. These 3 fractions of coal were subjected to sieve analysis and the granulometric composition was determined, then each fraction individually was subjected to briquetting on a hydraulic press, in a mold with a diameter of 40 mm. Based on the task, pressing took place at 3 parameters, namely: at a pressure of 10 MPa, 15 MPa and 20 MPa. The use of different pressures made it possible to trace the dependence of the quality of the resulting CSF on the pressing pressure and determine the optimal pressure parameter. Briquetting was also carried out at different concentrations of the charge and the mechanical properties of the CSF were determined at a binder concentration of 6, 8, 10%. It has been established that the use of a bitumen-like product (bitumen) as a binding material, obtained as a result of thermal dissolution of coal with oil waste at a temperature of 320-380°C, produces mechanically strong briquettes that have compression resistance up to 106 kg/cm2 and bending resistance up to 7.5 kg/cm2. It has been shown that the mechanical strength of briquettes increases with increasing degree of coal grinding, and also an increase in pressing pressure increases the mechanical strength of briquettes. As the moisture level of coal increases, the mechanical strength of the briquette decreases. The optimal parameters for producing CHP have been established: coal size 0-3 mm: humidity 6.5%, pressing pressure 200 kg/cm2.

Comparative corrosion performance of YSZ-coated Ti-13Zr-13Nb alloy and commercially pure titanium in orthopedic implants

This study delves into the corrosion performance and wear behavior of orthopedic implant alloys, particularly the Ti-13Zr-13Nb alloy and commercially pure titanium (cp-Ti), both coated with Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia (YSZ) nanoceramic. The research utilizes the Taguchi design of experiments (DOE) approach and employs electrophoretic deposition (EPD) techniques to create thin, well-adhering YSZ layers on these alloys. Employing an orthogonal Taguchi L9 array, the study investigates how various EPD parameters, including electrical voltages, YSZ concentration, deposition duration, and grinding intensity, influence the deposition yield on both Ti alloys. To optimize the EPD parameters for these Ti alloys, the coated substrates underwent thickness and adhesion tests. The optimal conditions established are as follows: for commercially pure Ti, YSZ coating thickness and adhesion were achieved using 60 Vs, 7 min of deposition, 15 % concentration, and 400° of grinding. Meanwhile, for Ti-13Zr-13Nb, the ideal parameters were 60 Vs, 7 min of deposition, 20 % concentration, and 400° of grinding. Comprehensive characterization techniques were employed, including high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) for alloy analysis, optical microscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM) for surface microstructure and thickness evaluation, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX) for composition analysis, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) for phase analysis.The research goes on to assess corrosion resistance by subjecting the optimal coated Ti alloys to simulated body fluid (SBF) using electrochemical methods such as polarization (Tafel) and cyclic polarization. Additionally, adhesion force was measured using a tip tester. Notably, both cp-Ti and Ti-13Zr-13Nb coatings showcased enhanced corrosion resistance in Ringer's solution at 37 °C. Importantly, the corrosion rate of the coated Ti-13Zr-13Nb alloy (1.888 × 10–3) was found to be lower than that of the coated cp-Ti alloy (3.013 × 10–3)..

Dietary fiber and weaning age affect stress and immune markers in saliva of sows and their offspring.

Diet, especially the intake of dietary fiber, and weaning practices may influence pig wellbeing. This study assessed changes in salivary stress and immune markers in sows and their offspring fed either hay (HAY) or sugar beet pulp (SBP), either fine (F) or coarse (C), during gestation and lactation. The effect of weaning age (conventional-CW, late-LW) on these markers was also evaluated. Saliva was analyzed for chromogranin A (CgA), cortisol, alpha-amylase, oxytocin, immunoglobulin A (IgA), and adenosine deaminase (ADA). CgA was higher at CW versus LW in sows fed SBP-F (P = 0.038). Alpha-amylase was higher in sows fed HAY-C at CW versus LW (P = 0.005) and in sows fed SBP-C at LW versus CW (P = 0.096). CgA and oxytocin were higher in sows fed SBP-F at CW versus LW (P = 0.038 and P = 0.017, respectively). ADA was higher in sows fed SBP-C versus HAY-C (P = 0.035) at LW and at LW versus CW in sows fed SBP-C (P = 0.002). Piglet salivary CgA was higher at CW versus LW in HAY-F (P = 0.002) and SBP-F (P = 0.031). Oxytocin was higher at CW versus LW in piglets fed HAY-F (P = 0.006). Piglet salivary IgA was higher in HAY-C versus HAY-F at CW (P = 0.010) and at LW versus CW in piglets fed HAY-F (P = 0.021). ADA was higher in piglets fed SBP-F versus HAY-F (P = 0.053) at CW and SBP-F versus SBP-C (P = 0.042) at LW. Dietary fiber type, weaning age, and to a lesser extent grinding degree affect stress and immune markers in pigs. These findings highlight the impact of diet and weaning practice on pig welfare.

INNOVATIVE PROCESS LINE FOR MATERIAL SAMPLE PREPARATION

ABSTRACT. The successful establishment and sustainable development of mining enterprises depends on a number of factors, including geological research, management of mineral extraction and processing processes, and sample preparation technology. The sample preparation plants that are currently used have a multi-stage technological process, often with manual transfer of material between technological operations. Standard crushing and grinding equipment with a low degree of grinding, high metal consumption and overall dimensions is used. Separation of material by size also occurs on standard screens, which are poorly suited for sample preparation. The purpose of the work is to substantiate an innovative technological scheme for preparing mineral samples for laboratory analysis. The determining unit of the production line is a vibrating jaw crusher with an inclined crushing chamber, which has a degree of material grinding of more than 100 and allows one to obtain a final product with a particle size of -1 mm in one pass in an open crushing cycle, which reduces the number of overload devices that significantly affect sample clogging with material. Horizontal loading of the source material and unloading of the crushed material makes it possible to arrange all equipment in a horizontal plane, eliminate large-sized metal structures and ensure ease of maintenance. The vibrating screen of the improved design has a complex working profile, which provides a significant increase in the path of transportation of material particles along the sieving surface compared to its length, effective cleaning of the mesh and its visual inspection through the transparent lid, which eliminates clogging of the material of the previous sample. The working surface is a set of sieve cards that allow quick replacement of the worn part of the screening surface. The technical characteristics of the equipment and the general view of a small-sized modular crushing and grinding plant are presented.

Эффективность применения ферментных препаратов при водной экстракции фенольных веществ из листьев зеленого чая

A study was conducted to obtain green tea extract using enzyme preparations of various substrate specificities. In the experiments, we used crushed green tea leaves of the Greenfield Flying Dragon variety with different degrees of grinding: coarse grinding, which included particles with a size of 56.4% passing through a Ø 1 mm sieve, and fine grinding, which included particles with a size of 100% passing through a Ø 1 mm sieve and 75% passing through a Ø 0.25 mm sieve. It was found that the yield of phenolic substances from coarse and fine grinding differs slightly but depends on the hydromodule. To obtain aqueous extracts of green tea with a high content of phenolic substances, it is recommended to use a hydro modulus of 1:20. To assess the effectiveness of enzyme preparations on the yield of phenolic substances, enzyme preparations of different substrate specificity were used: cellulolytic action – CelloLux-A, Viscoferm; proteolytic action – Vegazym M, Fructozym P6-L, Fructozym BE, Fructozym MA, Fructozym Press, Pectinex Ultro; proteolytic action – Protosubtilin G3x, Destizym Protocid Extra. The effectiveness of the enzyme preparation was assessed relative to the control sample (without adding the enzyme preparation) and expressed in %. As a result, it was found that of all the analyzed enzyme preparations, CelloLux-A has the greatest effect on the yield of phenolic substances and increases the yield of phenolic substances by 40–96%. To determine the optimal modes for the extraction of phenolic substances: temperature, duration, and dose of application of CelloLux-A, the method used a full factorial experiment (FFE 23) and the "steep" ascent method. As a result, a mode for obtaining green tea extract was determined that ensures the concentration of phenolic substances in the extract in the amount of 988 mg/dm3: temperature 60°C, duration – 1 hour, dose of CelloLux-A – 0.09% by weight of green tea leaves. Green tea leaf extract can be used by many sectors of the food industry as a source of biologically active substances in the production of functional foods and drinks.

РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНЫХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ ГЕЛИОСУШИЛКИ

To study the herbs drying process by solar energy using, a series of experiments on alfalfa in the third year of development were conducted. The site selection’s all requirements for crops’ placement and plots’ division with field experience methodology are consistence. To determine the drying regime’s effect on the alfalfa drying process kinetics, a series of experiments to effect of coolant humidity, its speed and temperature on the drying process studying were conducted. The experimental data analysis showed that the coolant’s temperature has the greatest influence on the herbs drying rate. At heliuoplant’s experimental studies’ course for drying herbs, influence degree of various indicators on the drying regime, alfalfa layer height, its grinding degree and the green mass’s initial moisture content on the drying process duration and alfalfa quality was determined. The drying duration, in depending on one factor at constant remaining of the other parameters was studied. Based on the analyses’ results, graphs of changes in the alfalfa’s carotene content in depending on the drying mode, green mass layer height and its granulometric state were constructed. It can be seen that at the coolant temperature decreasing, alfalfa quality is sharply decreased, that is not observed when the drying mode’s other parameters are changing, i. e. at the coolant change’s humidity and velocity, the carotene content is changed slightly. The best from the high quality feed’s obtaining point of view is drying alfalfa, crushed to a size of 0,03 m at a coolant temperature of 80 ...90°C. As a result of experimental data’s mathematical processing, a formula of the herbs drying coefficient’s dependence on the process’s main parameters was obtained. A comparison of the experimental data and the data calculated using the formula showed that the discrepancy does not exceed 17%. A comparison of the theoretical calculations and experimental studies’ results using possibility at theoretical developments in the new drying plants design has shown.

ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ БПЛА ДЛЯ ПРОВЕДЕННЯ УЛЬТРАМАЛООБ’ЄМНОГО ОПРИСКУВАННЯ ПОСІВІВ

The purpose of the work is to study the effectiveness of using UAVs for ultra-small-volume spraying of crops by assessing the degree of coverage of the target plant surface with drops. Methods and materials: The study of the effectiveness of the use of UAVs in agriculture for high-quality spraying of crops was carried out on the lands of UkrNDIPVT named after L. Pohorily, using mobile sprayers «JT 6L-606» and «JT 15L-608P». Research of the «JT 6L-606» mobile sprayer model was carried out with a colored aqueous solution. The evaluation indicators were the median mass diameter of the settled droplets and the density of the coating of the treated surface with drops of the working solution, which were evaluated in accordance with the standard methodology of SOU 74.3-37-266:2005 “Testing of agricultural machinery. Tractor and self-propelled sprayers. Program and test methods”. Results. The size of the drops is a determining qualitative indicator of spraying. It characterizes the degree of grinding of the liquid and significantly affects the effectiveness of action and the rate of consumption of plant protection products. The value of the median mass droplet diameter, obtained as a result of tests of the «JT 6L-606» mobile sprayer, showed that the relative number of droplets whose diameter is less than or equal to 100 μm is 50% of the total number of droplets. However, asymmetry of droplet deposition on the right and left sides of the UAV and high unevenness of the distribution of drops of the working fluid along the width of the grip were found.Therefore, this sprayer model required additional settings in the future. Under the established conditions and modes of testing of the «JT 15L-608P» mobile sprayer, the obtained value of the median mass droplet diameter proved that the relative number of drops whose diameter is less than or equal to 100 μm is 60% of the total number of drops. The degree of coverage with drops of the target surface on the right and left sides of the UAV (grip width) of the «JT 15L-608P» sprayer was relatively symmetrical. Conclusions. According to the results of experimental studies of the effectiveness of the use of unmanned aerial sprayers «JT 6L-606» and «JT 15L-608P», it was established that in both unmanned mobile sprayers, the obtained values of the median mass diameter of drops, which are characteristic of the process of mechanical spraying, meet the requirements of ultra-small-volume spraying. However, the uneven distribution of drops of the working fluid along the width of the UAV was noted, which requires additional settings. When setting up agricultural drones, it is recommended to pay attention to the degree and impact of drift, which can be significantly reduced by following the following recommendations: reduce the distance between the rod and the target (the height of the rod should be approximately the same as the distance between the nozzles); use the coarsest effective droplet size typically achieved with drift-reducing nozzles such as air induction. Keywords: unmanned aerial vehicles, distribution uniformity, aerial spraying, quality of surface coverage, droplet size.