Degree Of Economic Interdependence Research Articles

Global Value Chains and Trade Patterns: A Comparative Analysis between Developed and Developing Countries

With the continuous deepening of economic globalization, the economic interconnections among countries worldwide are increasingly close, making it impossible for any country's development to exist in isolation. The degree of economic interdependence and permeation between countries continues to deepen. In recent years, with the reduction of transportation and communication costs, the "fragmented" production model has rapidly spread globally. More and more goods are no longer produced and sold by a single country but are completed through vertical division of labor cooperation among multiple countries, with each country undertaking different stages of product production. This production model has driven the formation and development of global value chains. The deepening of global value chains has made the mutual influence between international economic cycles increasingly apparent. However, with the rise of the "anti-globalization" sentiment and trade protectionism, especially against the backdrop of the COVID-19 pandemic sweeping the globe and sluggish world economic growth, the external environment facing China's participation in the global value chain division of labor has undergone profound changes. In this situation, how to effectively respond to various risk challenges to maintain the steady and sustainable development of the Chinese economy has become an urgent and important issue that needs to be addressed.

New Trends in Sino-Japanese Economic Interdependence under RCEP

Despite the constant political friction between China and Japan, the economic and trade exchanges have been closely linked, and the degree of economic interdependence has continued to deepen. With the optimization of China's industrial structure and the enhancement of China's economic strength, the asymmetric Sino-Japanese interdependence is changing in a direction favorable to China, and China is gradually reducing its dependence on Japan's economy. The signing of RCEP marks the FTA relationship between Japan and China for the first time. A wide range of tax reduction commitments have been arranged, and mid-to-high-end intra-industry trade cooperation represented by mechanical and electrical products has been strengthened. RCEP is further facilitating the upgrading of China's industrial and export trade structure, thereby improving asymmetric interdependence. However, due to Japan's vigilance against China's rise and the deterioration of Sino-US relations, Sino-Japanese relations still face more significant uncertainty. Under the RCEP framework, opportunities and challenges coexist in Sino-Japanese relations. The two countries should actively leverage the advantages of economic interdependence to achieve mutual benefit and then promote political mutual trust through economic cooperation.

In the Shadow of the Thucydides Trap: International Relations Theory and the Prospects for Peace in U.S.-China Relations

Rising powers and the consequent shifts in the balance of power have long been identified as critical challenges to the international order. What is the likelihood that China and the United States will fall into the Thucydides Trap, meaning that the two countries will fight a major war during a potential power transition? This article creates a framework of seven variables, derived from dominant international relations theories and Graham Allison’s “twelve clues for peace,” that predict the likelihood of major conflict between a rising and an established power: degree of economic interdependence, degree of institutional constraints, domestic political system, nature of relevant alliances, nature of nuclear weapons programs, the sustainability of the rising power’s growth, and its level of dissatisfaction. It then evaluates the values of these variables in the context of the U.S.-China relationship to determine whether pessimism about the prospects of peace is warranted. This analysis leads to more mixed conclusions about the prospects of peace than liberal international relations theory and Allison’s twelve clues would suggest. This research further operationalizes power transition theory and has practical implications for U.S. policy toward China.

ИНТЕГРАЦИОННАЯ МОДЕЛЬ АСЕАН+1: ОСНОВНЫЕ ПОЛОЖЕНИЯ СОГЛАШЕНИЙ И ВЛИЯНИЕ НА ВНЕШНЕЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЕ СВЯЗИ

The aim of this research is a comparative analysis of the provisions of free trade agreements signed by ASEAN with dialogue countries and the East Asia Summit partners - China, Japan, the Republic of Korea, India, Australia and New Zealand. The author's thesis is that, in our opinion, the final effect of participation in the free trade zone for the national economy depends on such factors as the volume of mutual trade, the degree of economic interde-pendence, the level of customs duties rates at the date of signing the agreement, the volume of the mutual market, geographical proximity. The higher the role of these factors, the greater the effect of trade creation is received by the participating states. The basis of the research methodology is the understanding of regional integration agreements as a multifactor instrument of trade policy in various countries of the world that facilitates the liberalization of international trade in general and the regional trade in particular, enhancing the participation of partner states in the international division of labor and stimulating the dynamics of their economic development. Such agreements are considered as a system that includes a set of elements that interact with elements of other systems. Such interaction is considered taking into account the specific purpose of each of the elements, and also taking into account the factors of the stability of the development of each system. In carry-ing out this study, the author has used such methods as the method of comparative analysis, which makes it possible to identify the specifics of the participation of ASEAN countries in free trade zones; methods of statistical analysis and political forecasting that provide an opportunity to identify legal norms of integra-tion agreements on the ASEAN + 1 model; as well as a logical conceptual analysis that allows to present a full picture of the ASEAN integration policy. The author analyses norms for regulating the trade in goods and services, investment, distinguishing almost all agreements, as well as intellectual property rights, mobility of individuals and economic cooperation in the framework of some agreements. The article examines the state of trade and investment cooperation between partners in the free trade areas, and comes to the main conclusion about the effect of trade crea-tion, which is expressed in a faster rate of growth in mutual trade and a growth of its share. The greatest economic benefit for ASEAN is the free trade area with China due to such factors as the population size and GDP volume, geographical proximity, the volume of trade at the time of formation of the free trade area, the complementarity of economic structures, and the size of duty rates at the time of signing the agreement. Experience of the functioning of free trade zones within the framework of the ASEAN + 1 shows the importance of wider coverage of economic relations in the liberalization.

Interdependence in water resource development in the Ganges: an economic analysis

It is often argued that the true benefits of water resource development in international river basins are undermined by a lack of consideration of interdependence in water resource planning. Yet it has not been adequately recognized in the water resources planning literature that overestimation of interdependence may also contribute to lack of progress in cooperation in many systems. This paper examines the nature and degree of economic interdependence in new and existing water storage projects in the Ganges River basin based on analysis conducted using the Ganges Economic Optimization Model. We find that constructing large dams on the upstream tributaries of the Ganges would have much more limited effects on controlling downstream floods than is thought and that the benefits of low-flow augmentation delivered by storage infrastructures are currently low. A better understanding of actual and prospective effects of interdependence not only changes the calculus of the benefits and costs of different scenarios of infrastructure development, but might also allow riparian countries to move closer to benefit-sharing positions that are mutually acceptable.

A Household Perspective towards the Pre-Pottery Neolithic to Late Neolithic Cultural Transformation in the Southern Levant

Besides the economic transition from foraging to agriculture, researchers of the southern Levantine Neolithic have investigated the issue of cultural transformation from the Pre-Pottery Neolithic (PPN) to Late Neolithic (LN) period. This archaeological phenomenon, formerly explained as hiatus palestinien, is currently understood as a structured cultural change involving reorganizations in settlement systems, subsistence activities, tool-production technology, social organization, and ritual practices. Causes for these changes have been sought in several factors, including climatic shift, environmental deterioration, increasing reliance of farming, population increase, social crowding, and the decline of communal rituals. This paper proposes a household perspective on this issue to effectively interlink ecological and social factors. To this end, the paper first reviews current understanding of PPNB households and then examines archaeological records indicative of household size, household activities, and the social relationship among households. In this discussion, archaeological data are interpreted by drawing on the anthropologically expected relationship between household size and the degree of economic interdependence among households, i.e., communal or autonomous performance of production and consumption activities. zAs a result, I suggest that the increase in household size during the Late PPNB and LN, as indicated by multicellular, two-story houses and courtyard buildings, was caused by the increasing autonomy of households in the performance of production and consumption activities since the Middle PPNB. The latter process is explicable as a response to the reduced opportunities for forming communal works due to diversified subsistence activities and conflicting labour scheduling among households. These transformations of households can be considered as a significant aspect in the reorganization of settlement systems and related cultural changes at the transition from the PPNB to LN.

Socio-economic determinants of divorce in early twentieth-century Sweden

Using a combination of census data and aggregated divorce statistics, this study investigates how socio-economic conditions influenced the risk of divorce among men in different occupations during the 1920s and 1930s in Sweden. The results support the theoretical presupposition that the stability of marriage was associated with the degree of economic interdependence between spouses. Rural, low-income, single-provider households with many children exhibit a significantly lower probability of divorce than urban, dual-provider, high-income households with few children. This lends support to a socio-economic growth hypothesis stating that lower levels of marriage stability first developed in the more affluent strata of society living in urban settings. The tendency of decreasing marriage stability then successively spread to the middle and lower classes as the divorce rate continued to increase during the course of the twentieth century.

Time–Space Trends in Swedish Divorce Behaviour 1911–1974

This study examines how the divorce rates in Sweden have varied over time and across different geographical areas during the period 1911–1974, and how these variations can be connected to the political, socio-economic and cultural development in Sweden. The analysis provides empirical support for the hypothesis that increased divorce rates have been the result of changes in the structural conditions that determine the degree of economic interdependence between spouses. There is a strong connection between the degree of urbanization and the divorce rate on a regional level for the entire research period. The statistical analysis of the regional data indicates that these patterns are connected to the more diversified economy that has developed in urban settings, in the form of a more qualified labour market and higher wages for females. These characteristics resulted in a faster and more pronounced reduction of economic interdependence between spouses, which made divorce more attainable in these areas as compared with rural settings.

The state strategy in today's global economy: a reset position in the theory of international political economy

The main purpose of this article is to present a theoretical view on the current position of the state towards international economy but also its strategy based on economy and the indicators of economic power. This effort is based on the theory of international political economy and the rapidly changing policies and economic conditions of the international community. More precisely, the topics examined are the following: the interlink between economy and politics, the strategy that the state develops in order to ensure its security, the means used by the state for this strategy, such as the indicators of power, economy and technology. The study introduces the following work hypothesis: if there is a high degree of economic interdependence and a globalised economy in the international interstate system, then the strategy of the state (as the main actor in international affairs) is based on new data for the ensuring of its survival which refer to specific indicators of power like those of economy and technology.

If Not Soft Balancing, Then What? Reconsidering Soft Balancing and U.S. Policy Toward China

Some scholars argue that soft balancing is a typical state behavior against the hegemon under unipolarity. Others contend that soft balancing against the hegemon is ineffective. We challenge both arguments and suggest that soft balancing is not only a product of specific configurations of the power distribution in the system, unipolarity, but also a rational behavior under another condition, economic dependence. We argue that the interplay between power disparity and economic dependence shapes a state's decision in choosing different balancing strategies. The higher the power disparity and economic dependence, the more likely a state chooses soft balancing to pursue its security. Using U.S. policy toward China after the Cold War as a crucial test, we suggest that the huge power gap and increasing economic interdependence between the United States and China shape U.S. soft balancing rather than hard balancing toward China. We conclude that future U.S.-China relations depend on whether the United States declines as a result of China's rise and on the degree of economic interdependence between the two countries.

DOMESTIC OFFERINGS AT EL PALMILLO

AbstractAlthough the topic has received recent attention, relatively little is known about how pre-Hispanic Mesoamerican communities were internally organized and interconnected. In this paper, we examine that question from the perspective of the Classic-period settlement of El Palmillo, in the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico. Previous studies of the valley have postulated that communities often were (and still are) subdivided into barrios, although the modes of integration for those segments are less fully defined. Along these lines, we have previously identified commoner and higher-status houses at El Palmillo (along with associated artifactual and architectural inventories). We also have noted that different commoner houses were involved in distinct suites of craft activity, thereby indicating a degree of economic interdependence among these units. Here we expand our analysis to domestic offerings, which we found to vary across the excavated houses. Adapting a perspective from Durkheim's distinction between mechanical and organic solidarity, we find an expected organic (hierarchical) relationship between the offering assemblages of the higher-status residences and the offerings in commoner house lots. At the same time, we see another axis of variation in domestic offerings that appears more organic (nonhierarchical) in nature. The latter axis of variation at El Palmillo has a clear spatial component, in support of previous hypotheses that barrios or spatially defined social segments were important in Valley of Oaxaca pre-Hispanic communities. At El Palmillo, the definitional features of these social segments appear to have been ideological as well as economic.

The Nuclear and the Extended Family: An Area of Conceptual Confusion

An attempt is made to establish a typology of families that would encompass all family units in major types of societies- non literate hunting and gathering and horticultural societies, agricultural societies, industrializing societies and highly industrialised societies. The problem of definition of family types is viewed as arising largely from a failure to define the concepts nuclear and extended according to essential rather than accidental criteria. Essential features are degree of economic interdependence between members of the wider kin network (common ownership of economic resources, occupational cooperation, exchange of goods and services), degree to which psychological interdependence (socialization, emotional support, protection) is confined to related kin units, degree of arbitrary intergenerational authority between related nuclear families or segments of these families, and degree of contact between these units. Common household residence is not regarded as essential to the definition of nuclear or extended family units. The degree of economic interdependence is viewed as the major factor underlying the tendency for the other variables to cluster together. Four modal types of families are then defined on the basis of the above classificatory principles. These four types are : extended, modified extended, modified nuclear, and nuclear, The definition of these concepts differs in certain ways from current usage. This particular model appears to offer a possible solution to some of the difficulties now prevalent in classifying family types, in determining their relative frequency in major kinds of societies, and in clarifying the relationship between technological development and family forms.

The Cotton Industry of Northern Italy in the Late Middle Ages: 1150–1450

In studies of the late medieval economy, the dominant position of the textile industry has long been recognized. Since the opening decades of this century however, scholarly attention has been directed almost exclusively toward the luxury industries of silk and fine woolens, which involved a complex financial and commercial structure geared to the satisfaction of the needs and desires of a wealthy and select clientele. Relatively neglected is that branch of the textile industry devoted to the production of low-priced cotton cloth for popular consumption. This neglect is all the more surprising in view of a rich if somewhat dispersed documentation attesting to the importance of this industry in numerous towns of Northern Italy. The large-scale production of cotton cloth posed problems of financing and organization not unlike those of silk and wool and gave rise to similar entrepreneurial forms. At the same time a study of the organization of cotton manufacture provides a number of unique insights into aspects of economic organization in Northern Italy. In the period covered by this paper, the cotton manufacturing centers of this area formed a single production zone characterized by a high degree of economic interdependence and a marked tendency toward the standardization of products.