Degree Of Disease Development Research Articles

Has-miR-129-5p's Involvement in Different Disorders, from Digestive Cancer to Neurodegenerative Diseases.

At present, it is necessary to identify specific biochemical, molecular, and genetic markers that can reliably aid in screening digestive cancer and correlate with the degree of disease development. Has-miR-129-5p is a small, non-coding molecule of RNA, circulating in plasma, gastric juice, and other biological fluids; it plays a protective role in tumoral growth, metastasis, etc. Furthermore, it is involved in various diseases, from the development of digestive cancer in cases of downregulation to neurodegenerative diseases and depression. Methods: We examined meta-analyses, research, and studies related to miR-129-5-p involved in digestive cancer and its implications in cancer processes, as well as metastasis, and described its implications in neurological diseases. Conclusions: Our review outlines that miR-129-5p is a significant controller of different pathways, genes, and proteins and influences different diseases. Some important pathways include the WNT and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways; their dysregulation results in digestive neoplasia and neurodegenerative diseases.

Chemical protection of potatoes from fungal diseases, taking into account the stability of the variety

In the conditions of the Moscow region in 2019-2022 the effectiveness of funicides of new chemical classes in the potato protection system against rhizoctoniosis, late blight and alternariosis was studied, taking into account the different resistance of varieties (Gulliver, Grant, Sante) to diseases. Potato tubers were treated with the preparation Idikum, SC before planting, its biological effectiveness in reducing the incidence of rhizoctoniosis in the full germination phase was 76.7-95.7 %. It was found that the effectiveness of the preparation depended on the degree of disease development, the stability of the variety and the phase of crop development. In addition, when etching the planting material with Idikum, SC, there was no population of rhizoctosis sclerotia and the spread of dry rot on tubers of the new yield significantly reduced (1.6-5.0 times) compared to the control. The proposed scheme of potato protection in conditions of epiphytotic development of late blight and early blight based on combined chemicals Metaxil, SP, Inside, SC with contact fungicides Raek, CE, Talent, SC, Tirada, SC showed high efficiency in reducing harmfulness of the diseases, which allowed to extend the growing season of plants, to ensure a higher yield of potatoes, its marketability and quality. The use of preparations provided an increase in yield by 36.3-47.5 %, depending on the prevailing weather conditions of the growing season and on the variety in relation to the control (without treatment). It has been established that the biological effectiveness of the protection scheme in reducing the degree of late blight and early blight increased from susceptible to relatively stable varieties and, accordingly, this trend continued with an increase in yield. Higher increases were obtained on unstable varieties Gulliver and Sante (10.6-13.5 t /ha, or 45.7-56.0 %), lower – on the relatively stable variety Grand (7.8 t/ha, or 36.0 %). The contribution of the application of the protection scheme to the overall variation of gross and marketable potato yields was 76.5-81.0 %, gene-type - 7.9-12.5 %, the interaction of these factors – 3.7-4.7 %.

Fungicidal control of the most common onion mycoses during the growing season

Goal. To investigate the effectiveness of fungicidal control of the most common onion diseases during the growing season.
 Methods. Informational and analytical (collection of materials and analysis of literary sources), field research (setting up experiments, carrying out treatments and records of plant damage by diseases, monitoring the development of plants, harvesting), phytopathological (determination and identification of pathogens), mathematical and statistical (processing of results studies). Experiments were conducted on different varieties and hybrids using modern fungicides with different active substances.
 Results. During the years of research, onion crops were dominated by mycoses, namely, peronosporosis, alternaria, stemphylliosis, and fusarium wilt. Downy mildew and leaf spots were observed on all varieties and hybrids. The investigated fungicides most effectively controlled the development of downy mildew of onions. Their efficiency during the growing season averaged 55.1—100%, depending on the drug, the degree of disease development and the variety. The highest effectiveness against downy mildew of onions was provided by fungicides Fandango 200 ES, KE (fluoxystrobin, 100 g/l + proteoconazole, 100 g/l) at the rate of 1.25 l/ ha and Signum VG (boskalid, 267 g/ kg + pyraclostrobin, 67 g/ kg) — 1.5 kg/ ha. Fungicides were 45.8—89.1% effective against leaf spots (alternaria and stemphyllosis), 57.9—70.5% against fusarium wilt. Treatments with fungicides, due to the reduction of plant damage by diseases, contributed to the increase in onion yield by 1.3—6.9 t/ha, depending on the variety and preparation. Among the studied varieties, the highest yield was obtained on the Medusa variety (40.7 t/ha), among fungicides, the highest yield increase was provided by Fandango 200 ES, KE fungicide (1.25 l/ha).
 Conclusions. Fungicides effectively controlled the main mycoses of onion (peronosporosis, alternariosis, stemphyllosis and fusarium wilt) during the growing season. The effectiveness of fungicides against onion diseases was 45.8—100%, depending on the type of disease, drug and crop variety. The highest protective effect of fungicides was provided against downy mildew of onions. The yield of the researched varieties and hybrids increased by an average of 5—25% due to the reduction of plant damage by diseases. The highest technical efficiency against identified diseases and increase in onion yield was obtained by using Fandango 200 ES, KE fungicide with a consumption rate of 1.25 l/ha.

УСТОЙЧИВОСТЬ СОРТОВ ПШЕНИЦЫ ОЗИМОЙ К ОСНОВНЫМ БОЛЕЗНЯМ В ЛЕСОСЕПНОЙ АГРОКЛИМАТИЧЕСКОЙ ЗОНЕ РЯЗАНСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

Phytopathological studies of 31 varieties of soft winter wheat were carried out in 2017-2021 in the forest-steppe agro-climatic zone of the Ryazan region. The study of the material took place on a natural infectious background in a collection nursery on plots of 3.0 m2, without repetition. The soil of the experimental site is dark gray forest, heavy loamy in granulometric composition, average fertility level. Among the studied set of varieties, not a single variety with complete absence of signs of damage has been identified for all the years of research. In general, most of the studied varieties had fairly good resistance to pathogens. Thus, a significant majority of the studied samples for resistance to powdery mildew (disease development up to 30...45%), brown rust (degree of disease development <5...10 %) and septoria (disease development <10...20%) are attributed to the group of highly resistant varieties. But of particular value for breeding are varieties of winter wheat that exhibit complex resistance. A group of varieties has been formed that has complex resistance to two diseases simultaneously: powdery mildew and septoria - Amber 50, Moskovskaya 56, Isctar; to septoria and brown rust - Nemchinovskaya 24, Viola, Scepter, Dolya, Poem, Isctar; to powdery mildew and brown rust – Isctar. The Isctar variety had complex resistance to three types of phytopathogens. High resistance to lodging (more than 8.0 points) was noted in the varieties Tambor, Isztar, MV Nador, Mironovskaya 29, Mirleben, Anka, MV-27-12, Dmitry. On average, over the years of research, the protein content in the grain was at a high level and amounted to 15.0...18.2%, gluten 27.5 ...34.0%. Thus, a variety of the German selection Isctar has been identified, which most advantageously combines resistance to three types of phytopathogens, has high productivity indicators and resistance to lodging

Контроль стану кровообігу нижніх кінцівок у хворих на цукровий діабет

Дослідження проблеми ураження нижніх кінцівок у хворих на цукровий діабет (ЦД) набуває все більшого значення у зв’язку зі значним поширенням кількості хворих. Важливим є питання ранньої діагностики діабетичної ангіопатії нижніх кінцівок. У проявах хвороби Рейно й ураження нижніх кінцівок у хворих на ЦД є багато спільного. При хворобі Рейно, як правило, спостерігається спазм дрібних артерій дистальних відділів кінцівок. У хворих на ЦД відбувається порушення магістрального кровотоку в артеріях нижніх кінцівок різного ступеня тяжкості, що також призводить до спазму дрібних артерій дистальних відділів. Впровадження термографічної діагностики дозволяє диференціювати хворобу Рейно від проявів ускладнень ЦД.

Assessment of the silicon compounds effect on disease resistance and productivity of spring barley with a decrease in pesticide load in the south of Russia

In a small-plot field experiment, the effect of different forms of silicon compounds (tetraethoxysilane (TES) and sodium silicate) and processing methods (seeds and plants) on disease incidence and productivity of spring barley varieties was studied and the effect of diseases on productivity was evaluated. It was found that the use of silicon-containing compounds separately and in a mixture with a reduced consumption rate of fungicide led to a decrease in the infestation of barley with root rot and leaf spots. The lowest degree of disease development was observed when using a fungicide and mixtures of TES and sodium silicate with a reduced consumption rate of fungicide. The maximum yield increases were obtained by combining two types of treatment with silicon - seeds and plants. When processing seeds, the use of sodium silicate was more effective. The relationship between the development of diseases and the productivity of spring barley, primarily grain biomass, is estimated in most cases as strong and medium.

The effectiveness of a new biological product Spud on the basis of Bacillus subtilis in the cultivation of potatoes

It is shown the efficiency of the application of preparative forms (dry and liquid) of Kartofin during the growing season 2016-2018 years against major diseases of potatoes and the impact on the growth and development of culture. Biopreparation possesses high fungistatic effect, protecting potato plants against rhizoctonia disease, potato blight and late blight under field conditions and tubers of the new crop from dry rot. In years of low and moderate disease development, the effectiveness of the studied Potato biopreparation on the Sante variety was at the level of the reference chemical variant, equally reducing the distribution and degree of disease development. In the years of epiphytotic disease development fungistatic effect of the biopreparation was inferior in efficiency to chemical fungicides, but had a significant protective effect compared to the control, reducing the distribution of rhizoctonia disease by 22.5%, potato blightby 20.7%, late blight by 12.8% on average. The results of tuberous analyses after harvesting showed a decrease in the percentage of tuber damage by dry rot in variants with Kartofin (1.7 and 1.4%). The yield of the standard potatoes after application of Kartofin was slightly higher than in the control – by 5.1–7.7%.

White rot of sunflower

Goal. To study the spread and development of white rot on sunflower in the Right bank of Forest-Steppe of Ukraine.
 Methods. The research was conducted during 2014—2018 in the forest-steppe zone of Ukraine (Kyiv and Khmelnytsky region). The selection of plant samples was carried out with further analysis in laboratory conditions The observations were conducted according to generally accepted methods; spread and severity of diseases were determined.
 Results. During the years of investigation, the root, stem and head types of the disease have been identified. There were significant differences in both the symptoms and the degree of disease development in different years. During the vegetative periods of 2014, 2015, and 2017 disease development was compiled — 2—5%. Symptoms of the disease were detected on the stems of plants and heads, starting with the phase of seed development — milk ripeness. The weather conditions of 2016 and 2018 (GTK in June-July 1.2—1.9) were favorable for white rot infection. The disease appeared from the phase of “star” in 2016 and at the beginning of flowering in 2018. The development of the disease was significantly higher compared to other years and reached 12.0—15.1% in 2016 with the spread of 61.2—75.0%. In 2018 its severity in Khmelnitsky region was 11.2% while spread reached 78.6%. Firstly, the root and stem, and later the head form of the disease were marked. In addition to the typical symptoms, spots with brown concentric circles were found on the basal part of the stem. At the same time, the tissue almost did not collapse, and small sclerotic could be detected only in its lower part.
 Conclusions. Under favorable weather conditions, white rot of sunflower is becoming widespread and may be epiphytotic. In the conditions of the Right bank of Forest-Steppe Ukraine, the disease occurs at different stages of organogenesis. Symptoms of three forms of infection were observed. To improve the phytosanitary condition of crops, it is necessary to optimize the saturation of crop rotation with sunflower and other technical crops, which are also one of the host plants of the pathogen, and to follow of all elements of the protection system.

Use of the bacteriaPseudomonas fluorescensin the control of sugar beet root decay agent —Rhizoctonia solani

In Republic of Croatia sugar beet is grown on approximately 30 000 ha, with an average yield of 37 t/ha and sugar content of 14, 4% Reasons for such a low production results after the Patriotic War are found in inadequate soil management, devastated soil structure, and climatic conditions. The result of the stated is high degree of disease development. Apart from beet leaf spot (C. beticola) and the disease induced by Rhyzomanie virus, the most serious issue is root rot of beet induced by pathogenic fungi (P. betae, P. ultimum, P. debarianum, R. solani, Fusarium spp., and A. cochlioides). Depending on the soil and climatic conditions, 10-50% of plants have been decaying being attacked by the pathogenic fungi. Growth of the surviving plants is slowed significantly giving them no possibility to reach normal size, which finally reflects on yield and sugar content values. Major measure in the control of sugar beet root decay agent is application of fungicides in the course of seed processing. However, though chemical fungicides prevent development of the fungi to some degree, they are at a disadvantage affecting human health and environment (being exposed to washing out, they give rise to underground water eutrophication). Moreover, pathogenic fungi have ability to rapidly develop resistance to the fungicides applied. Acceptable alternative to the application of chemical pesticides is seed inoculation with the bacteria P. fluorescens and T. harzianum that express antagonism against pathogenic fungi. Since the benefit bacteria do not express sensitivity to the low fungicide doses, on the soils heavily infected with the fungi – the root decay agents on sugar beet, positive effect was accomplished by combining seed inoculation with the bacterium P. fluorescens and the seed treatment with low doses of fungicides. Pathogenic fungi R. solani is found to be the most serious issue, so the influence of the bacterium P. fluorescens to the pathogenic fungi – the root decay agent of sugar beet, has been investigated.

Intensity of infection of tomato by Phytophthora infestans in central Ukraine in relation to varietal resistance

Phytophthora infestans is widespread in the central part of Ukraine, infecting tomatoes everywhere but not to the same extent in different years. The disease can completely destroy the crop in epiphytotic years. We have studied commercial cultivars and hybrids of tomato with different degrees of resistance to P. infestans. The degree of disease development and the date of its appearance were found to depend on the resistance group of the genotype investigated. In weakly resistant tomato cultivars and hybrids, first disease symptoms were noticed 3–4 days earlier than in more resistant ones. The degree of disease development reached 40–80% on weakly resistant genotypes at the end of the growing season, but only 5–40% on resistant ones (depending on the suitability of conditions for development of P. infestans). The development of P. infestans on fruits also depended on the degree of resistance. Differences between moderately and weakly resistant tomatoes in the degree of disease development and the date of its appearance were not significant. The data was corroborated in the laboratory conditions in the way of artificial inoculation.

Relationship between Japanese Pear Scab Development and Nutrients Content in Leaves on Trees Given Different Amounts of Nitrogen Fertilizer.

The correlation between the development of Japanese pear scab (caused by Venturia nashicola) on leaves and the content of total nitrogen, total carbon, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron and manganese in the leaves on trees given different amounts of nitrogen fertilizer was investigated. With an increase of nitrogen fertilizer, the content of total nitrogen and manganese in leaves increased while calcium content decreased. The content of total carbon, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and iron did not show any obvious change. The ratio of diseased leaves, degree of disease development and degree of conidial formation increased with increasing amounts of given nitrogen fertilizer. Significant correlation (P=0.05) were recognized between total nitrogen content and the degree of disease development on 3rd and 7th position leaves from top leaf, the degree of conidial formation on 11th position leaf, calcium content and degree of disease development on 7th position leaf, and manganese content and degree of conidial formation on 7th position leaf. These results show that with an increase in nitrogen fertilizer there is an increase in total nitrogen and manganese content and a decrease in calcium content in leaves, and a higher susceptibility to Japanese pear scab was induced.

Effects of a Wide Range of Temperatures on the Development of Galleria mellonella and Its Specific Baculovirus

The rates of development of larvae and pupae of the waxmoth, Galleria mellonella , and its nuclear polyhedrosis virus ( Baculovirus ) were determined over a range of temperature from 18°–40°C. Larvae did not undergo significant development at 18°C and virus disease was slowed but not inhibited. At 40°C, both larval development and virus disease were stopped. Upon return to a lower temperature, larvae resumed development but the degree of disease development depended upon the time of exposure to the high temperature.