Degree Of Gingivitis Research Articles

Antibacterial activity of vaname shrimp chitosan gel against Phorphyromonas gingivalis bacteria in mothers with periodontal disease

Background: Dental plaque is a breeding ground for Phorphyromonas gingivalis bacteria which causes periodontal disease. Chitosan is a compound derived from the deacetylation of chitin in marine animals such as shrimp which has been proven to be antibacterial, non-toxic, biocompatible and biodegradable. During pregnancy there is an increase in acid levels in the oral cavity, as well as exposure to stomach acid on the teeth and gingiva which results in inflammation of the gingiva and periodontal tissue. This study aims to determine the activity of chitosan in inhibiting the growth of Phorphyromonas gingivalis bacteria in postnatal mothers with periodontal disease. Method: True experimental randomized pre-test and post-test control group design, with topical administration of 2% chitosan gel to mothers with gingivitis in Badung Regency, Bali. The sample was 14 postpartum mothers, divided into control groups (given base gel) and treatment (2% chitosan gel). The degree of gingivitis is measured using Modified Gingival Indexes (MGI), for antibacterial by calculating the number of Phorphyromonas gingivalis deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) copies using Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). Results: Descriptively, there was a difference in the decrease in the average MGI index in the control and treatment groups on the 7th and 21st days, as well as in the average number of bacteria. The Wilcoxon test showed p<0.05, in the control and treatment groups, meaning there was a significant decrease in the MGI index on the 7th and 21st days. Calculation of the number of Phorphyromonas gingivalis bacteria showed p<0.05, meaning there was a decrease in the number in the control and treatment groups. However, the Mann Whitney test results showed p>0.05, meaning there was no significant relationship between the control and treatment groups, either on the MGI index or the number of Phorphyromonas gingivalis bacteria. Conclusion: Vaname 2% shrimp chitosan gel has anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties.

Comparison of the Efficacy of Different Oral Hygiene Aids in Maintaining Periodontal Health in Patients With Gingivitis.

Background Gingivitis is a common oral health condition characterized by inflammation of the gingiva, which, if left untreated, can progress to more severe forms of periodontal disease. Effective oral hygiene practices play a crucial role in managing gingivitis, but the comparative efficacy of different oral hygiene aids remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the efficacy of various oral hygiene aids in maintaining periodontal health in patients with gingivitis, considering gender and the degree of gingivitis as potential influencing factors. Methods A total of 120 participants with gingivitis were enrolled in this study. The participants were randomly assigned to one of four groups, each utilizing a different oral hygiene aid: Group A (toothbrush), Group B (electric toothbrush), Group C (brushing along with the use of an interdental brush), and Group D (brushing along with the use of a water flosser). All participants received toothpaste for use with their respective oral hygiene aids. Periodontal health parameters, including plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), and bleeding on probing (BOP) score, were assessed at baseline and after a specified duration of oral hygiene intervention. Also, the microbial count for Streptococcus, Actinomyces, Porphyromonas, Fusobacterium, and Veillonella species was evaluated. Results No significant differences in periodontal health outcomes were observed between males and females in any of the oral hygiene aid groups. Similarly, no significant differences were found among the mild, moderate, and severe gingivitis groups within each oral hygiene aid group. The microbial count also has no statistical significance except for streptococcus species. These findings indicate that the efficacy of the tested oral hygiene aids was comparable across genders and different degrees of gingivitis. Conclusion The findings of this study suggest that the tested oral hygiene aids were effective in maintaining periodontal health in patients with gingivitis, irrespective of gender and the degree of gingivitis. These results have implications for oral healthcare professionals in their recommendations to patients regarding oral hygiene practices. However, it is important to consider the limitations of this study, including the relatively small sample size and the specific oral hygiene aids tested.

The association between gingivitis and oral spirochetes in young cats and dogs.

Although gingivitis frequently occurs in young cats, spirochetes are often found in the early stages of periodontal disease. This study was conducted to determine the association between gingivitis and oral spirochetes in young cats and dogs. The degree of gingivitis was evaluated in a total of 68 cats and 31 dogs under one year of age, and plaques were collected from each carnassial. To detect spirochetes or Porphyromonas gulae in plaque samples, 16S rRNA gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using specific primers. All data were analyzed using Fisher's exact probability test and odds ratio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI). The prevalence of gingivitis was significantly higher in young cats (92.6%) than in young dogs (45.2%). The positive rate of spirochetes by PCR in gingivitis cases was 85.4% in young cats and 15.4% in young dogs, and the positive rate of P. gulae was 66.7% in young cats and 15.4% in young dogs. Both results were significantly higher in young cats than in young dogs. In young cats, spirochetes were significantly associated with gingivitis (OR = 7.95; 95% CI = 1.17, 53.83; P < 0.05), but P. gulae was not (OR = 2.44; 95% CI = 0.38, 15.66; P = 0.23). These results suggest that spirochetes may be associated with the early stages of periodontal disease in cats.

A SURVEY ON THE PERIODONTAL STATUS OF PATIENTS WITH CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE AT HUE UNIVERSITY OF MEDICINE AND PHARMACY HOSPITAL

Background: The relationship between periodontal disease and coronary artery disease has been suggested for more than a century. This study was carried out with the goal of surveying periodontal status in patients with coronary artery disease and understanding the relationship between periodontal status and severity of coronary artery disease. Subjects and methods: The study was conducted on two groups, including 50 patients with coronary artery disease, compared with control groups of the same age, sex. All subjects had a clinical dental examination to assess the periodontal indicators. Assessment of severity through coronary angiography in the group of diseases, thereby determining the relationships and correlations. Results: In the disease group, the average plaque index (1.96 ± 0.64), gingival index (1.49 ± 0.47) and clinical attachment loss (2.68 mm ± 1.12) was statistically significantly higher than the control group (p &lt; 0.05). There was no difference in the periodontal pocket depth index between the two groups (p&lt;0.05). The difference in the degree of gingivitis between the two groups was statistically significant (p&lt;0.05). The average of periodontal indexes gradually increased according to the degrees of coronary artery stenosis (p&lt;0.05).There is a significantly moderate positive correlation between the degree of coronary artery stenosis and the degree of periodontitis. Conclusions: There is an relationship between periodontal status and severity of coronary artery disease. Recognizing this relationship, we need to take measures to change people’s awareness about oral health with coronary heart disease through periodic dental examination and treatment Key words: Periodontal disease, coronary artery disease, relationship

A 5-year, randomized clinical trial on 3-unit fiber-reinforced versus 3- or 2-unit, metal-ceramic, resin-bonded fixed dental prostheses.

To compare in a randomized controlled trial the 5-year clinical outcomes of (1) 3-unit fiber-reinforced resin-bonded fixed dental prostheses (RBFDPs) to 3-unit metal-ceramic RBFDPs; and (2) 3-unit fiber-reinforced RBFDPs to 2-unit cantilevered metal-ceramic RBFDPs. A consecutive sample of 50 young adult patients with tooth agenesis or trauma in the anterior region was included. The recruitment period was from 2005 to 2009, during which a total of 62 RBFDPs were inserted. In group A, 27 participants were randomly treated with 18 metal-ceramic 3-unit RBFDPs and 15 3-unit fiber-reinforced RBFDPs. In group B, 23 participants were randomly treated with 16 metal-ceramic 2-unit RBFDPs and 13 3-unit fiber-reinforced RBFDPs. All patients were followed up at baseline registration and at 1, 3, and 5 years. The primary outcome parameter was survival rate of the RBFDPs, and the secondary outcome parameters were periodontal and technical/esthetic outcomes and patient-reported evaluation of the RBFDPs. Seven patients dropped out of the study during the 5-year observation period. In group A, the fiber-reinforced RBFDPs had a cumulative survival rate of 23% after 5 years, which was significantly less than for the 3-unit metal-ceramic RBFDPs. In group B, the cumulative 5-year survival rate was 36% for the fiber-reinforced RBFDPs and 91% for the 2-unit cantilevered metal-ceramic RBFDPs. The 3- and 2-unit metal-ceramic RBFDPs had a significantly higher 5-year survival rate than the 3-unit fiber-reinforced RBFDPs. The accessibility for oral hygiene practice was better with 2-unit compared to 3-unit RBFDPs, and the degree of gingivitis was lower. The esthetic outcome was better for the RBFDPs with ceramic pontics than the composite ones.

Crystallographic features of oral fluid in young people with gingivitis

Introduction. Oral fluid is involved in maintaining the homeostasis of hard and soft tissues of the oral cavity. Therefore, it can indicate the changes in both the local environment and the whole organism. Recently, the crystallographic features of oral fluid have been actively studied. Therefore, this paper is devoted to the possibility of using crystallographic patterns of oral fluid for the early diagnosis of periodontal diseases in young people under 30 years of age.The purpose of the research is to study the crystallographic picture of oral fluid in subjects aged 18-23 years with gingivitis.Materials and methods. Subjects were divided into two groups: main — with chronic catarrhal gingivitis (28) and control (32). The main group consisted of two subgroups — with mild (18) and moderate (10) gingivitis. The degree of gingivitis was determined using the papillary-marginal-alveolar index (PMA) in Parma modification (1960). The study of oral fluid was performed using the method of wedge-shaped dehydration. The type of crystallization was determined according to the method of Leus P. A. modified by Dubrovina L. A. (1989).Results and discussion. The type II crystallization of oral fluid was observed in the majority of individuals in both groups. Type II of the main group was characterized by massive crystals and minor crystals, smaller in size, and of different shapes. Type III was detected only in subjects with gingivitis. 75,00 % of representatives with mild gingivitis have had type II of crystallization patterns. Again, type III of oral fluid facies was observed only in moderate gingivitis.Conclusions. Dependence of the crystallization type of oral fluid on the severity of the inflammatory process can be used in the development of methods for early diagnosis and prevention of periodontal pathology progression.

The improvement of the providing system of dental health of teenagers

Relevance. Forming of dental health of child population is one of the key problems of stomatology at the modern stage. Purpose. To determine the efficiency of comprehensive prevention and treatment measures on dental status of teenagers being at different stages of orthodontic treatment. Materials and methods. 68 children at the age of 15 with pathology of dentoalveolar system being at the preparation stage and at the beginning stages of the orthodontic treatment were examined. The first group included 22 patients with abnormalities of soft tissue at the surgical preparation stage; 19 patients of the second group had accompanying hearing and speech impairments in need of orthodontic treatment at the therapeutic preparation; 27 patients of the third group were at the beginning stages of orthodontic treatment with integral technique. Intensity and the rate of tooth decay intensity, indexes Silness-Loe, РМА (C. Parma, 1960), SBI, physicochemical properties of saliva (secretion speed, saliva surface tension, pH potential) as well and Tooth-Enamel Resistance test were defined. Results. Children of 15 years old with pathology of dentition system displayed high degree of decay intensity 0,63 ± 0,05, low degree of oral hygiene (1,861 ± 0,102 points by Silness-Loe, PI index), mild degree of gingivitis by РМА index 14,22 ± 1,18% and increase degree of bleeding (SBI 0,111 ± 0,0083 points) on the background of changing of rheological properties of saliva (secretion speed, saliva surface tension) and its pH potential 6,62 ± 0,076. The efficiency of use of parodontax line of hygiene products was studied. Conclusions. The usage of the complex of prevention and treatment measures with inclusion of parodontax toothpastes and the mouth rinses at different stages of orthodontic treatment of the teenagers normalizes hygienic condition of cavity, stabilizes parodontal indexes on the background of reliable shift of saliva pH to alkaline side and rheological characteristics of saliva.

Relationship Between Gestational Age and Severity of Gingivitis

Increased levels of the hormones estrogen and progesterone in the blood during pregnancy can cause gingivitis due to vascular changes that cause the gingiva to become more sensitive especially to toxins and other irritants, such as plaques and calculus, which causes the gingiva to become easily inflamed. Pregnancy can also aggravate gingivitis due to the excessive inflammatory response of the gingiva to dental plaque and hormonal changes that occur during pregnancy. This study aims to determine the differences in the degree of gingivitis in pregnant women in each trimester of gestational age. This study was a cross-sectional study conducted in April 2019 on 80 pregnant women with gingivitis who examined their pregnancies at the Puskesmas Merdeka Palembang during the fourth week of March 2019. The relationship between the degree of gingivitis in each trimester of pregnancy was analyzed using Fisher's exact test with 95% confidence interval. The results showed that gingivitis was found most frequently in third trimester pregnancy (47.5%) and mild gingivitis, mostly experienced by pregnant women in trimester II pregnancy (52.6%), while moderate and severe gingivitis was more experienced by trimester pregnant women III (50% and 81.8%). The statistical test results showed a significant relationship between the gestational age and severity of gingivitis (p 0.05). It can be concluded that increasing gestational age is related to the increasing severity of gingivitis.

Prevalence of Chronic Gingivitis Among 16 Years Old Public High School Students in Khartoum

Background: This study was designed to measure the prevalence of chronic gingivitis among 16- year-old public high school students in Khartoum State.Methods: A total of 385 high school students of 16 years of age, from public schools in different geographical locations representing different socioeconomic classes in Khartoum were randomly selected and examined. The variables of the present study had been collected by one examiner using a direct interview questionnaire and all the present teeth were examined at four sites (Mesiobuccal, distobuccal, mesiolingual, distolingual) for the presence of plaque, using the Plaque Index (Loe and Sillness) and Gingival Index (Sillness and Loe).Results: Prevalence of gingivitis was 96.9%, of which 68.6% were of mild form (majority), 27.5% of moderate condition and only 0.8% was of severe grade. The most common form of gingivitis was the generalized form that accounted for 94.5%. The relationship between oral hygiene and degree of gingivitis was assessed after collecting data on study area, gender, socio-economic status, tooth brushing tool used, frequency of brushing per day, direction of tooth-brushing and regularity of dental visits. The adjusted relationship was still significant at the 99% confidence level (p-value 0.000), with a correlation coefficient of 0.704.Conclusions: The study showed significantly higher prevalence of chronic gingivitis among 16-year-old public high school students in Khartoum State. The degree of gingivitis showed statistical significance when correlated with oral hygiene status, socioeconomic status, frequency and horizontal direction of tooth brushing, while it showed insignificance when correlated with gender. Med Phoenix. Vol. 3, Issue. 1, 2018, Page : 1-5

Assessment of Improvement of Gingivitis During Orthodontic Treatment Using Two Types of Toothpaste

Objective: to evaluate and compare the efficacy of two different toothpaste (parodontax and Dr. John’s formula gel) on the degree of gingivitis during fixed orthodontic treatment.Material and Methods: A sample of 30 patients with an age range of 13-22 years, requiring fixed orthodontic treatment were evaluated for the efficacy of two types of toothpaste after inatiation of gingivitis, i.e, Dr.Jhon’s formula (groupI), Parodontax (groupII), and Signal (groupIII). At baseline, onset of gingivitis and (1-3-6 weeks) from using the toothpaste, clinical parameters and resistin samples from gingival crevicularfluid(GCF) were assessed from the patients in all groups. Gingival crevicular fluide samples of resistin were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: the greatest mean value of resistin concentration was recorded at onset of gingivitis, there was no significant difference between groups, 6 weeks after treatment group II revealed a significant lower value compared to group I&III , and the greatest mean value of clinical parameters Plaque Index (PD), Probing Depth (PI), and Gingival Index (GI) were recorded at onset of gingivitis, 6 weeks after treatment group I revealed a significant lower value in PI compared to group II&III and group II revealed a significant lower value in PD and GI compared to group I& III. Conclusion: the results revealed that, the two studied Toothpaste significantly reduced gingivitis during orthodontic treatment compared to the control, Dr. Jhone’s toothpaste has significant decrease in PlaqueIndex over the parodontax toothpaste, and Parodontax toothpaste provided obvious significant decrease in the Gingival Bleeding and Probing Depth compared to Dr.Jhon’s formula toothpaste.

Effects of self‐efficacy on oral health behaviours and gingival health in university students aged 18‐ or 19‐years‐old

Although self-efficacy is known to affect various health-related practises, few studies have clearly examined how self-efficacy correlates with oral health behaviors or the oral health condition. We examined the relationship between gingivitis, oral health behaviors and self-efficacy in university students. A total of 2,111 students (1,197 males, 914 females) aged 18 and 19years were examined. The degree of gingivitis was expressed as the percentage of bleeding on probing (%BOP). Additional information was collected via a questionnaire regarding oral health behaviors (daily frequency of tooth-brushing, use of dental floss and regular check-up). Self-efficacy was assessed using the Self-Efficacy Scale for Self-care (SESS). Path analysis was used to test pathways from self-efficacy to oral health behaviors and %BOP. In the final structural model, self-efficacies were related to each other, and they affected oral health behaviors. Good oral health behaviors reduced dental plaque and calculus, and lower levels of dental plaque and calculus resulted in lower %BOP. Higher self-efficacy correlated with better oral health behaviours and gingival health in university students. Improving self-efficacy may be beneficial for maintaining good gingival health in university students. To prevent gingivitis, the approach of enhancing self-efficacy in university students would be useful.

Comparison of aminolevulinic-acid-induced fluorescence from normal and inflamed gingiva in the canine model

Fluorescence spectroscopic detection using 5-amino levulinic acid (ALA) may provide an effective, noninvasive approach for early detection of oral cancer. In the present study, the use of ALA-induced fluorescence ratio (red/orange) to differentiate between normal and gingivitis-affected gingiva is investigated. Five dogs with varying degrees of gingivitis are studied. Based on previous studies, a dose of 25 mg/kg of ALA is administered intravenously to the dogs. Autofluorescence and ALA-induced fluorescence from three sites: normal gingiva, pigmented gingiva, and gingivitis, are detected with a fiber optic probe coupled to an optical multichannel analyzer. Four dogs show higher and earlier ALA-induced fluorescence from the gingivitis site as compared to the unpigmented gingiva. In two dogs, ALA-induced fluorescence peaks are seen 15 min after ALA administration. Statistical analysis using mean separation procedures reveal differences in the fluorescence from the various sites in each dog. Using a fluorescence (ratio) cutoff of 1.5, the sensitivity and specificity are found to be 92 and 80%, respectively, 1 h after administration of ALA. The indications from this study-that the characteristic protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) fluorescence is seen earlier and in higher magnitude in more vascular areas of the oral cavity-has implications for oral cancer diagnosis.

Prevalence of Porphyromonas and Prevotella species in the dental plaque of dogs

The prevalence and populations of Porphyromonas and Prevotella species were determined in three samples of dental plaque from each of 34 healthy dogs. Porphyromonas gingivalis was present in 68 per...

Short‐term effect of topical application of delmopinol on salivary microbiology, plaque, and gingivitis

The aim of this study was to test a possible dose-response effect of topical application of delmopinol HCl on the salivary microbiology, the healing of a pre-established experimental gingivitis, plaque development, and supragingival plaque composition. Forty-eight healthy subjects were enrolled in an oral hygiene program for 2 wk to upgrade their oral health. After professional tooth cleaning, they abstained from all oral hygiene, but applied 2 ml of a placebo with a soft paintbrush onto their teeth twice daily for 2 wk. At the end of this period, the subjects received tooth cleaning and were then assigned to three treatment groups of 16 individuals each. They applied 2 ml of 0.1%, 0.5%, and 1% delmopinol HCl, respectively, twice daily for the next 2 wk and refrained from all other oral hygiene procedures. At the end of the placebo and delmopinol HCl treatment periods, (1) saliva samples were obtained and cultivated on a series of media, (2) the degree of gingivitis was measured with gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and gingivitis index (GI), (3) the stainable buccal plaque extension was analyzed planimetrically, and (4) the bacterial morphotypes of plaque adjacent to the gingival margin were analyzed. No changes in the salivary microbiologic counts were detected. The amounts of GCF and GI were reduced in all delmopinol groups, as compared with placebo. Mean plaque extension was reduced by 16% for the 0.1%, 56% for the 0.5%, and 58% for the 1% delmopinol group. Cocci appeared to predominate in bacterial dental plaque when 0.5% and 1% delmopinol were used.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Black-pigmented Bacteroides and spirochetes in the subgingival microbiota of prepubertal schoolchildren.

As part of an ongoing longitudinal study of the subgingival microbiota at the onset of – and during – puberty, the subgingival microbiota and clinical periodontal condition in prepubertal children were studied. Twenty‐two boys and 20 girls (age 11.4 ± 0.4) participated in the study. Using the criteria of secondary sex characteristics (Tanner index) and radiographic bone age, 15 boys and 16 girls were classified as clearly prepubertal. At the maxillary first molars, the Plaque Index (P1I) was assessed, subgingival samples were obtained and Gingival Index (GI) and Papillary Bleeding Index (PBI) were determined. Using continuous anaerobic techniques, samples were cultivated on selective and non‐selective media and were studied by darkfield microscopy. Special attention was focused on the occurrence of black‐pigmented Bacteroides (BPB) and spirochetes. In 75% of the children, BPB (&gt; 104 colony forming units cfu) were detected. B. intermedius was the most commonly isolated BPB. At sites scoring P1I = 2 33%, at those scoring P1I= 1 22% and at sites scoring P1I = 0 none of the samples contained BPB &gt; 106 cfu. Likewise, &gt; 106 cfu of BPB were found in 40% of the sites with a PB1 of 3, in 35% of the sites with a FBI of 2, while none of the sites with a FBI of 0 or 1 contained these numbers of BPB. Similar observations were made for the proportions of spirochetes. The study confirmed that BPB and spirochetes are frequently found in prepubertal children and are correlated with the presence of supragingival plaque and the degree of gingivitis.

A study of the association of fraenal attachment, lip coverage, and vestibular depth with plaque and gingivitis.

The effects of fraenal attachment, upper lip coverage, and mandibular vestibular depth on plaque and bleeding indices in the maxillary and mandibular anterior segments were studied in a group of 1015 school children aged 11.5 to 12.5 years. The position of the mandibular labial fraenum was relatively unimportant to plaque and mandibular gingivitis, but anterior fraenal attachment in the maxilla appeared to affect the retention of plaque and the degree of gingivitis. Maxillary and mandibular plaque and bleeding scores increased with decreasing upper lip coverage at rest. In the mandibular anterior segment, plaque and bleeding indices decreased with increasing vestibular depth. Further analysis demonstrated that fraenal attachment and vestibular depth and fraenal attachment and lip coverage were significantly associated. However, two-way analysis of variance indicated that the influence of fraenal attachment, vestibular depth, and lip coverage on plaque and gingivitis was independent. The influences of these soft tissue variables on plaque accumulation and gingivitis were of small clinical significance and not in themselves a justification for mucogingival surgery.

Oral complications of acute leukemia: Prophylactic impact of a chlorhexidine mouth rinse regimen

The prophylactic value of twice-daily mouth rinses with a solution of 0.1% chlorhexidine gluconate in minimizing oral complications during remission-induction chemotherapy was tested in sixteen patients with acute myeloblastic leukemia. The study design was double blind with a placebo control. Standardized measurement indices were employed to assess the dental plaque levels and the degree of gingivitis and mucositis during remission-induction. The treatment group demonstrated superior oral health on the basis of each of these measurement parameters. A moderate increase in tooth staining was observed in the treatment group. The results also suggested the potential value of chlorhexidine mouth rinses in the prophylaxis of oral candidiasis in the myelosuppressed patient.

Gingival inflammatory reaction in children at different ages

Earlier studies have demonstrated that, with similar levels of plaque accumulation, the tendency to develop gingivitis is lower in pre-school children than in young adults. No studies are available in which the gingival reaction in older children and adults to a given amount of plaque has been compared. The aim of the present study was to compare the gingival reaction to dental plaque in children of different ages and in adults. 3 groups of children (4-6, 7-9 and 14-16 years of age) and 1 group of adults (20-22 years of age) were studied. The degree of gingivitis was determined using the gingival index and the amount of dental plaque was assessed in terms of the plaque index. The results showed that with a given plaque score, the % of high gingivitis scores was less in the 4-6-year-old children than in the older children and adults. At all levels of plaque accumulation, the highest degree of gingival inflammation was noted in the 14-16-year-old children and in the adults. The results indicate that the gingival reactivity increases gradually from early childhood to adult age.

Effects of an Amine Fluoride Mouthrinse and Dentifrice on the Gingival Health and the Extent of Plaque of School Children

A study to test the efficacy of two amine fluoride products in reducing the extent of plaque and the degree of gingivitis was conducted with 6th-grade school children in Pensacola, Florida. The treatment regimens consisted of a daily supervised mouthrinse at school and the ad libitum home use of a dentifrice. Examinations were conducted at 12-week and 20-week intervals after the treatment had begun. There was no recognizable difference between the plaque and gingival reductions achieved with the use of the amine fluoride dentifrice or mouthrinse when compared either with their inorganic counterparts or with placebo treatment vehicles

Lysozyme concentrations in the gingival crevice and at other oral sites in human subjects with and without gingivitis

A quantitative assay for lysozyme, by measuring the diffusion zone in agar plates from standardized paperpoint samples, is described. The highest lysozyme concentration, 477 μg/ml, was found in material from the mucosal surface of the labial sulcus. The gingival crevice contained 274 μg/ml, unstimulated mixed saliva 220 μg/ml, stimulated mixed saliva 63 μg/ml, parotid saliva 37 μg/ml and blood 19 μg/ml of lysozyme. No significant differences in lysozyme concentrations were found between subjects with non-inflamed gingiva and those with various degrees of gingivitis. The high concentrations found on the mucosa of the labial sulcus, in the gingival crevice and in unstimulated mixed saliva might be the result of accumulation of complexes of lysozyme with bacterial and salivary substances near the oral epithelium. The lysozyme concentrations in different fluids varied between subjects and for a given subject, varied during the day, as well as from day to day. Subjects with complete dentures had significantly lower lysozyme concentrations in the labial sulcus.