Degree Of Family Involvement Research Articles

The Influence of Occupational Stigma on Kindergarten Teachers' Turnover Intention: A Family Perspective

Based on the identity boundary theory and from the perspective of family, this study explores the impact of occupational stigma on kindergarten teachers' turnover intention. The study investigated 495 kindergarten teachers from eight provinces and cities through occupational stigma perception questionnaire, turnover intention questionnaire, stigma questionnaire involving family members and family involvement questionnaire. The results show that the perception of occupational stigma can not only directly predict the turnover intention of kindergarten teachers, but also mediate the influence of family stigma. In addition, the three paths of the mediation are all moderated by family involvement variables: when the family involvement is high, occupational stigma can significantly and positively predict kindergarten teachers' involvement in family stigma and turnover intention, and involvement in family stigma can also positively predict turnover intention. On the contrary, when the degree of family involvement is low, occupational stigma has no significant predictive effect on kindergarten teachers’ family stigma and turnover intention, and family stigma has no significant predictive effect on turnover intention. In order to avoid the impact of professional stigma on kindergarten teachers' turnover tendency, it is necessary to eliminate stigma from the three levels of society, kindergarten teachers and kindergarten teachers' families, and resolve the kindergarten teachers' turnover crisis.

Heterogeneity in Family Firms

This research explores in greater depth the importance of considering the heterogeneity between family businesses so as to better understand the differences in their strategic behavior, performance and business results. With this, we attempt to contribute to the theories on the relationship between corporate governance and strategic management in the field of family business research.
 Our study identifies the different configurations that may be adopted in the ownership structures and the management and governance bodies of family firms, analyzing how these configurations are related to the firm’s strategic outcomes. Using a sample of 111 family firms, we perform a cluster analysis that allows us to determine distinct types of family businesses based on a set of dimensions regarding the characteristics of their governance bodies, both in business and in the family, as well as their ownership structure and degree of family involvement in management tasks. We then link the different types found with the profiles of managers, the repertoire of strategies used by these companies, and the differences in obtaining results in recent years.

The influence of family board involvement on working capital management

While research on long-term capital structures of family and non-family firms is well established, differences in current assets- and liabilities-management are largely under-researched. The aim of the study is to examine whether the type and degree of family involvement in the firm affect the efficiency of working capital management. Employing a partially hand-collected panel of 278 listed firms from 2000–2013 this paper analyzes the impact of family shareholders as owners, managers, and supervisors on working capital handling in Germany. The results show that primarily the share of family members in the executive board increases the length of the cash conversion cycle (CCC), particularly in smaller and non-service firms. Most notably, family management increases the inventory period (DIO). The higher average equity ratio of family firms suggests that family firms may face reduced financing pressure to address such inefficiencies in current assets and current liabilities management. Furthermore, family-managed firms may be less professional in their working capital management. The findings contribute to the literature by showing that in a country with a less investor-friendly corporate governance system, family influences on working capital management are primarily due to management presence, not plain shareholder influence. The results stress the need for researchers to consider the degree of family management involvement when analyzing the financial aspects of family firms.

Exploring the Family Effect on Innovative Capacity and Earnings Management

Purpose: This study examines whether family businesses (FBs) differ from non-FBs with regard to innovative strategies, and whether their innovation is a reflection of earnings management behavior. Design/methodology/approach: This study extended research into the issue of FBs by investigating innovation capacity and earnings management. We adopted the electronics industry in Taiwan (between 2010 and 2015) as a research sample to determine (1) whether family effects influence innovation performance at the firm level; (2) whether the innovation performance of FBs is an indication of earnings management behavior; and (3) the effects of family involvement and CEO-duality in FBs. Finding: Our results show that FBs are less likely than non-FBs to devote resources to increasing innovation. However, managerial participation of family members and a uniform CEO-duality leadership was shown to strengthen efficiency and flexibility in decision-making, thereby enhancing innovation capacity. We also found that FBs with higher innovation capacity are less likely to window-dress earnings. This association is more pronounced in cases of CEO-duality leadership, which implies that FBs’ innovative ambitions and duality leadership had greatly advanced in operating performance and corporate governance, and thus restrain managerial self-interested behavior. Research limitations/implications: This study had a number of limitations. First is the measure of innovative capacity. There are a number of ways of measuring innovation, and we posit that patents are superior to RD however, this does not necessarily reflect actual practices of earnings management. Although such proxies have been consistently used in previous research, may provide rich insights into earnings management behavior. Despite the noted limitations, our evidence clearly suggests the following: (1) FBs with strong family involvement in management and CEO-duality leadership tend to have higher innovation capacity; and (2) FBs with quality innovation capacity are less likely to engage in earnings management. Originality/value: This study fills a gap in the research on FBs by providing evidence concerning the effects of family on innovation and earnings management. Our findings have important implications for future research as well as the establishment of regulations and standards. Our findings provide evidence of a positive association between family effects and innovation capacity, which depends on the degree of family involvement in management and leadership structure. We found that family governance has a significantly positive impact on the competitive advantage of FBs. We also found that the innovation capacity of FBs is negatively associated with earnings management behavior. This study also re-examines the apparent contradictions in previous findings related to earnings management among FBs, while contributing to the literature linking family effects and governance mechanisms to earnings management behavior.

Does Growth Represent Chimera or Bellerophon for a Family Business? The Role of Entrepreneurial Orientation and Family Influence Nuances

Growth brings lifeblood to sustain longevity across generation, but also critical challenges for family business. Relying on the behavioral agency model and its assumptions on risk‐bearing in family firms, we discuss and test the effect of family involvement in the top management team (TMT) on family business growth. We use an input‐behavior‐outcome framework based on the mediating role of entrepreneurial orientation. We also consider the moderating role of different ownership structures on the relationship between family involvement in the TMT on entrepreneurial orientation (EO). Results based on survey data collected by the STEP research consortium support the hypothesized negative effect of family involvement in the TMT on growth, fully mediated by EO. We also find that the presence of passive family members as majority shareholders and multigenerational involvement in ownership are important contingencies of the direct effect. Our evidence points to the fact that risk‐bearing in family firms is not just dependent on the degree of family involvement in management, but also on the interests of different types of shareholders. We show that the at‐times stylized negative traits of family firms are not universally valid, and that a comprehensive view of family influence over the business is needed to ascertain whether and to what extent these firms actually achieve growth.

The influence of family involvement and generational stage on learning-by-exporting among family firms

This paper explores the link between export activity and product innovation in family firms. Following the learning-by-exporting (LBE) hypothesis and considering that family firms are not homogeneous entities, we examine differences among family firms with regard to the influence of export activity on product innovation, based on the degree of family involvement in management and on the generational stage. Based on a sample of 7742 observations corresponding to over 770 family firms operating in 20 different manufacturing industries in the period 2007–2016, empirical findings point to significant differences between family firms in terms of converting the benefits of exporting into product innovation. A greater level of family involvement in management fosters the LBE effect on product innovation through an inverted U-shaped pattern, which reaches a peak when there are 2.45 family members involved in managing the company. Contrary to expectations, results also show a positive influence of first-generation family firms on the LBE effect on product innovation.

Orientation Toward Key Non-family Stakeholders and Economic Performance in Family Firms: The Role of Family Identification with the Firm

Based on the literature on stakeholder management and family firm dynamics, this research analyses the relationship between three constructs: the identification of business families with their family firms (FFs), FFs’ orientation toward key non-family stakeholders (NFSs), and the achievement of better economic performance. Data analyses from 374 family and non-family members of 173 Spanish FFs show that a high level of family identification with their firms affects the orientation of FFs toward key non-family stakeholders in setting corporate goals and that this orientation will lead to higher economic performance only when it is built on family identification with the firm. Our results also show that the significance of both relationships changes with the degree of family involvement in the management of the FF.

Guidelines from the Japan Geriatrics Society for the decision-making processes in medical and long-term care for the elderly: Focusing on the use of artificial hydration and nutrition.

Geriatr Gerontol Int 2018; 18: 823–827.

Required and obtained equity returns in privately held businesses: the impact of family nature—evidence before and after the global economic crisis

This paper analyses the impact that family businesses have on the minimum rate of return required by owner–investors (k e ) and on the equity returns (ROEaT) obtained in privately held businesses. This influence is analysed for an economic growth period (2002–2007) and for a crisis period (2008–2013) in the European context. Moreover, our study also explores the family nature through the heterogeneity among family firms in their required and obtained equity returns by considering the degree of family involvement in the ownership and management. Our findings reveal that while family businesses always have a negative and significant impact on k e regardless of the economic environment, they only have a positive and significant impact on ROEaT in economic upturns. Thus, non-economic goals do not necessarily imply underperformance but may involve a lower cost of equity capital in privately held family businesses than in privately held non-family businesses, which also leads to differences in the value creation.

Running in the Family – Paternalism and Familiness in the Development of Family Businesses

The study focuses on two features of family businesses (FBs), namely familiness and paternalism. These two concepts are inseparable in two ways: inseparable from family businesses and also from each other. Family businesses differ from one another in the degree of family involvement, leadership and management in the business. Paternalism as a leadership attitude is naturally present in FBs, especially in the founding stage of development. This feature provides the solid bases for establishing a strong and proud culture built around the personality and success of the founder. This characteristic however can become a major hindering factor upon succession. Through a review of the literature and the INSIST studies for Central Europe this study aims to identify the supportive and limiting factors of both phenomena and examine the case studies of the INSIST research project for signs of the existence of these supportive and limiting factors. It is found that the degree of familiness in these firms is a sliding scale and a lack of familiness is not a precursor for failure. Paternalism is found to be broken down into authoritarian, benevolent, moral and enlightened. After discovering studies claiming that paternalism is a stage in the process of leadership style changing from participative to autocratic (or vice versa) and that Central Europe and the current era of instability and uncertainty lead to employees preferring a more autocratic or paternalistic style, our findings suggest that there are more driving than restraining forces for family firms adopting a paternalistic style. Furthermore many cases appear to be on the path from an authoritative towards a more enlightened paternalistic leadership style either out of choice in the search to shake off the drawbacks of other types of paternalism or as part of a natural evolution of this particular leadership style within the context of this study.

Understanding family firm innovation heterogeneity

Purpose– In family business studies, inconsistent findings exist regarding the relationship between family involvement and firm innovation. The purpose of this paper is to understand the heterogeneity of family firm innovation.Design/methodology/approach– The authors draw on governance literature and the socioemotional wealth (SEW) perspective to examine how the extent of family governance and the type of SEW objectives jointly influence innovation strategies in family firms.Findings– The authors develop a typology of family firm innovation strategies, positing that the family firm’s risk orientation, innovation goal, and knowledge diversity vary depending on the degree of family involvement in governance and the type of SEW objective. The authors propose that four family firm innovation strategies (e.g. Limited Innovators, Intended Innovators, Potential Innovators, and Active Innovators) emerge when family involvement in the dominant coalition (high or low) is contrasted with the SEW objective (restricted or extended) pursued by the family.Practical implications– Understanding how governance and SEW goals work together to influence the firm’s innovation strategies is potentially valuable for managers of family firms. The authors offer practical suggestions for how to strategically reposition the firm to pursue innovation strategies more in line with those of the Active Innovator.Originality/value– This study contributes to the family business literature by using a multi-dimensional approach to examine family firm heterogeneity. In addition, by articulating various family firm innovation strategies, the authors offer insight into the previously inconsistent findings concerning firm innovation behavior and outcomes in family business studies.

Sensitive periods and language in cochlear implant users.

This study explores the hypothesis that the existence of a short sensitive period for lower-level speech perception/articulation skills, and a long one for higher-level language skills, may partly explain the language outcomes of children with cochlear implants (CIs). The participants were fourteen children fitted with a CI before their second birthday. Data about their language skills and the environmental conditions (e.g. Family Involvement in rehabilitation) were obtained over a period of three years. Age at implantation correlated exclusively with the ratio of errors of place of articulation, a phonological feature for which CIs provide insufficient information. The degree of Family Involvement was significantly correlated with the remaining language measures. We conclude that small plasticity reductions affecting lower-level skills may partly explain the difficulties of some CI users in developing language.

Measuring community integration using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and participatory mapping for people who were once homeless

Measures of community integration rely on self-report assessments that often quantify physical or social participation, but fail to capture the individual׳s spatial presence in the community. The current study documents the activity space, or area of daily experiences, of 37 individuals who were once homeless through participatory mapping and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Contrary to expectations, there was no significant relationship between activity space size and community integration measures, except a negative association with physical integration. Further analysis revealed, however, that continued use of homeless services, geographically spread throughout the city, was associated with larger activity space size, but may be counterproductive to social and psychological integration efforts. Analysis of the types of locations identified revealed high importance given to leisure locations and ongoing involvement with medical and mental health locations. Finally, community integration outcomes did not differ significantly by demographics or housing type, but rather degree of family involvement and feeling like home, factors that may have more potential for change.

Exploring nonlinear effects of family power on the performance of Italian wine businesses

PurposeThis work seeks to investigate the performance of wine businesses operating in the Campania region in the South of Italy and aims to verify the family power effect on company performance.Design/methodology/approachThe study was conducted on a sample of 114 firms that operate in the quality wines industry. Using a panel data regression model with time fixed effects, the authors analyzed the firm performance during the interval 2007‐2010 to detect the effect of family power on the firm performance. Family power was measured through the degree of family involvement in ownership and on the board. Performance was measured in terms of revenue and profitability.FindingsThe research highlights a U‐shaped relationship between family power and revenue and an inverted U‐shaped relationship between family power and profitability.Originality/valueThe findings show an empirical framework which could stimulate the academic debate on family effect in order to draw implications for marketing management and policy makers in the wine business and to provide suggestions for further research.

Menores y ocio digital en el siglo XXI. Análisis exploratorio de perfiles de usuarios de videojuegos en España

The importance of play in the social and personal development of children has been recognized long ago. However, in the last decades new forms of entertainment such as video games have developed and became very popular among young people. The aims of the analysis, which is based on a large sample of Spanish children and teen-agers under 18 who play video games, are twofold. First, it provides a typology of users considering socio-demographic variables, use of other screens (transversal leisure), academic outcomes, and the degree of family involvement (mainly parents) in the use of video games. Secondly, it examines the behavior of different types of children and teen-agers who play video-games considering two dimensions: the time they devote to playing and to study and family mediation. Eight different types of video game users were identified confirming the hypothesis that the users are not a homogenous group in relation to the variables and dimensions used in the analysis. The article concludes with educational recommendations about the role of digital entertainment among young people in relation to academic performance and family life.

Retracted: The Impact of Family Involvement on Dynamic Innovation Capabilities: Evidence from German Manufacturing Firms

Drawing on the capability–based view, we provide new theoretical arguments related to innovation capabilities rather than realized innovation output in firms with family involvement. We focus on technology–based product innovation capabilities and use data from a sample of 119 German manufacturing firms to show that family involvement is positively related to dynamic innovation capabilities. Specifically, the degree of family involvement, which describes the owner family's ability to influence firm behavior, is positively related to sensing innovation opportunities and to transforming a firm's innovation processes, while it is insignificantly related to seizing innovation opportunities. The findings suggest that dynamic innovation capabilities are an important characteristic that differs between firms with varying levels of family involvement.

Family‐focused physical activity, diet and obesity interventions in African–American girls: a systematic review

SummaryObesity interventions that involve family members may be effective with racial/ethnic minority youth. This review assessed the nature and effectiveness of family involvement in obesity interventions among African–American girls aged 5–18 years, a population group with high rates of obesity. Twenty‐six databases were searched between January 2011 and March 2012, yielding 27 obesity pilot or full‐length prevention or treatment studies with some degree of family involvement and data specific to African–American girls. Interventions varied in type and level of family involvement, cultural adaptation, delivery format and behaviour change intervention strategies; most targeted parent–child dyads. Some similarities in approach based on family involvement were identified. The use of theoretical perspectives specific to African–American family dynamics was absent. Across all studies, effects on weight‐related behaviours were generally promising but often non‐significant. Similar conclusions were drawn for weight‐related outcomes among the full‐length randomized controlled trials. Many strategies appeared promising on face value, but available data did not permit inferences about whether or how best to involve family members in obesity prevention and treatment interventions with African–American girls. Study designs that directly compare different types and levels of family involvement and incorporate relevant theoretical elements may be an important next step.

Health professionals’ perceptions of cultural influences on stroke experiences and rehabilitation in Kuwait

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the perceptions of health professionals who treat stroke patients in Kuwait regarding cultural influences on the experience of stroke and rehabilitation in Kuwait. Health professionals interviewed were from a variety of cultural backgrounds thus providing an opportunity to investigate how they perceived the influence of culture on stroke recovery and rehabilitation in Kuwait. Method: Semi-structured interviews were carried out with 12 health professionals with current/recent stroke rehabilitation experience in Kuwait, followed by thematic analysis of the verbatim transcripts. Results: The health professionals identified several features of the Kuwaiti culture that they believed affected the experiences of stroke patients. These were religious beliefs, family involvement, limited education and public information about stroke, prevailing negative attitudes toward stroke, access to finances for private treatment, social stigma and the public invisibility of disabled people, difficulties identifying meaningful goals for rehabilitation, and an acceptance of dependency linked with the widespread presence of maids and other paid assistants in most Kuwaiti homes. Conclusion: To offer culturally sensitive care, these issues should be taken into account during the rehabilitation of Kuwaiti stroke patients in their home country and elsewhere.Implications for RehabilitationHealth professionals need to tailor therapy to the patient’s and family’s model of rehabilitation, which may vary with their cultural background.Health professionals may need to be mindful that the presence of house maids and privately hired nursing staff may decrease the motivation of people to engage in rehabilitation after stroke.Cultural variations in degree of family involvement, prevailing negative attitudes towards stroke, and acceptance of dependency should be taken into consideration by stroke rehabilitation professionals.

Preferences of Patients with Advanced Lung Cancer Regarding the Involvement of Family and Others in Medical Decision-Making

To explore the preferences of competent patients with advanced lung cancer regarding involvement of family and/or others in their medical decision-making, and their future preferences in case of loss of competence. Over 1 year, physicians in 13 hospitals in Flanders, Belgium, recruited patients with initial non-small–cell lung cancer, stage IIIb or IV. The patients were interviewed with a structured questionnaire every 2 months until the fourth interview and every 4 months until the sixth interview. At inclusion, 128 patients were interviewed at least once; 13 were interviewed 6 consecutive times. Sixty-nine percent of patients wanted family members to be involved in medical decision-making and this percentage did not change significantly over time. One third of these patients did not achieve this preference. Ninety-four percent of patients wanted family involvement if they lost competence, 23% of these preferring primary physician control over decision-making, 41% shared physician and family control, and 36% primary family control. This degree of preferred family involvement expressed when competent did not change significantly over time at population level, but did at individual level; almost half the patients changed their minds either way at some point during the observation period. The majority of patients with lung cancer wanted family involvement in decision-making, and almost all did so in case of future loss of competence. However, as half of the patients changed their minds over time about the degree of family involvement they wanted if they lost competence, physicians should regularly rediscuss a patient's preferences.

Psychotherapy approaches for adolescents with eating disorders

Adolescence is the most common period for the onset of eating disorders, and early intervention is critical. Primary care providers should feel equipped to discuss psychotherapy approaches for eating disorders with adolescents and their families and to provide appropriate referrals. The present review focuses on six prominent treatment modalities and the evidence supporting each approach. Although the majority of studies about psychotherapy approaches for eating disorders focus on adult women, there is a growing body of research on effective treatments for an adolescent population. Family-based treatment (the 'Maudsley method') and supportive psychotherapy appear to be promising approaches for anorexia in teens. Treatments for bulimia yield extremely high relapse rates, but cognitive-behavioral therapy and family-based treatment are favored modalities. Dialectical behavior therapy and interpersonal psychotherapy may also be applicable to adolescent bulimia and binge eating. Most psychotherapists draw upon a variety of these treatment approaches, depending upon the patient's unique presentation. Regardless of the modality used, some degree of family involvement is important in limiting dropout and improving outcomes. Adolescent health providers need to be aware of the psychotherapy approaches recommended for teens with eating disorders in order to effectively refer patients to and collaborate with mental health providers.