Degree Of Body Dissatisfaction Research Articles

Body dissatisfaction and associated factors in normal weight adolescents

BACKGROUND: Body dissatisfaction is widespread and is associated with eating disorders, anxiety, depression, low self-esteem. There is very little research on body dissatisfaction in normal weight adolescents, who make up the majority of all adolescents. AIM: to establish the prevalence, degree, direction and factors associated with body dissatisfaction among adolescents with normal body weight. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included tenth-graders of general education schools (n = 244, 64.3% girls), who underwent anthropometry and filled out questionnaires that included socio-demographic and lifestyle factors. Collins scales were used to assess body dissatisfaction, and the Russian version of the PedsQL 4.0 questionnaire (Lyon, France), was used to assess health-related quality of life. Self-esteem scores were obtained from the Rosenberg self-esteem scale. RESULTS: The desire to have silhouettes different from the actual ones was reported by 57% of adolescents. 39.8% of adolescents had mild body dissatisfaction, moderate and severe — 17.2%. The frequency and degree of body dissatisfaction was comparable in adolescents of both sexes. Boys were much more likely than girls to consider themselves too thin and wanted to gain weight (49.4%), while 51.6% of schoolgirls would like to lose weight. Body dissatisfaction, even mild, was associated with significantly lower self-esteem. Moreover moderate/severe body dissatisfaction has been associated with a decline in all aspects of quality of life. In addition, significant associations of body dissatisfaction and the length of time on the Internet / social networks and at TV screens were established. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the study substantiate the approach to body dissatisfaction as a problem that requires active identification and directed impact, and determine possible areas of preventive work with adolescents.

Distinguishing delusional beliefs from overvalued ideas in Anorexia Nervosa: An exploratory pilot study

BackgroundCharacterised by the belief that more weight needs to be lost—despite emaciation, failing organs, medical instability and prospect of death—Anorexia Nervosa (AN) is a condition in which irrational, and highly-skewed, beliefs can be of delusional intensity. However, the nexus between delusion and rational awareness and how this is related to body image acceptance and perception has yet to be examined in AN. The current study aims to investigate the relationship between body dissatisfaction and beliefs of delusional intensity in an adult AN inpatient sample.MethodsTwenty-one adults (n(women) = 20; n(men) = 1), with a mean age of 27 years old (SD = 10), presenting for inpatient treatment for AN (ranging in severity from mild to severe; M(Body Mass Index) = 17 kg/m2; M(Length of Stay) = 22 days) participated in the study. Participants’ dominant beliefs (related to AN) and level of insight (delusional; overvalued idea; or fair insight) were measured using either the Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale (BABS) or the Nepean Beliefs Scale (NBS). The degree of body dissatisfaction was determined by examining the discrepancy between “perceived” and “ideal” body perception. To determine subjective and objective beliefs both the Contour Drawing Rating Scale (subjective) and computerised Body Image Assessment Software (objective) were used.ResultsAlmost one quarter (23.7%; n = 5) of participants appeared to have beliefs of delusional intensity related to their body shape (M = 27.4; SD = 23.03). Although a positive linear trend was indicated, there were no significant differences in body dissatisfaction scores between level-of-insight. Individuals whose belief was categorised as delusional were more likely to hold a negative affective body image state based on their ratings on the body image state survey when compared to the group who had good/fair insight (95% CI [0.53, 18.19]; p = 0.03).ConclusionsThe current exploratory pilot study concurs with others in the published literature that demonstrate that approximately 25 percent of participants with AN may have delusional ideas. The implications for treatment in similar samples warrant attention. Future research should also seek to understand the clinical significance of this delusional categorisation, the benefits of its utility in this population, and its relation to the severity of AN or stage of illness.

Body image perceptions and avoidance behaviours among a Moroccan group of adolescents

Background Adolescents are a vulnerable group to body dissatisfaction that causes unhealthy attitudes and behaviours. It has been shown that many factors affect body image dissatisfaction. Aim To describe body image size perception, degree of body dissatisfaction, avoidance behaviours, and their relationship with gender, age, and weight status, and to assess the relationship between body dissatisfaction and avoidance behaviours among a group of Moroccan adolescents. Subjects and methods This cross-sectional survey was comprised of a sample of 487 adolescents. Stunkard’s Figure Rating Scale was used to assess perceptions of current and ideal body image and body dissatisfaction. Body Image Avoidance Questionnaire was employed to assess avoidance behaviours. Results Body dissatisfaction was found to be strongly associated with weight status in both male and female adolescents. Avoidance behaviours were positively associated with gender, age, weight status, and body dissatisfaction. Indeed, avoidance behaviours were frequently reported among females, young adolescents, those with high BMI z-score, and those seeking to lose weight. Adolescents tended to behave under the influence of two factors: clothing and weighing-grooming. Conclusion Weight status is an important factor that deeply impacts adolescent body dissatisfaction. Adolescents resort to behaviour avoidance and physical appearance control to cope with body dissatisfaction.

Perception of body size and body dissatisfaction in adults

Self-perception of body size seems to be not always in line with clinical definitions of normal weight, overweight and obesity according to Word Health Organization classification. The effect of self-perception of body size disturbances and body dissatisfaction may be the development of eating disorders, such as anorexia nervosa or binge eating disorder—a major risk factor of obesity development. Therefore, the study aimed to assess separately the perception of weight status and body size as well as body dissatisfaction in adults with normal weight, overweight and obesity. The study included 744 adults (452 women; 35.9 ± 12.4 years; 21 underweight, 326 normal weight, 221 overweight, 176 obese) referred to Metabolic Management Center and volunteers. Body size perception and body dissatisfaction were assessed based on Stunkards’ Figure Rating Scale (FRS). Additionally, participants’ were asked: ‘Do you think you are: underweight/normal weight/overweight/obese?’ to assess perception of weight status. Participants’ weight and height were measured to calculate body mass index (BMI) after completing the FRS. Individuals within the overweight BMI range have rated themselves as underweight (1.4%), normal weight (30.8%) and obese (2.8%). Also individuals within the obesity BMI range have rated themselves as normal weight (2.6%), and overweight (41.6%). Compatibility of self-assessment of weight status with BMI category according to the measured values was moderate—Kappa coefficient was 0.59 (95% CI: 0.54–0.64). Underestimation of weight status was significantly more common among men than women. There were statistically significant differences in the distribution of body dissatisfaction according to the weight in both women and men. Normal-weight subjects less often than overweight and obese were dissatisfied with their own body size. The degree of body dissatisfaction was greater among women than among men. Adults subjects frequently underestimate their own weight status and body size. Women with overweight and obesity more often than men are dissatisfied with their own body size.

Reliability and validity of the SAPF questionnaire and the Stunkard rating scale amongst elderly Spanish people

The aim of the study was to identify the reliability and validity of the SAPF questionnaire and the Stunkard rating scale in determining self-perceived physical appearance and the degree of body dissatisfaction in a group of elderly Spanish people. Both instruments were adapted to Spanish people and were administered twice to a group of 86 elderly people. Their reliability and validity were assessed by means of the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), Cronbach's alpha and Spearman's rho coefficient, from the physical fitness level of the participants and their body mass index (BMI). ANOVA test was carried out to compare the variables with normal distribution. The questionnaire and the Stunkard rating scale showed a good test-retest reliability (ICC=0.78 and ICC=0.8, respectively). SAPF and fitness level showed a significant, albeit weak, association (rho=0.424), while the association between self-perception of body composition and BMI was moderately strong (rho=0.727). The self-perceived physical appearance of 59.5% of the sample was acknowledged to be normal, 11.4% perceived it as bad and 29.1% as good. Only 27.1% were satisfied with their body image, while the other participants showed a desire to lose the equivalent weight of one (47.06%), two (22.35%) or three or more (3.5%) points in the Stunkard scale. The versions of both instruments adapted to Spanish persons showed reliability and validity, and showed that it was possible to determine that a large part of the sample was dissatisfied with their body image. BMI had a significant influence in this regard.

The role of personality traits, sociocultural factors, and body dissatisfaction in anorexia readiness syndrome in women

BackgroundThe mass media promote certain standards of physical attractiveness. The media coverage, in interaction with body dissatisfaction and personality traits, may intensify specified behaviors in women, that should help them to obtain an ideal body image, e.g., excessive concentration on body image, weight control, increase in physical activity. The intensification of these behaviors can develop anorexia readiness syndrome (ARS) in women. The paper presents a study on the role of the Five-Factor Model personality traits (neuroticism, extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and intellect/openness), sociocultural factors (internalization, sociocultural pressure, information seeking), and body dissatisfaction in anorexia readiness syndrome.MethodsThe study involved 1533 Polish women aged 18–36 (M = 22.51, SD = 2.41). The participants completed the online version of the set of questionnaires. The link to the study was shared in social media groups. Personality dimensions were measured with the BFI, sociocultural factors were evaluated by means of the SATAQ-3, the degree of body dissatisfaction was assessed with the BIQ, while ARS was measured using five self-reported items referring to specific behaviors from TIAE.ResultsHierarchical multiple regression analysis revealed internalization, sociocultural pressure, and body dissatisfaction as significant predictors of ARS. While neuroticism was correlated with ARS, it lost its predictive value after entering body dissatisfaction in the regression model.ConclusionsThe factors associated with ARS were (1) neuroticism among personality traits, (2) internalization and pressure from sociocultural norms among sociocultural attitudes, and (3) body dissatisfaction. The key finding is the absence of statistical significance for neuroticism in predicting ARS after including body dissatisfaction. In future research, the group of men and patients with anorexia nervosa can be included, and the age range can be extended to include younger people. The catalog of potential ARS predictors may be expanded, which can help to explain the role of neuroticism in ARS.

Female Body Dissatisfaction and Attentional Bias to Body Images Evaluated Using Visual Search.

One factor, believed to predict body dissatisfaction is an individual’s propensity to attend to certain classes of human body image stimuli relative to other classes. These attentional biases have been evaluated using a range of paradigms, including dot-probe, eye-tracking and free view visual search, which have yielded a range of – often contradictory – findings. This study is the first to employ a classic compound visual search task to investigate the relationship between body dissatisfaction and attentional biases to images of underweight and with-overweight female bodies. Seventy-one undergraduate females, varying their degree of body dissatisfaction and Body Mass Index (BMI), searched for a horizontal or vertical target line among tilted lines. A separate female body image was presented within close proximity to each line. On average, faster search times were obtained when the target line was paired with a uniquely underweight or with-overweight body relative to neutral (average weight only) trials indicating that body weight-related images can effectively guide search. This congruent search effect was stronger for individuals with high eating restraint (a behavioral manifestation of body image disturbance) when search involved a uniquely underweight body. By contrast, individuals with high BMIs searched for lines more rapidly when paired with with-overweight rather than underweight bodies, than did individuals with lower BMIs. For incongruent trials – in which a unique body was paired with a distractor rather than the target – search times were indistinguishable from neutral trials, indicating that the deviant bodies neither compulsorily “captured” attention nor reduced participants’ ability to disengage their attention from either underweight or with-overweight bodies. These results imply the existence of attentional strategies which reflect one’s current body and goal-directed eating behaviors.

Changes in body image and onset of disordered eating behaviors in youth with type 1 diabetes over a five-year longitudinal follow-up

ObjectiveTo examine changes over a five-year period in body image accuracy and dissatisfaction, as well as relationships with disordered eating behaviors (DEBs), in young patients with type 1 diabetes. MethodsOf 81 children (42 male, 39 female) with type 1 diabetes first assessed at ages 5.1–10.06 years, 67 (83%) were re-enrolled and interviewed as adolescents (aged 10.07–15.08 years) at follow-up. DEBs were assessed using a parent-report standardized measure. Height and weight were determined, and BMI was calculated. Glycemic control was assessed by glycated hemoglobin. ResultsBMI increased from childhood to adolescence. The general tendency towards body size underestimation (i.e., perceiving the body to be smaller than it is) and dissatisfaction, already described at baseline, was found unchanged at follow-up, revealing continuing attitude towards body image problems. Body-size perception accuracy, degree of body-size dissatisfaction, and HbA1c did not increase significantly over five years, but the presence of DEBs was observed. Degree of body dissatisfaction was found to be a significant predictor for DEBs (standardized beta = 0.272, p < 0.05). ConclusionBody image problems persisted over the five-year study period and were found associated with higher levels of DEBs. Identification of such body image characteristics may be useful in developing strategies for intervention early in the course of illness.

Prevalence of Body Dysmorphic Disorder Symptoms and Body Weight Concerns in Patients Seeking Abdominoplasty.

Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is one of the most common psychiatric conditions found in patients seeking cosmetic surgery, and body contouring surgery is most frequently sought by patients with BDD. To estimate the prevalence and severity of BDD symptoms in patients seeking abdominoplasty. Ninety patients of both sexes were preoperatively divided into two groups: patients with BDD symptoms (n = 51) and those without BDD symptoms (n = 39) based both on the Body Dysmorphic Disorder Examination (BDDE) and clinical assessment. Patients in the BDD group were classified as having mild to moderate or severe symptoms, according to the BDDE. Body weight and shape concerns were assessed using the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ). The prevalence of BDD symptoms was 57%. There were significant associations between BDD symptoms and degree of body dissatisfaction, level of preoccupation with physical appearance, and avoidance behaviors. Mild to moderate and severe symptoms of BDD were present in 41% and 59% of patients, respectively, in the BDD group. It was found that the more severe the symptoms of BDD, the higher the level of concern with body weight and shape (P < .001). Patients having distorted self-perception of body shape, or distorted comparative perception of body image were respectively 3.67 or 5.93 times more likely to show more severe symptoms of BDD than those with a more accurate perception. Candidates for abdominoplasty had a high prevalence of BDD symptoms, and body weight and shape concerns were associated with increased symptom severity.

Body Dysmorphic Disorder in Patients Seeking Abdominoplasty, Rhinoplasty, and Rhytidectomy.

Body dysmorphic disorder may negatively affect self-perception of body shape and lead patients to seek cosmetic surgery. This study estimates the level of body dissatisfaction and prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder symptoms in candidates for three plastic surgical procedures. Three hundred patients of both sexes divided into three groups (abdominoplasty, n = 90; rhinoplasty, n =151; and rhytidectomy, n =59) were classified as having (n =51, n =79, and n =25, respectively) or not having (n =39, n =72, and n =34, respectively) body dysmorphic disorder symptoms, based on the Body Dysmorphic Disorder Examination, which was administered preoperatively. Prevalence rates of body dysmorphic disorder symptoms in the abdominoplasty, rhinoplasty, and rhytidectomy groups were 57, 52, and 42 percent, respectively. Significant between-group differences were observed regarding age (p < 0.001), body mass index (p = 0.001), and onset of body dysmorphic disorder symptoms (p < 0.001). Within-group differences in body dysmorphic disorder severity were observed in the abdominoplasty (p < 0.001), rhinoplasty (p < 0.001), and rhytidectomy (p = 0.005) groups. Body dysmorphic disorder severity was significantly associated with degree of body dissatisfaction (mean Body Dysmorphic Disorder Examination total scores; p < 0.001), avoidance behaviors (p< 0.001), sexual abuse (p = 0.026), suicidal ideation (p < 0.001), and suicide attempt (p = 0.012). Abdominoplasty candidates showed the highest prevalence; rhytidectomy candidates exhibited the highest percentage of severe cases, and rhinoplasty candidates had the lowest percentage of severe cases.

Preventing Weight Regain: What’s the Importance of Body Image Change after Bariatric Surgery?

Introduction: Obese patients have a high degree of body dissatisfaction and uneasiness inducing feelings of low self-esteem, sadness and loneliness leading to the development of pathological social withdrawal. Change of body image dimension is considered a factor for weight maintenance. The aim of this study is to show that, after bariatric surgery at weight loss, body image partially changes which could be considered one of the reasons for long term weight regain after bariatric surgery. Method: 40 patients: mean age 38 SD ± 10,71; 28 women, 12 men; mean body mass index (BMI) 48 SD ± 8,31, suffering from severe obesity, were enrolled in this study. All participants were evaluated before and after bariatric surgery. The assessment at weight loss after bariatric surgery (t1) was performed using BUT test. The statistical data analysis was performed with the t-Student method (p<0.05). Results: Results after bariatric surgery were: sufficient ability to cope with the nutritional program for bariatric surgery; change in eating behavior; fulfilled perception of satiety and reduction in food intake impulse; improvement of body image in its cognitive and behavioral components, but not in the emotional one. Conclusion: Weight loss is insufficient to determine a change in the emotional component of body image. It does not interfere with the emotional regulation system or with the ability to use non-verbal communication. Improving ability to perceive one’s new body and the knowledge of how to use it in relationship with others is necessary to prevent risk of weight regain after bariatric surgery.

Multiple Perspectives on Body Image Research

Representation of the body is a nuclear aspect of self-image. Body representation includes both subjective and intersubjective experiences. The importance of visual body representation in our social life is demonstrated by the time we spend to take care of our physical appearance, including use of plastic surgery, as well as by the severe mental disorders associated to its alteration, including eating disorders (EDs) and body dysmorphic disorders. In spite of these issues, (neuro)psychological research on body representation has so far mainly focused on the body as a motor device, devoted to the perception of and interaction with objects. The complexity of factors involved in the development, maintenance, and plasticity of body image representations requires an integrated approach that facilitates the evaluation and treatment of EDs with novel, evidence-based, and more efficacious protocols. This special issue of European Psychologist aims to advance such an integrative approach, with a collection of papers that gather different perspectives on the phenomenological, cognitive, (neuro)psychological, and cultural aspects of body representation disorders.

Engaging in peer conversation about slimming predicts body dissatisfaction in Chinese college women: A study in Hong Kong

Body dissatisfaction is associated with many psychological and physical problems such as depression and eating disorders. Recently body image dissatisfaction has become a pervasive problem in modern societies including Hong Kong. Using a sample size of 1264 young female adults, I conducted a hierarchical multiple regression and found that Hong Kong young female adults’ degree of body dissatisfaction is predicted by both contextual and individual factors in the following order: peer conversation about slimming, body consciousness, thin-ideal internalization, thin aspiration, and anti-fat affectivity. Media exposure to slimming information, on the other hand, was not a significant predictor of body dissatisfaction. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.

1819 – Perceived body shape distortions among eating disorders: preliminary evaluation of the behavioral indices of a modified emotional stroop test

Introduction Body shape and weight concerns are considered core features of eating disorders (EDs); however, it is still debated whether subjects with anorexia nervosa (AN) also present distortion of the body perception with respect to those with bulimia nervosa (BN). Objectives To demonstrate differences in behavioral response patterns to their own distorted and undistorted body images in subjects with and without EDs. Aims To characterize the perception of body images in EDs. Methods We recruited 15 female subjects with AN, 13 subjects with BN and 22 healthy controls (HC). All subjects were presented with their own body images, distorted according to the body shape questionnaire score (BSQ), an index of body dissatisfaction, and control stimuli including own non-distorted and “scrambled” body images. Each image type was presented 80 times in a randomized order and contained one, two or three body images; subjects were asked to press a button when two body images of any kind appeared. Results Although BN patients had the highest score on the BSQ (131.4) as compared with AN (111.1) and HC (97.58) subjects, AN patients committed significantly more omissions (6.34%), with respect to BN (2.23%) and HC (1.54%) subjects. Furthermore, AN patients needed a significantly longer time to process distorted body images (670.7 msec, on average), with respect to BN (650.1 msec) and HC (579.6 msec) subjects. Conclusions Our preliminary data confirmed the presence of a body distortion bias in AN subjects and suggest that it is independent from the degree of body dissatisfaction.

The development and validation of the Body Image Dimensional Assessment (BIDA).

To validate a silhouette-based scale, the Body Image Dimensional Assessment (BIDA), an instrument for the screening of body dissatisfaction in large samples. Five-hundred ninety-two both gender non-clinical participants and 57 patients with eating disorders (ED) were administered the BIDA and the Body Dissatisfaction subscale of the Eating Disorder Inventory 2 (BD-EDI2). The BIDA consists of only 4 items to answer with reference to a series of four silhouettes not age- nor gender-related using a numeric scale that allows the quantification of the degree of Body Dissatisfaction, Sexual Body Dissatisfaction, Comparative Body Dissatisfaction and the calculation of the final Body Dissatisfaction Index (BDI). The study has shown that the BIDA has good reliability and validity as well as high predictive capability at a threshold BDI≥30 (sensitivity = 83.3% and specificity = 92.1%). By virtue of the rapid timing of administration, the BIDA can be a useful screening instrument of body dissatisfaction in non clinical populations to detect people at risk for ED and a follow-up instrument in clinical setting.

Conducta alimentaria e imagen corporal en una muestra de adolescentes de Sevilla

Objective: This study examined the presence of disordered eating behaviours and the influence that on them could have the degree of body dissatisfaction among adolescents. Method: By the Eating Attitudes Test-40 (EAT-40), the Sick Control On Fat Food (SCOFF) and the subscale of body dissatisfaction (BD) of the Eating Disorders Inventory- 2 (EDI-2) a total of 841 students, aged 12-19, were studied. Eating behaviours, sex and age differences, and eating attitudes and behaviours related to the degree of body dissatisfaction were analized. Results: We found that 21,29% had significant punctuations in the SCOFF and 7,13% in the EAT-40. There were significant sex-differences (13,93% and 3,23% in SCOFF and EAT-40 for males, 29,38% and 10,70% for women). With regard to previous studies, a decrease of the risk is observed in women and an increase in males. Major body dissatisfaction was observed among the 12 to 17-year-old girls, though sex-differences in eating alterations, can be mostly found between the ages of 14 and 16. Body dissatisfaction correlated positively and significantly to Body Mass Index, EAT-40 and SCOFF. Conclusion: In order to implement primary programs in the adolescent population it is necessary to explore the eating behaviours of risky and the degree of body dissatisfaction to be able to raise specifically the interventions to be carried out, involving teachers as primary agents for the work in the school context.

The relation of body dissatisfaction to salience of particular body sizes

Research examining body image schemas has found that individuals high in body dissatisfaction direct increased attention toward body shapes relative to neutral stimuli. However, it is not known whether attention is attracted to particular body shapes over others (e.g., thin or obese). The present study examined whether body dissatisfaction would moderate the extent to which women find thin, average, and/or obese body sizes salient. Women with high and low body dissatisfaction (N=32) completed an indirect cognitive task assessing the relative salience of different body sizes (thin, average, obese). Degree of body dissatisfaction was inversely related to frequency estimates of obese body sizes; highly dissatisfied participants found obese body sizes less salient. These results highlight the importance of examining the salience of specific body sizes. The present study has implications for understanding cognitive aspects of social comparison and body dissatisfaction.

Perceived impact of thin female models in advertising: a cross‐cultural examination of third person perception and its impact on behaviors

This study seeks to determine if body image disturbance and eating disorders that have plagued Western women are now becoming more common in Asia as well. Additionally, it attempts to examine perceptions of the impact of models in advertising in both cultures. The third person effect which states that people believe the media impacts others more than themselves is tested to determine if this contributes to behaviors related to body image. A comparison of responses from young women inHong Kong and the US indicate that both cultures are similar in the degree of body dissatisfaction and dieting behavior exhibited. However, Western women spend significantly more time exercising and are more willing to have plastic surgery to improve their appearance. The third person effect appears robust across cultures, but generally does not contribute significantly to explaining body image related attitudes and behaviors. The results have important implications for both third person effect and cross cultural consumer behavior.

Women's Body Figure Preferences Across the Life Span

Body figure preferences were examined in a sample of 180 women 18 to 59 years old. Participants were presented with Fallon and Rozin's (1985) set of 9 silhouette drawings ranging from very thin to very heavy. Women of all ages rated their current figure as significantly larger than their ideal figure, indicating the presence of body dissatisfaction across the life span. The degree of body dissatisfaction did not vary with age, marital status, educational level, or occupational status. However, in contrast to the younger women's responses and to the results of previous studies, women over the age of 30 years rated their ideal figure as significantly larger than the one perceived as most attractive to men. Therefore, conclusions concerning this issue that are based on studies of college undergraduates cannot necessarily be generalized to other groups of women.

Behavioral and psychological implications of body dissatisfaction: Do men and women differ?

The relationships of body satisfaction, self-esteem, dieting, and exercise were studied in 92 men and women. Men and women did not differ in degree of body dissatisfaction as assessed by three different measures. However, on the direction of body dissatisfaction, men were as likely to want to be heavier as thinner, whereas virtually no women wished to be heavier. Although overall body esteem was correlated with self-esteem for both men and women, measures of weight dissatisfaction were not associated with self-esteem for women. The normative nature of weight dissatisfaction for women today may serve to buffer its effects on self-esteem. Women reported exercising for weight control more than men, and exercising for weight control was associated with disregulated eating.