Degree Of Boundedness Research Articles

Bornological spaces in the context of fuzzy soft sets

The aim of this study is to present the concept of an (L,M)-fuzzy (E,K)-soft bornology as a parameterized extension of the LM-valued bornology. By this way, we describe the notions of boundedness and the parameterized degree of boundedness for L-fuzzy soft sets. We examine several fundamental properties of the proposed structures. In addition, we induce a (2,M)-fuzzy (E,K)-soft bornology in a given (2,M)-fuzzy (E,K)-soft topological space with the help of the measures of compactness of a soft set.

Cross-linguistic patterns of morpheme order reflect cognitive biases: An experimental study of case and number morphology

A foundational goal of linguistics is to investigate whether shared features of the human cognitive system can explain how linguistic patterns are distributed across languages. In this paper we report a series of artificial language learning experiments which aim to test a hypothesised link between cognition and a persistent regularity of morpheme order: number morphemes (e.g., plural markers) tend to be ordered closer to noun stems than case morphemes (e.g., accusative markers) (Universal 39; Greenberg, 1963). We argue that this typological tendency may be driven by learners’ bias towards orders that reflect scopal relationships in morphosyntactic and semantic composition (Bybee, 1985; Rice, 2000; Culbertson & Adger, 2014). This bias is borne out by our experimental results: learners—in the absence of any evidence on how to order number and case morphology—consistently produce number closer to the noun stem. We replicate this effect across two populations (English and Japanese speakers). We also find that it holds independent of morpheme position (prefixal or suffixal), degree of boundedness (free or bound morphology), frequency, and which particular case/number feature values are instantiated in the overt markers (accusative or nominative, plural or singulative). However, we show that this tendency can be reversed when the form of the case marker is made highly dependent on the noun stem, suggesting an influence of an additional bias for local dependencies. Our results provide evidence that universal features of cognition may play a causal role in shaping the relative order of morphemes.

Bounded Lagrange multiplier rules for general nonsmooth problems and application to mathematical programs with equilibrium constraints

In this paper, a general optimization problem is considered to investigate the conditions which ensure the existence of Lagrangian vectors with a norm not greater than a fixed positive number. In addition, the nonemptiness and boundedness of the multiplier sets together with their exact upper bounds is characterized. Moreover, three new constraint qualifications are suggested that each of them follows a degree of boundedness for multiplier vectors. Several examples at the end of the paper indicate that the upper bound for Lagrangian vectors is easily computable using each of our constraint qualifications. One innovation is introducing the so-called bounded Lagrangian constraint qualification which is stated based on the nonemptiness and boundedness of all possible Lagrangian sets. An application of the results for a mathematical program with equilibrium constraints is presented.

Geography & Environment - Quentin Gausset, Michael A. White, and Torben Birch-Thomsen, eds. Beyond Territory and Scarcity: Exploring Conflicts Over Natural Resource Management. Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, 2005. 218 pp. Photographs. Maps. Figures. Tables. References. Bibliography. 22. Cloth.

Geography & Environment - Quentin Gausset, Michael A. White, and Torben Birch-Thomsen, eds. Beyond Territory and Scarcity: Exploring Conflicts Over Natural Resource Management. Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, 2005. 218 pp. Photographs. Maps. Figures. Tables. References. Bibliography. 22. Cloth. - Volume 49 Issue 1

Reshaping the regulatory landscape: border skirmishes around the Bahamas and Cayman offshore financial centres

Processes of globalization involve changes in the spatialities of power and social relations. This article develops a theory of regulatory landscapes, as a conceptual tool to aid our understanding of processes of globalization. Regulatory landscapes vary along two dimensions, both of which relate to scale and boundaries and extend from 'bounded' to 'trans-boundary': first, the degree of boundedness of economic accumulation; and second, the degree of boundedness of political regulation. Processes of geo-regulatory change, then, may be conceived in terms of two analytically separable moments. The first moment of geo-regulatory change is the trans-boundary extension of economic accumulation. The second moment, which is the focus of this article, is the trans-boundary or extra-territorial extension of political regulation. It is hypothesized that the attempted trans-boundary extension of political regulation - to avoid regulatory underprovision - leads to border skirmishes, battles or negotiations about the nature of boundaries. These processes of geo-regulatory change are examined through the lens of offshore financial development in the Bahamas and Cayman. Two geolegal cases or border skirmishes - the Castle Bank and Bank of Nova Scotia cases - are investigated ethnographically to reveal the changing meanings attached to borders during processes of geo-regulatory change. In conclusion a general model of geo-regulatory change is presented in which border skirmishes, negotiations about the allocation of power and authority or the shape of the regulatory landscape, play a central role.