Degree Of Circulation Research Articles

Phylogenetic analysis and phenotypic characterisatics of two Tibet EV-C96 strains

BackgroundEnterovirus C96 (EV-C96) is a newly named type of enterovirus belonging to species C, and the prototype strain (BAN00–10488) was firstly isolated in 2000 from a stool specimen of a patient with acute flaccid paralysis in Bangladesh. In this study, we report the genomic and phenotypic characteristics of two EV-C96 strains isolated from individuals from the Tibet Autonomous Region of China.MethodsHuman rhabdomyosarcoma (RD), human laryngeal epidermoid carcinoma (HEp-2), and human cervical cancer (Hela) cells were infected with the Tibet EV-C96 strains, and enterovirus RNA in the cell culture was detected with a real time RT-PCR-based enterovirus screening method. The temperature sensitivity of Tibet EV-C96 strains were assayed on a monolayer of RD cells in 24-well plates. Full-length genome sequencing was performed by a ‘primer-walking’ strategy, and the evolutionary history of EV-C96 was studied by maximum likelihood analysis.ResultsStrain 2005-T49 grew in all three kinds of cells, and it was not temperature sensitive. In contrast, none of the three cells produced CPE for strain 2012-94H. Phylogenetic analysis of the two Tibetan viruses, other EV-C96 strains, and EV-C prototypes showed that EV-C96 strains were grouped into three clusters (Cluster1–3) based on their VP1 sequences, which may represent three genotypes. Phylogenetic trees based on the P2 and P3 regions highlighted the difference between Chinese EV-C96 strains and the EV-C96 prototype strain BAN-10488. All Chinese strains formed a cluster separate from BAN-10488, which clustered with CV-A1/CV-A22/CV-A19.ConclusionsThere is genetic variability between EV-C96 strains which suggest that at least few genetic lineages co-exist and there has been some degree of circulation in different geographical regions for some time. Some recombination events must have occurred during EV-C96 evolution as EV-C96 isolates cluster with different EV-C prototype strains in phylogenetic trees in different genomic regions. However, recombination does not seem to have occurred frequently as EV-C96 isolates from different years and locations appear to cluster together in all genomic regions analysed. These findings expand the understanding of the characterization of EV-C96 and are meaningful for the surveillance of the virus.

The perfusion index is a useful screening tool for peripheral artery disease.

The number of people with peripheral artery disease (PAD) has been increasing globally; therefore, it is important to explore more options to screen patients who are at a risk of developing PAD. The perfusion index (PI) represents the degree of circulation through the peripheral tissues and is measured noninvasively. We investigated the correlation between the PI and ankle-brachial index (ABI) to explore whether the PI could be used a screening tool for PAD. This cross-sectional study included 390 patients. We measured the ABI and PI for all patients. The median ABI value was 1.06 (0.92-1.13); the PI was 1.7% (0.9-3.5). The PI was higher in men than in women (P < 0.0001). The PI was positively correlated with the estimated glomerular filtration rate and ABI in both men and women. The sensitivity and specificity of the PI to predict PAD (ABI ≤0.9) were 90.0% and 80.3%, respectively, and the cutoff PI value was 1.5% in men. The sensitivity and specificity of the PI to predict PAD were 82.1% and 79.2%, respectively, and the cutoff PI value was 1.1% in women. PI could be a reliable screening tool for diagnosing PAD because it does not restrict the patient's mobility, can be completed in a short time period, and is associated with reduced costs.

Elite circulation and the convertibility of knowledge: comparing different types and forms of knowledge and degrees of elite circulation in Europe

According to classical elite theory, increased circulation is related to increased integration which is thought to increase elites’ power. Based on a comparative analysis of some European countries’ elite education systems, recruitment to elite positions and degrees of circulation – with a specific focus on administrative elites – this article investigates how certain types of knowledge may reinforce elite circulation and integration. The role knowledge plays in facilitating elite circulation is one element, among others, which may be significant in understanding the nature of power held by elites in various societies. 135 interviews with top bureaucrats, students preparing for administrative careers and teachers in the public administration in France, Norway and Britain constitute the empirical basis for this investigation. With an analytical approach focusing on knowledge content and forms of institutionalisation, I examine the competences that legitimise these three countries’ administrative elite positions, and their possibilities for circulating across areas and sectors. The comparative analysis shows how extensive, formalised general knowledge, like the one favoured in France, may facilitate elite circulation more than the more specialised knowledge in Norway and the more informal knowledge favoured in Britain by the training and recruitment systems there.

On the World Economic Elite

Economic elites have not received enough attention in the economic literature. The obvious reason is limited access to information. This paper seeks to contribute to contemporary knowledge on elites in two ways. First, it employs a new unique data set on the world economic elite covering 2002-2014 to develop a method of measuring the degree of elite circulation; second, it provides a theoretical explanation of the observed facts. The empirical finding is that the world economic elite is subject to a low degree of circulation. Despite increased globalization, liberalization, longterm economic growth, and the recent Great Recession, the core of the elite remains mostly unchanged. Our theory attempts to explain this fact by introducing the analytical distinction between market competition and elite competition, which is a kind of meta-competition. Thus,the following relationship is derived from the theory: The low level of elite circulation, that is, the low meta-competition, underlies the oligopolistic market structures that we observe in the real world.

О ПРИМЕНЕНИИ АППАРАТА ПРОФИЛИРОВАННОЙ ФОРМЫ С РОТОРОМ ГЕЛИКОИДАЛЬНОГО ТИПА ДЛЯ ПОЛУЧЕНИЯ САНИТАРНО-ГИГИЕНИЧЕСКОЙ БУМАГИ

The paper presents the research results of practical application of mixing apparatus of profiled form with the rotor helical type based on the definition of physico-mechanical and hydrophilic properties of tissue paper, providing the performance of sanitary-hygienic products. The obtained results showed that the application of the mixing apparatus of profiled form with the rotor helical type for preparing the compositions of the paper pulp ensures the creation of a particular hydrodynamic environment in the working cavity of the device, allowing to minimize the possibility of stagnant zones both static and dynamic type and to reduce hydraulic losses along the trajectory of the fluid flow. This, in turn, leads to the maximum increase in the degree of circulation and uniform distribution of concentrations of fibrous suspensions for the preparation of the composition in paper pulp, providing the required physico-mechanical and hydrophilic properties of paper for sanitary purposes at a relatively low cost unit of electricity.

Focal Glomerular Immune Complex Deposition: Possible Role of Periglomerular Fibrosis/Atubular Glomeruli

Consensus exists among renal pathologists that, in biopsies with immune complex glomerulonephritis, even a single glomerulus with open capillary loops may be sufficient for immunofluorescence and/or electron microscopy evaluation because immune complex deposition is a diffuse phenomenon. However, we have encountered renal biopsies with focal absence of immune complexes in glomeruli on either immunofluorescence or electron microscopy examination despite presence of open glomerular capillary loops. To evaluate renal biopsies with focal immune complex deposition and look for any subtle or unusual morphologic changes in the glomeruli (and in the biopsy in general). Native and transplant renal biopsies were reviewed. All biopsies had been triaged and processed according to our routine protocol for light microscopy, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopy examination. Of 2018 renal biopsies from December 2005 to December 2007, we found 10 such biopsies; 5 native and 5 transplant kidney biopsies. We found that the glomeruli with absent immune complex deposits had periglomerular fibrosis with open, albeit, wrinkled appearing capillary loops but no glomerular sclerosis. We hypothesize that these histologic features are indicative of nonfunctional glomeruli and may be associated with disconnection between the Bowman capsule and proximal tubule (atubular glomeruli). These glomeruli may not have effective filtration, despite some degree of circulation through the open capillary loops, and therefore are unable to accumulate immune complex deposits. If biopsies are small and only such glomeruli are available for immunofluorescence or electron microscopy examination, the absence of immune complex deposition in them should be evaluated carefully.