Degree Of Anthropogenic Load Research Articles

Microbiomes of Primary Soils and Mining Heaps of Polymetallic Ore Quarries

This research evaluates the development of microbiomes in primary soils, forming in various mining dumps in the arid terrain in the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia. A metagenomic analysis of the communities was performed by sequencing extended gene sequences. The evaluation of the agro-chemical properties was in accordance with conventional pedology methods. Inverse voltammetry was used to measure the heavy metals (lead, cadmium, mercury, zinc, copper, and nickel) and arsenic content. In all the samples studied, Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria phylas dominated, and, in smaller numbers, Acidobacteria and Bacteroidetes were present. In the natural samples, the proportion of Actinobacteria was higher, and the proportions of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes were lower than in the samples from anthropogenically disrupted soils. Verrucomicrobia bacteria and Thaumarchaeota archaea were not found in the forming soils of the Kulyurtau and Tubinsky quarries, although in all other samples, there was a significant content of representatives of these types. Soil formation was observed at the Kulyurtau and Tubinsky mines, with a self-restoration period of more than 30 years. The microbial communities of the forming soils were similar in species richness to the background soils, and the alpha diversity showed a high level of dispersion, although the beta diversity had a different clustering, but the absence of Verrucomicrobia and Thaumarchaeota phyla in the samples from both sites indicates the underdevelopment of new soils compared with the natural background. Agrochemical indicators showed a dependence on the type of growing vegetation and the degree of anthropogenic load, and the correlation with the microbial composition of soils was traced poorly.

Variability ofTilia cordataMill. by a complex of morphological and phenological features as a measure of environmental quality

The article presents the findings from a long-term study on the environmental quality of the city of Yoshkar-Ola, Russia, based on an analysis of the intra-population diversity ofTilia cordataMill. according to morphological and phenological indicators.Tilia cordataTrees have been studied at different stages of their ontogenesis, during the generative phase. The selected ecotopes differed in the degree of anthropogenic load – pollution from motor vehicles and industrial businesses. Heterogeneity of the ontogenetic groups ofTilia cordatawas established by morphological and phenological features using principal component analysis. The linear size has decreased, and the leaves’ area has shown a reduction, while damage to leaves caused by atmospheric toxicants has increased in the context of urban pollution. The index of fluctuating leaf asymmetry does not differ in trees from different ecotopes. The most informative indicators of the environmental state inT. cordataspecimens are morphometric - the size and number of structural components of buds and stems, and phenological - the timing and duration of phenophases. The medium-aged generative trees ofT. cordataare the most sensitive to environmental pollution.

Chemical elemental composition of Elodea canadensis Michx. 1791. and its use for the assessment of anthropogenic pollution of the littoral of Lake Baikal

The ICP-MS method was used to study chemical elemental composition of the invasive species Elodea canadensis Michx. at Lake Baikal littoral sites with different degree of anthropogenic load. It is found out that dominant macroelements in E. canadensis are K > Ca > Na > P > Mg > S > Cl, dominant microelements are Fe, Mn > Si, Sr > Al, Ba, Zn > Br, B. The content of Ca, Sr, Mg, B and Si in E. canadensis samples are characterized by the least variability, and Na, P, Cl, K, V, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Br, Rb, Cd, I, Pb contents are more variable. The maximal heterogeneity in distribution is characteristic for lithophilous elements (Be, Al, Ti, Cr, Mn, Y, Zr, Nb, REE (rare earth), Hf, Ta, W, Th) as well as for Fe, Co, Sn, Sb, Bi. Maximal contents of Na, Cl, K and P associated with income of household waste waters into the near-shore zone is found in Elodea samples collected in Frolikha vent and at littoral sites adjacent to such populated areas as Gremyachinsk, Maksimikha, Nizhneangarsk. The elevated level of Zn, Cd, Pb is characteristic as well for the samples collected at the littoral sites with a high anthropogenic charge (Listvyanka settl., Bugul’deyka, Nizhneangarsk, Maksimikha village and Gremyachinsk).

Morphological Variability of a Rare Species Zygophyllum pinnatum in the South Urals and Adjacent Territories

When working with rare plant species, applying morphometric techniques is one of the main ways to obtain a representative data set on plant individuals and the state of particular populations growing in different ecological conditions and experiencing different degrees of anthropogenic load. Zygophyllum pinnatum, an understudied species growing on the territory of the Republic of Bashkortostan, the Orenburg region, and the Republic of Kazakhstan, is referred as a rare species. The purpose of the work is to study morphometric parameters and reveal the vitality structure of the Z. pinnatum coenopopulations in two regions of the Russian Federation (the Republic of Bashkortostan and Orenburg region) and in the north-west of the Republic of Kazakhstan (the Aktobe Region). Applying standard morphometric techniques, we analyzed the state of 16 coenopopulations of the species. Judging by most morphometric parameters, the leadership belongs to the individuals from the “Troitsk Cretaceous Mountains” coenopopulation located in the Sol-Iletsky District of Orenburg oblast, where, apparently, the most optimal plant conditions are formed (the absence of human impact and low projective cover of the grass stand to have a favorable effect). The minimum values for most parameters are recorded in the coenopopulations located on the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan, resulting from arid growing conditions. The variability of most characters is within the normal range of the species response (Cv—5.0–44.6%). The discriminant function analysis revealed the morphostructural similarity of individuals from most coenopopulations. Regarding vitality, eight coenopopulations are prosperous, and another eight are depressed. The condition of the species coenopopulations is stable; however, the species is not provided with proper protection measures. Therefore, further monitoring of its habitats and improvement of environmental measures are necessary.

The spatial placement of the steppe marmot (<i>Marmota bobak</i> Muller, 1776) in the Pervomaisky District of the Orenburg Region

This paper deals with the spatial placement of the marmot in the Pervomaisky District of the Orenburg Region within the steppe zone of the Southern Urals. The spatial structure of steppe marmot settlements is characterized by a typical ravine-girder (ribbon) type of territorial distribution of family groups and is determined mainly by the presence of habitable areas. The settlements of marmots on this territory are located mainly along ravines and gullies of small rivers and streams, and to a lesser extent on agricultural land. It has been revealed that marmots prefer to settle on the gentle slopes of the southern exposure mainly in the middle part of the gullies occupied by fescue-feather grass steppe, sagebrush-grass steppe and mixed grass communities used as pastures. The results of the research show that the burrow mound of the marmot, located in different parts of the studied territory and having different degrees of anthropogenic load, differ both in height and diameter of the burrows, and the distance between the burrows. At the same time, there is a clear, direct dependence of the degree of anthropogenic impact on the aggregation of marmot settlements. A significant factor in the distribution of marmot settlements and its spatial structure of populations is the degree of impact on the territory of the anthropogenic press.

ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF ANTHROPOGENIC IMPACT ON THE STATE OF PHYTOCENOSES OF HOLOSIIV PARK NAMED AFTER MAKSYM RYLSKYI OF THE CITY OF KYIV

Anthropogenic load on natural phytocenoses is manifested by disturbance of plant cover, synanthropization of the floristic composition of groups, destruction of plant distribution areas, reduction of biodiversity, and changes in plant growth and development conditions. The degree of anthropogenic load on natural phytocenoses is a global problem that requires detailed study and monitoring studies, especially in the conditions of urban ecosystems. The natural conditions affecting the state of the phytocenoses of Holosiiv Park named after Maxim Rylskyi city of Kyiv according to physical and geographical, climatic, edaphic, and orographic features. The influence of anthropogenic activity in the experimental plots was determined and the level of anthropogenic pressure on the state of the phytocenoses of Holosiiv Park named after Maxim Rylskyi city of Kyiv was carried out by analyzing available sources of industrial production, transport, etc. It has been established that Holosiiv Park named after Maksym Rylskyi is subjected to constant anthropogenic load, in particular, intensive recreational use, atmospheric air pollution has been established, which leads to the impoverishment of biodiversity in certain areas of the park. The level of atmospheric air pollution in the territory adjacent to the experimental sites was assessed using computational and instrumental methods. It was established that the estimated CO level exceeds the standards by 8 times on Holosiivskyi Avenue and by more than 30 times at the intersection of Maksym Rylskyi Street and Holosiivskyi Avenue. The analysis of the state of the atmospheric air using instrumental research methods did not show an excess of the content of the main pollutants, however, according to the Air Quality Index, it is moderately polluted by the content of dust with a diameter of 2.5 microns. The study of the state of the phytocenoses of Holosiiv Park named after Maksym Rylsky of the city of Kyiv within the experimental plots was carried out by studying their floristic composition and evaluating the ecological groups of plants. Because it is the analysis of ecological groups of plants that makes it possible to assess the ecological conditions of plant groups, the place of growth, and phytocenotypes of plant species that are part of the phytocenosis, that is their role in the formation of the phytocenosis. The ecological assessment of the state of phytocenoses of Holosiiv Park named after Maksym Rylskyi of the city of Kyiv was carried out using the method of bioindication and lichen indication (lichen research). These methods make it possible to determine the level of anthropogenic load acting quickly and relatively easily on phytocenoses within the experimental plots. To determine the state of the trees in the experimental plots, the method of assessing the asymmetry of morphological structures was used (using the example of the hanging hornbeam Carpinus betulus L.). A comparison of the floristic composition and the state of the phytocenoses showed that plot No. 1 has a depressed state, plants do not grow evenly, and drying of trees was observed. Plot No. 2 has the best condition, the plants of the plot are characterized by the best indicators of growth and development, the largest number of species, and the frequency of occurrence of species. Site No. 3 did not record significant degradation of the phytocenosis, but there is a certain mosaic of the phytocenosis, which may be due to atmospheric air pollution and significant recreational pressure, in particular, trampling. Plot No. 2 and Plot No. 3 have the highest coefficient of species composition commonality. Common plant species in the respective areas are: Carpinus betulus L., Anemonoides ranunculoides L., Ficaria verna, Trifolium repens and Corydalis solida.

ЕСТЕСТВЕННОЕ ВОЗОБНОВЛЕНИЕ СОСНЫ ОБЫКНОВЕННОЙ КАК ОБЪЕКТА МОНИТОРИНГА СОСТОЯНИЯ ПРИРОДНОЙ СРЕДЫ ОКРЕСТНОСТЕЙ ГОРОДА СВОБОДНЫЙ (АМУРСКАЯ ОБЛАСТЬ)

In the vicinity of Svobodny in the Amur Region, there are the world’s largest natural gas processing and helium production enterprises. In this regard, the relevance of an objective assessment of the environmental situation is especially important. In the work, the author defines indicator properties of the Scots pine natural regeneration. He gives the analysis of undergrowth parameters in areas with different degrees of anthropogenic load. It is established that the indicators of the number of specimens per unit area, age structure, growth and vitality of Scots pine in the vicinity of Svobodny can have an indicative value for environmental monitoring of the territory.

Variability of morphological features of Dracocephalum multicaule (Lamiaceae) in natural populations of Dagestan

The structure of intra- and inter-population variability of Dracocephalum multicaule Montbr. et Auch. ex Benth. along the altitude gradient was studied on the basis of a complex of morphological features of plants. Two populations of D. multicaule were collected from different altitude levels (800 and 1130 m above sea level). Differences between populations by place of growth (microclimatic conditions), communities in which the species grows, age composition, as well as morphological features were revealed. A decrease in the average values of quantitative and dimensional traits with the increase in altitude has been recorded, with the exception of two (the length of the inflorescence and the number of verticils). Intra- and inter-population variability of traits are at medium and high levels. Variability of the number of flowers in the inflorescence (43.5–51.5) and weight characteristics (36.1–50.0) are high. The interpopulation variability of species traits is the result of the influence of a complex of factors of the altitude gradient and the population age. The areas differ in ecological habitat conditions and the degree of anthropogenic load. The increasing anthropogenic impact in the places where the species grows disrupts the stability of natural populations and affects plant reproduction. In order to preserve the species of D. multicaule in natural habitats, it is necessary to reduce anthropogenic pressure, as well as to introduce the species into culture.

On the use of integral indicators of the functional state of the children’s body as criteria for realizing the risk of adverse effects of environmental factors

Special attention is always paid to the health of children associated with the influence of environmental factors in scientific research. This is due to the fact that environmental factors play an important role in determining the health and well-being of children. Of particular importance is the search for informative integral indicators that characterize the impact of various degrees of anthropogenic load on the health of the child population. The article presents the results of a study of integral indicators of the health status of 315 children aged 4–6 years living in the territory with a high (group 1) and low (group 2) level of anthropogenic load, such as the stability of the nervous reaction, the stress index of regulatory systems, the index of vegetative equilibrium, the vegetative rhythm indicator, the indicator of the adequacy of regulatory processes. The obtained data indicate that a high level of anthropogenic load has an adverse effect on the integral indicators of the functional state of the central nervous, autonomic and cardiovascular systems. This is characterized by a decrease in the stability index of the nervous reaction, an increase in the sympathetic activity of the central nervous system, depletion of the central regulatory circuits due to prolonged activation of non-economic mechanisms for regulating the high tone of the sympathetic nervous system. At the same time, the adverse effects increase with an increase in the age of children from 4 to 6 years old living in an area with a high level of anthropogenic load. The established facts of changes in integral indicators represent a scientific justification for the use of these indicators in the development of mathematical models for managing risks to children’s health under the influence of anthropogenic factors.

Dynamics of anthropogenic pollution of the Glubokaya River in the Rostov Region

Introduction. The article deals with the problems of deterioration of water quality in rivers in the Rostov region, their shallowing and drying out. The degradation of reservoirs is associated with various aspects of economic and industrial anthropogenic activities. The degree of influence depends on the intensity of the negative impact, and can be reduced if environmental measures are implemented.Problem Statement. The objective of this study is to monitor the water quality of the Glubokaya River in the Rostov region on different sections of the river and to assess the degree of anthropogenic impact.Theoretical Part. Water quality studies were carried out in three channels of the Glubokaya River on the territory of the cities of Millerovo and Kamensk-Shakhtinsk, as well as near them. The content of ammonia, phosphorus was determined by spectrophotometric analysis methods and petroleum products by IR photometric analysis method. The results of the study of water quality in the reservoir are compared with the normative values for three years with a certain periodicity.Conclusions. The results of the studies on changes in the chemical composition of water at various sites in dynamics, taking into account the degree of anthropogenic load, are analyzed.

ОЦЕНКА УСТОЙЧИВОСТИ ПОВЕРХНОСТИ (НА ПРИМЕРЕ ОБЬ-ЧУМЫШСКОГО МЕЖДУРЕЧЬЯ, АЛТАЙСКИЙ КРАЙ)

The paper provides assessment of the surface stability under anthropogenic impact for the territory of the Ob-Chumysh interfluve. The object of study is located in the southeast of the West Siberian Plain and is characterized by a heavy economic load. Surface stability was determined using GIS technologies with a score-matrix comparison of the results. Areas were compared according to the type of the territory’s functioning (removal/accumulation of lithoflows) and the degree of anthropogenic load. The analysis was carried out on a scale of 1: 500,000. Areas with five degrees of stability have been distinguished: from very low to very high. When identifying areas, it is proposed to use the following characteristics: ‘geomorphological element,’ determined by the prevailing angle of inclination of the surface and the composition of the constituent deposits, ‘type of functioning of the 3rd-order basins in terms of removal/accumulation of lithoflows,’ ‘morphological type of facets resting on the 4th–6th-order channels,’ and the indicator of ‘gully erosion risk.’ The degree of anthropogenic load (4 degrees: very low, low, medium, high) was determined by the Kochurov method. For this, the land use map was analyzed. The map is based on the published Land Fund Map of the Altai Territory and satellite images of 2020–2021 available in the Google Earth program. The results of the study can serve as a basis for optimizing nature management in the south of Western Siberia. The proposed methodology for assessing erosion-dissected territories taking into account their polystructural organization additionally reveals the possibilities of the geoecological approach.

Complex of agrotechnical methods for different varieties of winter wheat

Increasing grain production and improving its quality are of great importance for our country. A special role is given to winter wheat as a highly productive and valuable food crop, which occupies about 2 million hectares in the Central Black Earth Region. Winter wheat also occupies significant areas in Belgorod region, which, according to agroclimatic zoning, is included in the zone of unstable moisture. Under these conditions, the development and opening up resource-saving adaptive technologies for the cultivation of crops, in particular winter wheat, as the most important grain crop, which would be assessed not only by productivity, but also by the degree of anthropogenic load on ecological systems, are of particular importance. The aim of the research is to change the agrophysical and biological properties of the soil, weed infestation of crops, yield and quality of different varieties of winter wheat, depending on preceding crops, new types of fertilizers and growth regulator. In this work, for the first time for the Central Black Earth Region, the complex effect of preceding crops, new types of fertilizers and growth regulator on changes in agrophysical, biological properties of soil, yield and quality of cultivated varieties of winter wheat Maiskaya Yubileinaya and Almera was studied. A complex of agrotechnical techniques for different varieties of winter wheat, identified on the basis of the research results, based on the use of optimal preceding crops, new types of fertilizers and plant growth regulators, allows the development of energy and resource-saving technologies of the cultivated crop. The expediency of using the most adaptive for the conditions of the region combination of agricultural practices for promising varieties of winter wheat is shown.

The degree of anthropogenic load, gene polymorphism of the xenobiotic biotransformation system and congenital malformations as links in the same chain

Introduction. According to epidemiological observations, the level of congenital malformations in children is associated with the degree of chemical pollution of the environment and certain forms of genes of the I and II phases of the xenobiotic biotransformation system. The study aimed to determine and compare the index of anthropogenic load with the probability of occurrence of congenital malformations of the fetus in combination with gene polymorphisms of I and II phases of the xenobiotic biotransformation system in women living in different administrative territories in the South of Kuzbass. Material and methods. The level of air pollution in the cities of the South of the Kemerovo region (Kuzbass) was established. Prenatal screening of 1,426 pregnant women at the term of 15-18 weeks in the cities of the South of Kuzbass was carried out. The Real Time-PCR method was used to determine the gene polymorphism of the xenobiotic biotransformation system (CYP1A2, GSTM1) in 53 women of Novokuznetsk who gave birth to newborns with congenital malformations. Results. In the cities of the South of Kuzbass, with a critical and high degree of pollution of atmospheric air and waterways, many women are at risk of congenital malformations in offsprings. The A/A CYP1A2*1F genotype in combination with the deletion polymorphism of the GSTM1 gene in the mother is reliably associated with the occurrence of congenital malformations in offsprings (χ2 - 4.72; р - 0.030; OR - 5.56; CI - 1.05-29.32), and the C/ACYP1A2*1F genotype in combination with the normal functioning GSTM1 “+” gene is associated with resistance to the development of congenital malformations (χ2 - 12.53; p - <0.001; OR - 0.11; CI - 0.03-0.4 ). Conclusion. Against the background of an increasingly unfavourable ecological situation in Kuzbass and raising the number of newborns with congenital malformations, it is essential to include in the algorithm for early prenatal diagnosis the determination of the forms of genes of different phases of the xenobiotic metabolism system to elaborate an algorithm for reducing the xenobiotic load on the body of pregnant women during critical periods of fetal organogenesis.

The status of the Dactylorhiza incarnata populations in the Kalba Altai, Kazakhstan

Abstract. Danilova AN, Sumbembayev AA. 2021. The status of the Dactylorhiza incarnata populations in the Kalba Altai, Kazakhstan. Biodiversitas 22: 3180-3195. The article provides a botanical description of the current state of populations of threatened species Dactylorhiza incarnata (L.) Soo in the Kalba. The ecological analysis of the flora, the ecological optimum of the species, the vitality of plant communities, and the degree of anthropogenic load are presented in the research. On the basis of field surveys, four main populations were identified in 13 typical plant communities. Flora of plant communities of D. incarnata on the Kalba Ridge includes 117 species belonging to 30 families and 80 genera. The ecological optimum of D. incarnata can be spotted on the southeastern slopes with diffused lighting and moderate wind impact. The plant communities with optimal conditions are Filipendulo-Sanguisorbo-Thalictrosum and Carexoto-Equiseto-Filipendulo-Festucosum characterized by highly humid meadows and forest edges with low density and competition. Self-maintenance and reproduction of the species are fulfilled mainly by seeds, less often by vegetative reproduction of the finger root. Due to analysis of the age composition of populations and the dynamics and stability of plant communities the recovery index is within the optimum. Typical indicator species are Thalictrum simplex L., Salix viminalis L., Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim., Sanguisorba officinalis L., Geranium pratense L., Festuca pratensis Huds.

Geochemical characteristics of soils in natural and disturbed landscapes of the Tunka basin

The paper evaluates the distribution of chemical elements in the soil of the Tunka basin (the Republic of Buryatia, Tunka National Park). In this regard, we studied their gross concentration in natural and agrogenically transformed soils: arable land, fallow lands, hayfields, and pastures. The distribution of chemical elements in the soils of the Tunka basin is extremely uneven, except for Fe, Al, Mg, P, Sr, Zn, and Co. The concentrations of chemical elements, as a rule, do not exceed standard values, except for Cr, Ni and Pb. Opposite patterns characterize the nature of the interaction of mercury with chemical elements of groups of different geochemical classifications, depending on the degree of anthropogenic load. In natural soils, the concentration of mercury increases with an increase in the concentration of silicon and phosphorus and a decrease in other heavy metals: Fe, Pb, Cu, Co, Ti, Ni, V, Cr, as well as aluminum and magnesium. In disturbed soils, Hg is directly proportional to all of the above elements other than manganese. The change in the content of most of the studied chemical elements with depth in natural soils decreases with depth. In disturbed soils, there is no such tendency due to mixing of the soil layer in the upper 50 cm layer due to the use of land for arable land.

Изучение степени загрязнения атмосферного воздуха Грязинского района Липецкой области методом лихеноиндикации

The article presents an assessment and analysis of the ecological state of atmospheric air in 7 districts of the city of Gryazi, Lipetsk region, by the method of lichen-indication. In most of the studied areas, a tendency to degradation of epiphytic lichenoflora was revealed as the anthropogenic impact increased, which was expressed in the depletion of the species composition and a decrease in the area of the projective cover of lichens. The index of atmospheric purity IAQ in areas of the study varies significantly, which is associated with a different degree of anthropogenic load. The highest index of atmospheric purity IAQ was recorded in the Oak Grove district, the lowest, in the area of Borisoglebskaya and Astrakhan streets, and the average index was typical for the rest of the district. The result obtained can be used as a basis for biomonitoring the territory of the city of Mud.

Determining Biological Activity of Soils to Maintain the Balance of the Urban Ecosystem

The article is devoted to the current problem of spatial changes in the biological activity of soils within the territories that are subject to various degrees of anthropogenic load. Changes in the structure and functions of separate components of soil causes restructuring in operation of the urban ecosystem in general and requires constant monitoring. To study the self-restoring capacity of urban soils, biological activity of soils in different areas of Academgorodok District of Irkutsk was evaluated. Methods of determination of biological activity of soils with the help of indicators of cellulosolytic, protease and urease activity were used. It was shown that, under anthropogenic impact, soils of different areas develop adaptive mechanisms, the activity of which is aimed at enhancing resistance to human negative impact on the environment (oil pollution, reduction of vegetation). The data obtained as a result of the research characterize the ability of the studied soils to self-repair and can be used to develop methods for soil restoration within an urban area.

Характеристика складу мікроміцетів осушуваних грунтів басейну р. Трубіж

The study of the quantitative and qualitative composition of the soil microbiota, which adequately reflects the degree of anthropogenic load, can be applied as an indicator of assessment of the ecological status of the soil of anthropogenically transformed biogeocoenosis.The aim of the article is to analyze the species composition of micromycetes of drained soils of the Trubizh river Basin as an indicator of the ecological condition of the soil of different degrees of economic activity. For microbiological analysis samples of organogenic (lowland deep and medium peat soils) and mineral (meadow-chernozemic) soils were used. The samples selected from four experimental plots with different degrees of anthropogenic load. In particular, the first plot is a long-term use fallow (more than 15 years) on deep peatlands, the second one is a field with corn for grain on medium peatlands. The third plot is a field with post-harvest soybean residues on medium peatlands and fourth one is fallow with annual and perennial grasses on meadow-chernozemic soils. Soil samples were taken from the root layer at a depth of 0-5, 5-10 and 10-20 cm according to the current DSTU. Isolation of micromycetes was carried out by dilution method of soil with the object of estimation of the concentration (number of colonies, micromycetes). The count of micromycetes was estimated on surface of potato-glucose agar and Chapek's agar plates and was determined by the number of colony forming units (CFU). It was established that in the plot with increased anthropogenic impact (field with corn for grain on medium peatlands) the total number of isolated micromycetes was twice less than in plots of fallow lands and soybean. There was observed very poor species compositions (13 species). 2 species (15%) of Zygomycota, where predominant concentration was Mucor plumbeus in the soil layer 0-20 cm and 11 species (85%) of Ascomycota were found. In all plots, the basis of micromycete complexes was formed by fungi-destructors of plant remains and root secretions of the genus Penicillium. The micromycetes of drained soils of the Trubizh river Basin was presented the biggest phylum Ascomycota (83-95.5%) and the phylum Zygomycota (4.5-17%) also.

Approaches to anthropogenic loads on landscapes in heavily developed regions (On the example of the Chuvash Republic)

Economic activity led to significant transformations of natural landscapes of the Chuvash Republic. There is a change in certain components of geosystems and naturalterritorial complexes as a whole. In order to rationalize environmental management, the analysis of the types and degree of anthropogenic load was carried out. The ratio of different lands was taken as parameters of the analysis. It was based on the share of farmlands, settlement zone, forests and natural landscapes. On the example of the model region of the Chuvash Republic 5 main types of areas were analyzed: upland, slope, terrace, floodplain and valley-river (valleys of small rivers). The factor of different stability of terrain types was taken into account. For uplands it is taken as a unit, and decreases in other types of terrain. On the basis of the analysis of the state of geosystems, the groups of districts were identified and measures were developed to reduce the anthropogenic load on landscapes.

Экологическое состояние малых водоемов различного природоохранного статуса (Самарская область)

Currently, the conservation of the unique ecosystems of small water bodies located within cultural landscapes and/or in areas with limited nature protection status is of urgent issue. It is such hydrobiocenoses that are the most susceptible to increasing anthropogenic impact. Phytoplankton is a good indicator of the ecological situation in the reservoir. The aim of the work was to analyze the composition and structure of phytoplankton of some small urbanized lakes of Samara region with different levels of protection and degree of anthropogenic load. Here, this is the first time we present an analysis of the current ecological state of three small water bodies having various nature protection statuses: Lake Yaitskoe (53°10ꞌ85ꞌꞌN,50°17ꞌ46ꞌꞌE), the regional natural monument; Lake Gatnoe (53°14ꞌ93ꞌꞌN, 50°11ꞌ83ꞌꞌE), Samara region natural heritage site; and Lake Bolshoe Vasilievskoe (53°54ꞌ40ꞌꞌN, 49°53ꞌ24ꞌꞌE), the suburban lake located in the transition zone of the Middle Volga complex biosphere reserve (See Table 1). We collected samples for phytoplankton study and basic physical and chemical measurements in the growing season from 2013 to 2014 (See Table 2). We sampled the algae with a Ruttner bathometer. The material was fixed with 40% formalin solution. The cell count was carried out in the chamber “Uchinskaya” (Russia) with a volume of 0.01 ml. This chamber is a glass plate with low sides, the bottom of which is equipped with a special counting grid, optimized for counting plankton. Organisms are counted twice in 20 bands. Species identification of algae and counting of their cells were carried out on the microscope “BIOLAR PI” (limited liability company “Biolar”, Poland) with an increase of 600 times. To determine the species of algae, we used reference guides from the series “Determinants of freshwater algae of the USSR” and “Susswasserflora von Mitteleuropa”. The classification of Reynolds and co-authors was used to differentiate phytoplankton into functional groups. S1 -type (planktotrichete type) consisted of filamentous non-heterocyst forms of cyanoprokaryotes that previously belonged to genus Oscillatoria, M-type contained representatives of genus Microcystis, H1 -type contained representatives of genera Anabaena and Aphanizomenon. The similarity of the algae species composition of lakes was estimated with the Sorensen coefficient (Ks). The level of cenotic diversity and the degree of community alignment were assessed using Shannon (H) and Pielu (E) indices, respectively, taking into account the standard deviation. The dominant species were those whose number and biomass was 10% or more of the total value. The Simpson dominance index (S) was used to estimate the degree of dominance of individual species. Assessment of saprobity of waters was carried out by the method of Pantle and Bucc in the modification of Sladechek, using known indicator values of saprobity of individual species. The general state of ecosystems of the studied lakes was analyzed on the basis of the qualitative composition and quantitative development of phytoplankton from 2013 to 2014. In all lakes, the species richness of phytoplankton was quite high and contributed mainly by chlorophytes, diatoms and cyanoprokaryota species (See Table 3 and Fig. 1). Floristic analysis revealed signs of imbalance in lake ecosystems, probably caused by anthropogenic impact and/or lack of biogenic limitation (See Table 4). This situation is especially unfavorable for ecosystems of water bodies of protected nature areas. Ecological and geographical analysis did not reveal significant differences between the algal flora of the studied reservoirs (See Table 5). The level of similarity of the species composition of the studied reservoirs was quite high (See Table 6). Perhaps this was due not only to similar abiotic parameters of the environment, but also to a high level of identical anthropogenic load. Quantitative phytoplankton development was high in all water bodies, the highest one was observed in Lake Bolshoe Vasilievskoe, and the lowest in lake Gatnoe (See Fig. 3). According to average algal biomass over the study period, Lake Bolshoe Vasilievskoe corresponds to the hypertrophic state, while lakes Gatnoe and Yaitskoe are eutrophic. Phytoplankton species diversity and alignment were highest in lake Gatnoe, and smallest in lake Yaitskoe. According to saprobity, the studied water bodies were β-mezosaprobic which corresponds to the water quality class III. Analysis of the floristic composition, the ratio of taxonomic ranks, indicators of quantitative development and the structure of the dominant species complex revealed signs of an imbalance in ecosystems and the development of “oscillatory” disease in all studied lakes, regardless of their conservation status due to anthropogenic impact and lack of biogenic restriction. The paper contains 3 Figures, 6 Tables and 38 References. The Authors declare no conflict of interest.