Pesticide Degradation Rate Research Articles

Effect of gamma irradiation on the degradation rate of various pesticides and active ingredients in dandelion

The levels of 37 pesticides in dandelion were analyzed using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC–MS/MS) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The dandelion samples were treated with different irradiation doses, pH levels, moisture contents, and initial concentrations. Additionally, the respective contents of chicoric, chlorogenic, and caffeic acids in the dandelion samples were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with DAD detector. The results showed that the pesticide degradation rate was positively correlated with the irradiation dose and negatively correlated with pesticide concentration. The degradation of most pesticides followed first-order kinetics. The pesticide degradation rate initially decreased and subsequently increased with an increase in the pH. Irradiation below 8 kGy had an insignificant effect on the three active ingredients of dandelion. The chicoric acid content decreased with an increase in water content and pH, whereas the caffeic acid content increased.

Investigation of the effect of human intestinal microbiota bacteria on the bioremediation of commonly used pesticides by liquid chromatography

Pesticides are defined as chemical substances used to protect a variety of plants from parasite infestation. Due to their chemical structure, they have a long half-life and the capacity to form residues, and therefore many fruits can contain pesticide residues. Pesticide exposure may occur via inhalation, ingestion, or direct contact. The European Commission's directive restricts the use of pesticides and sets a residue limit of 0.1 μg/L. The aim of this study is to determine the impact of bacteria in the human gut microbiota on the biodegradation of commonly used pesticides. This study investigated the effects of five bacterial strains, namely Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae), and Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis), isolated from neonatal rectal swab samples and, blood samples on the degradation of pesticides using liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. (LC-MS). All bacteria resulted in significant pesticide degradation (p < 0.05). E. faecalis caused significantly more degradation than K. pneumoniae (p = 0.043). No significant difference was observed between the degradation rates of pesticides and other bacteria (p > 0.05). The results demonstrate that bacteria can be used to clean water and soil contaminated with pesticides. Therefore, we do not have information about possible mutations in DNA. This is the biggest limitation of this study. Therefore, our study data needs to be supported with study data including more strains and examining bacterial DNA with new generation sequencing methods.

Unlocking the Potential of Fertilizer and Pesticide Integration: Investigating the Promoting Effect of Organic Water-Soluble Fertilizers on Pesticide Degradation for Sustainable Agriculture

Abstract: &#x0D; In the present study, the dynamic degradation profile of the pesticide acaricide was investigated in the presence of varying concentrations of organic water-soluble fertilizers. Field experiments were carried out to assess the influence of organic water-soluble fertilizers on pesticide degradation rates. It was found that, under specific conditions, organic water-soluble fertilizers can promote the degradation of pesticides. To elucidate the factors responsible for this observation, both biological and abiotic aspects were examined. With regard to the biological factors, plant peroxidase activity was analyzed at different concentration levels of organic water-soluble fertilizers during the course of the field experiments. It was determined that organic water-soluble fertilizers can enhance peroxidase activity. Concerning the abiotic factors, high-pressure mercury lamps were utilized in ultraviolet (UV) degradation experiments on the acaricide, incorporating various concentrations of organic water-soluble fertilizers. Furthermore, washing experiments simulating rainwater effects were conducted on representative vegetable species from the Brassicaceae, Asteraceae, Amaranthaceae and Amaranthus tricolor families. The results of the UV degradation experiment showed no significant difference in the acaricide degradation rate, regardless of the presence or absence of organic water-soluble fertilizers. Additionally, the washing experiment demonstrated the effectiveness of organic water-soluble fertilizers in reducing pesticide residues in common vegetable varieties. The findings of this study have important implications for pesticide management and agricultural practices, emphasizing the potential of organic water-soluble fertilizers in facilitating the degradation of pesticides and minimizing their environmental impact.

Bioremediasi Lahan Tercemar Pestisida dengan Cara Pengomposan di Perkebunan Apel Batu

The use of unprocedural and ineffective intensive synthetic pesticides by farmers in Batu City has become commonplace and is common. An alternative treatment that can be done is to utilize the activity of microorganisms to degrade these pesticides, which is called bioremediation. Preliminary research was conducted to determine the quality of pesticide-contaminated soil by varying the C/N ratio and water content. The main research was carried out by calculating pesticide residues in the soil using the shaker method and then injecting them into Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). To determine the activity of microorganisms, we isolated microorganisms. The composting temperature is close to room temperature on days 25–28. The decrease in temperature causes the activity of bacteria to decrease. The C/N 30 treatment showed the lowest residue concentration compared to the C/N ratios of 35 and 40. The C/N 30 treatment consisted of soil, cow dung, organic matter residue, and sawdust. The reduction in pesticide residues (99%) was higher than the control and treatment, with a C/N ratio of 40. The variation in the C/N ratio in the bioremediation process affected the rate of degradation of the pesticide. Pesticide residues in the control, C/N 40, C/N 35, and C/N 30, respectively, decreased in concentration during the 28 days of the composting process as follows: 48.3%, 86.2%, 89.7%, and 99.3%. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the C/N 30 treatment had the highest pesticide degradation rate. The results of testing the growth of the population or colony of microorganisms showed that the increase in the number of colonies of microorganisms and the activity of microorganisms was followed by a decrease in pesticide residues. The reduction in pesticide residues at C/N 30 was 98%; this result showed a higher value compared to the control, C/N 40, and C/N 35.

Catalytic degradation of propetamphos and azamethiphos using silver ion.

In this study, the degradation of two organophosphate pesticides, namely, propetamphos and azamethiphos, in the presence of Ag+ at different mole ratios was investigated. Moreover, the kinetic and degradation pathways of both chemicals in the range of 0-60min were explored. Gas chromatography equipped with a thermionic specific detector was used to investigate the pesticide degradation kinetics and mechanism. The results show that the degradation rate of both pesticides follows first-order kinetic. The first-order rate constant and the half-life of reaction were in the range of 0.002-0.143min-1, 187-2.1min, and 0.005-0.164min-1 and 60-1.8min, for propetamphos and azamethiphos, respectively, at ambient temperature (25 ºC). Because group containing sulfur atom is a better leaving group than group containing nitrogen, the rate of degradation of azamethiphos is higher than propetamphos. In a higher mole ratio of Ag+ to pesticides, the degradation rate was increased, and it is possible to predict the rate of degradation of pesticides according to the chemical composition of leaving group.

The deposition of Cu2O and Cu by photochemical reduction method promotes the efficient degradation of organic pollutants by Sn-TiO2 under visible light

The cuprous oxide/copper/titanium tin solid solution(Cu2O/Cu/T60S1) composite photocatalyst was synthesized by first preparing Sn-doped titanium dioxide by sol-hydrothermal method, and then depositing Cu2O and Cu on its surface by photochemical reduction method. The crystal structure and properties of the synthesized photocatalysts were investigated by various characterization techniques. The activity of the photocatalyst was evaluated by degrading the mixed pesticides (Pirimicarb and Fenitrothion) and tetracycline hydrochloride(TC-HCl) under simulated natural light. The results showed that Cu2O and Cu were successfully deposited on the surface of T60S1, the introduction of Cu2O and Cu significantly improved the photocatalytic activity of T60S1 in the degradation of TC-HCl and organic pesticides under visible light. The degradation rate of TC-HCl of sample 3Cu2O/Cu/T60S1 was as high as 98.2% within 60 min, the degradation rate of mixed pesticides reached more than 95% within 180 min. Combined with density functional theory(DFT) calculations, discussed the photocatalytic degradation mechanism of 3Cu2O/Cu/T60S1.

BIODEGRADATION OF PESTICIDES THROUGH METAGENOMIC APPROACHES

The idea behind the work is to check for the residence of pesticide degrading genes in plasmids and to transform them on an expression vector allowing them to degrade the pesticide more efficiently. Seven different commercially used toxic pesticides were used for bioremediation study. Around 20 organisms were first isolated and based on their pesticide tolerance, 11 organisms were further used for analysis. Each of the organisms was first subjected to plasmid curing and confirmed for their ability of pesticide degradation ability on plasmids. From the isolated 6 organisms based on their efficiency, 3 isolates containing plasmids were further chosen. Their plasmids were extracted and transformed to E.coli DHα. Upon subjecting them to agarose gel electrophoresis the result implies the successful transformation of only two plasmid DNA to the host cell. The pesticide degradation rate of the genetically modified strain was found to be higher than that of the wild type adapted strain. Morphometeric and germinating ability of Venia radiata was tested in pesticide contaminated soil and was found to support the growth of the plant.

Remediation of triazole, anilinopyrimidine, strobilurin and neonicotinoid pesticides in polluted soil using ozonation and solarization

This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of ozonation and solarization techniques for the removal of different types of pesticides from soil during the summer season. The effect of two experimental parameters (temperature and ozone application mode) on the pesticide degradation was evaluated. The results showed that solarization (S), solarization with surface ozonation (SOS), and solarization with deep ozonation (SOD) enhanced pesticide degradation rates in comparison with the control (untreated soil, C). The triazole, anilinopyrimidine, strobilurin and neonicotinoid pesticides showed similar behaviour under S and SOS conditions. The highest decrease was found in SOD, indicating the significant effect of temperature and ozone application mode on the efficiency of the ozonation treatment. Thus, a higher soil temperature and a longer accumulated time at high temperature in treatments S, SOS and SOD were observed due to solarization process. In addition, the removal efficiency was enhanced with exposure time. Finally, the main 15 transformation products were identified during SOD treatment. The results suggest that solarization combined with ozonation techniques allows decontamination of soil containing pesticide residues.

Biotechnological tools to elucidate the mechanism of pesticide degradation in the environment

Pesticides are widely used in agriculture, households, and industries; however, they have caused severe negative effects on the environment and human health. To clean up pesticide contaminated sites, various technological strategies, i.e. physicochemical and biological, are currently being used throughout the world. Biological approaches have proven to be a viable method for decontaminating pesticide-contaminated soils and water environments. The biological process eliminates contaminants by utilizing microorganisms' catabolic ability. Pesticide degradation rates are influenced by a variety of factors, including the pesticide's structure, concentration, solubility in water, soil type, land use pattern, and microbial activity in the soil. There is currently a knowledge gap in this field of study because researchers are unable to gather collective information on the factors affecting microbial growth, metabolic pathways, optimal conditions for degradation, and genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic changes caused by pesticide stress on the microbial communities. The use of advanced tools and omics technology in research can bridge the existing gap in our knowledge regarding the bioremediation of pesticides. This review provides new insights on the research gaps and offers potential solutions for pesticide removal from the environment through the use of various microbe-mediated technologies.

Chlorpyrifos pesticide reduction in soybean using cold plasma and ozone treatments

To meet market demands, soybean is predominantly grown with the excess use of harmful pesticides like chlorpyrifos, which leaves poisonous residues on the seeds' surfaces. In this study, we have treated chlorpyrifos (1, 2 and 3 mg/kg) infused soybean with ozone (300–550 mg/l) and low pressure (2 mbar) cold plasma (CP: 1.0–2.0 kV) for up to a period of 30 min to reduce the pesticide residues. However, it was found that at higher pesticide concentrations, ozone treatment can only cause 50% pesticide reduction after 30 min exposure, even at 550 mg/l concentration. In contrast, CP treatment took only 6 min to achieve the same at 2.0 kV voltage level but caused a significant reduction (P ≤ 0.05) in moisture content and seed coat integrity. However, the water absorption of CP treated samples was higher (∼230%) than ozone-treated samples (∼200%). Furthermore, increased pesticide concentration reduced the pesticide degradation rate for ozone (0.078–0.0643 min−1) and cold plasma (0.160–0.143 min−1) treatments even at higher treatment intensities. Nevertheless, CP was effective against chlorpyrifos than ozone treatment and caused minor quality changes in soybeans.

Influence of meteorological conditions on the residual content of pesticides in plants

The quality and quantity of agricultural products depends on the weather conditions in the regions of cultivation. The results of the influence of weather on the degradation rate of pesticides in agricultural products are presented in this paper. Samples were analyzed for the content of pesticide active ingredients by various chromatographic methods. Air temperature has a significant effect on the intensity of metabolic processes in the plant, which determine the degradation rate of pesticides. Air humidity is more important for water-soluble pesticides than for lipophilic ones. Rain, moisture and dew accelerate the dispersal of substances from the aboveground plant parts. When choosing pesticides to protect crops from harmful organisms, it is necessary to take into account the natural and climatic characteristics of the region.

Preliminary Evaluation of the Possible Occurrence of Pesticides in Groundwater Contaminated with Nitrates—A Case Study from Southern Poland

This paper addresses groundwater pollution and the potential presence of pesticides within the catchment areas of two reservoirs that are sources of drinking water. The two reservoirs are Goczałkowice and Kozłowa Góra, both in Southern Poland. Agricultural and rural areas dominate both catchments. Archival data showed local groundwater contamination with nitrates. This indicated the possible presence of pesticides in shallow groundwater. In total, 13 groundwater samples from shallow sandy aquifers were collected. All the samples were tested for the presence of 35 organophosphate pesticides and 28 organochlorine pesticides. Additionally, in order to determine the current groundwater conditions, physicochemical parameters were measured in the field, and water samples were subjected to analysis of their chemical composition (incl. the determination of nitrates). The research outcomes showed that pesticides were not detected above the detection limits in any of the samples. Due to variations in the persistence and degradation rates of pesticides, the occurrence of these substances in the groundwater environment and the possibility of their migration to aquifers should not be completely excluded. Natural processes and factors (e.g., sorption, biodegradation, hydrolysis and redox conditions) may gradually reduce the pesticide concentrations in groundwater. The chemical analyses revealed high concentrations of nitrates in the groundwater. This suggests the possible influence of agriculture and fertilizer application on groundwater quality; however, a proportion of NO3- ions may be connected with improper sewage management within the two catchments. The absence of pesticides in groundwater impacted by agriculture may result from processes occurring in the aquifer and the rapid degradation of these compounds due to photolysis and prevailing weather conditions. In the vicinity of dwellings, nitrates also originate from domestic wastewater. Thus, the occurrence of pesticides in groundwater contaminated with NO3 cannot always be expected.

Approximate Modeling of the Uptake of Pesticides by Grass for Grazing Risk Assessment and Pasture Management

Pesticide application on grasslands is a major concern in pastoral farming. To evaluate the uptake of pesticides by grass in grasslands, we developed a three-compartment approximate model that simplified the simulation of pesticide residue levels in grass. In addition, we introduced default safety emission rates (ERSafe0) for pesticides based on simulated pesticide concentrations in grass (CG)—on the surface of grass leaves (CLS) and in the soil (CS)—to help protect against risks to livestock health. The simulated results for 744 pesticides show that, in general, the degradability of pesticides in soil and the octanol–water partition coefficient (KOW) exert a relatively strong influence on the model outputs (e.g., CG and ERSafe0); when the pesticide degradation rate in soil (kS) is greater than approximately 0.01 day–1, there is a positive correlation between degradability and ERSafe0. This indicates that livestock animals (e.g., cattle) have lower risks of exposure to lipophilic pesticides with a high degradability in soil. Other parameters of pesticides, such as their degradability in grass, can also affect their uptake (e.g., the time required to reach the maximum CG value); however, kS and KOW dominate their overall simulated fates. We validated the approximate model by comparing simulated bioconcentration factors (BCFs) with data from the current literature and models and found that the BCFs are consistent when comparing our model and other studies for 86% of the studied pesticides if the steady-state condition is considered. Thus, the simple and approximate model developed in this study can be a useful and practical tool for screening-level risk assessment and pasture management.

Insights into the degradation and toxicity difference mechanism of neonicotinoid pesticides in honeybees by mass spectrometry imaging

Honeybees are essential for the pollination of a wide variety of crops and flowering plants, whereas they are confronting decline around the world due to the overuse of pesticides, especially neonicotinoids. The mechanism behind the negative impacts of neonicotinoids on honeybees has attracted considerable interest, yet it remains unknown due to the limited insights into the spatiotemporal distribution of pesticides in honeybees. Herein, we demonstrated the use of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) for the spatiotemporal visualization of neonicotinoids, such as N-nitroguanidine (dinotefuran) and N-cyanoamidine (acetamiprid) compounds, administered by oral application or direct contact, in the whole-body section of honeybees. The MSI results revealed that both dinotefuran and acetamiprid can quickly penetrate various biological barriers and distribute within the whole-body section of honeybees, but acetamiprid can be degraded much faster than dinotefuran. The degradation rate of acetamiprid is significantly decreased when piperonyl butoxide (PBO) is applied, whereas that of dinotefuran remains almost unchanged. These two factors might contribute to the fact that dinotefuran affords a higher toxicity to honeybees than acetamiprid. Moreover, the toxicity and degradation rate of acetamiprid can be affected by co-application with tebuconazole. Taken together, the results presented here indicate that the discrepant toxicity between dinotefuran and acetamiprid does not lie in the difference in their penetration of various biological barriers of honeybees, but in the degradation rate of neonicotinoid pesticides within honeybee tissues. Moreover, new perspectives are given to better understand the causes of the current decline in honeybee populations posed by insecticides, providing guidelines for the precise use of conventional agrochemicals and the rational design of novel pesticide candidates.

Gene-Centric Model Approaches for Accurate Prediction of Pesticide Biodegradation in Soils.

Pesticides are widely used in agriculture despite their negative impact on ecosystems and human health. Biogeochemical modeling facilitates the mechanistic understanding of microbial controls on pesticide turnover in soils. We propose to inform models of coupled microbial dynamics and pesticide turnover with measurements of the abundance and expression of functional genes. To assess the advantages of informing models with genetic data, we developed a novel "gene-centric" model and compared model variants of differing structural complexity against a standard biomass-based model. The models were calibrated and validated using data from two batch experiments in which the degradation of the pesticides dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) were observed in soil. When calibrating against data on pesticide mineralization, the gene-centric and biomass-based models performed equally well. However, accounting for pesticide-triggered gene regulation allows improved performance in capturing microbial dynamics and in predicting pesticide mineralization. This novel modeling approach also reveals a hysteretic relationship between pesticide degradation rates and gene expression, implying that the biodegradation performance in soils cannot be directly assessed by measuring the expression of functional genes. Our gene-centric model provides an effective approach for exploiting molecular biology data to simulate pesticide degradation in soils.

Degradation of different pesticides in water by microplasma: the roles of individual radicals and degradation pathways.

Pesticides are emergent toxins often identified in aquatic environments. In the present study, microplasma was employed to reduce the pesticide content in water. The degradation efficacy, rate, and pathways of standard organophosphorus pesticides (namely, chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos oxone, and diazinone) and an organochlorine pesticide (namely, DDT solution) were evaluated using microplasma. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis was performed to elucidate the degradation efficiency of pesticides as a function of plasma-produced substances that originally contributed to the main reduction procedure. Microplasma produces several types of radicals or reactive substances, for instance dissolved ozone (O3), nitrogen oxides, hydroxyl radicals (OH radicals), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The removal potential differs due to the existence or absence of varieties of plasma-produced substances. The functions of major plasma-produced species on pesticide removal were determined by a passive technique. Nitrogen oxides showed a key role in organophosphorus pesticide removal, whereas dissolved ozone and OH radicals played major roles in DDT degradation. HPLC data showed that plasma-induced pesticide removal showed first-order reaction kinetics. The pesticide removal pathways through microplasma were validated by investigating the achieved data from LC-MS and GC-MS.

Compatibility of Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana with insecticides and fungicides used in macadamia production in Australia.

Integrating fungal biocontrol agents into crop protection programs dominated by synthetic pesticides is an important first step towards developing an integrated pest management (IPM) program; however, their successful integration relies on an understanding of how their performance may be impacted by the remaining agrochemicals deployed for managing other pests and diseases. In this study we tested 10 formulated pesticides used in macadamia production at different concentrations to determine their effects on the germination, mycelial growth and sporulation of Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana in vitro. Further tests with laboratory-grade actives of the noncompatible pesticides were conducted to determine whether any antagonistic effects were caused by the active constituent or by formulation additives. At their registered concentrations, formulated trichlorfon, acephate and indoxacarb were compatible with M. anisopliae, whereas B. bassiana showed compatibility with formulated trichlorfon, acephate, indoxacarb, sulfoxaflor and spinetoram. Bioassays using laboratory-grade active constituents indicated that the adverse impact of formulated beta-cyfluthrin on both fungal species and that of formulated methidathion on B. bassiana is probably due to components of the emulsifiable concentrate formulations rather than their active constituents. Diazinon was the only insecticidal active that showed high toxicity to both fungal species. The two fungicides, carbendazim and pyraclostrobin, were toxic to both fungal species at all tested concentrations. Our results identify which pesticides used on macadamias in Australia are compatible and incompatible with entomopathogenic fungi. Future studies on pesticide degradation rates will help define the spray intervals required to eliminate these adverse effects.

Biodegradation of Chlorothalonil Fungicide in Coastal Areas of the Colombian Caribbean Suitable for Banana Crops

Chlorothalonil (CHT) is a chlorinated-nitrogen fungicide used in the control of black sigatoka, a disease that affects banana and plantain, has adverse effects on the environment and its metabolites can be toxic. The CHT has been the object of several studies related to its behavior and degradation in the environment; however, few works have been developed in tropical areas, such as the case of the banana zone of Magdalena - Colombia. In addition, it is unknown if the microbial diversity existing in these soils can transform compounds such as CHT, thus these microorganisms can be the basis for the implementation of remediation strategies based on bioaugmentation. In this sense, the present study aims to evaluate the degradation of CHT in soils of a tropical coastal zone, under conditions of natural attenuation and bioaugmentation with native microorganisms. For this purpose, microorganisms capable of growing with CHT as their sole carbon source (10.8 mg.L-1) and tolerating a concentration up to 25 mg.L-1 were isolated and selected from soils in the Magdalena-Colombia banana zone. Subsequently, CHT degradation tests (2000 ng.g-1) were performed on experimental plots, with bioaugmentation of native microorganisms and natural attenuation during 35 days, evaluating the growth of microbial populations and the degradation of CHT by gas chromatography associated with a mass spectrometry detector (GC/MS). Because of the microbial selection process, 8 morphotypes were obtained with the ability to grow in CHT as the sole carbon source and tolerate concentrations up to 25 g.L-1. The isolates were identified by sequencing the 16S rDNA gene as belonging to the genera Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas and Citrobacter. The CHT degradation tests showed that under bioaugmentation conditions with the native microorganisms selected in the study, a 100% reduction was achieved after 21 days; while under natural attenuation conditions after 35 days the degradation reached values of 98.5%. The application of bioaugmentation of selected and enhanced bacteria increased the rate of pesticide degradation by ~2.5 times, reducing the half-life from 6.2 to 2.5 days. The results demonstrated the effectiveness of the bioaugmentation treatment and that the selected consortium may be useful for bioremediation of banana crops soils contaminated with the fungicide.

Degradation and Mobility of Pesticides in Norwegian Soils

Degradation and Mobility of Pesticides in Norwegian Soils

Efficiency of a low-cost pyramid-shaped solar still for pesticide removal from highly contaminated water

Water pollution by pesticides and other chemical contaminants is a subject of major importance due to the risk for human health and the environment. The search for remediation processes able to withdraw chemical contaminants from water and to allows water reuse is an urgent need. Herein, a simple and cheap system for pesticides removal was constructed and evaluated using water samples contaminated with two widely used herbicides (imazapic and imazethapyr, at g L−1 level). Operation parameters and process efficiency, in terms of removal rate in the reclaimed water and degradation rate of pesticides in the dry residue, were quantitatively determined. The model was tested in real-world field experiments and was able to remove more than 99.95% of both contaminants from a 10 L solution containing 4.16 ± 0.94 g of imazethapyr and 1.31 ± 0.17 g of imazapic, generating reusable water with minimum volume loss (<2.5%). Liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry was used to determine the herbicides content in all samples and to estimate the degree of degradation of the substances as well as the occurrence of transformation products of imazapic and imazethapyr. The system efficiency in removing contaminants of emerging concern from surface water was also evaluated. The process have generated output water with undetected levels for two fungicides present in a local river in Southern Brazil.