Degradation Of Substances Research Articles

Application of Advanced High-Resolution Mass Spectrometric Techniques for the Analysis of Losartan Potassium Drug Substance Degradation Products: From Nontargeted to Targeted Screening.

Advances in techniques for quality analysis allow for a more detailed examination of drug impurities. High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) contributes to detecting both known and unknown impurities. In this study, a combination of a nontargeted and targeted screening approach was established and applied to the detailed degradation profile of the losartan potassium (LP) drug substance. Through general unknown comparative screening (GUCS), 35 degradation products (DPs) were detected; of these, 10 DPs were confirmed with reference substances. DP-1, DP-2, DP-3, and DP-6 were the first characterized, as per previous studies; the other twenty-four were newly identified. In addition, a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed for the determination of the ten DPs. It was sensitive, with the limit of quantitation of analytes ranging from 0.01 to 0.5ng mL-1. Two newly characterized DPs, DP-1 and DP-2, were determined in active pharmaceutical ingredient solutions. This study introduced a new approach using broad screening to analyze degradation impurity profiles in LP drug substance, aiding in the identification of low-level impurities or those without reference substances. Additionally, the sensitive determination method developed allows for the precise quantification and control of ten DPs at trace levels in LP drug substances or products.

Enhanced immunity: the gut microbiota changes in high-altitude Tibetan pigs compared to Yorkshire pigs.

Long-term domestication in high-altitude environments has led to unique changes in the gut microbiota of Tibetan Pigs. This study aims to investigate specific alterations in the intestinal flora of Tibetan Pigs compared to Yorkshire pigs. We employed 16S rRNA and metagenomic sequencing technologies for comprehensive analysis of the gut microbiota. The data collected allowed us to assess microbial community structures and functional capabilities. Our analysis revealed that Tibetan Pigs raised under a "free-range + supplementary feeding" model exhibited increased abundance of microbial communities associated with short-chain fatty acid synthesis and the digestion of cellulose and hemicellulose. Notably, the characteristic bacterium Rhodococcus, commonly found in high-altitude environments, was enriched in the gut microbiota of Tibetan Pigs, facilitating the efficient utilization of natural compounds and degradation of toxic substances. Additionally, the increased abundance of probiotics in these pigs enhances their immunity, which may involve mechanisms such as disrupting the structure of pathogenic bacteria and detoxifying harmful metabolites. These findings underscore the advantages of Tibetan Pigs over common commercial breeds, highlighting their unique gut microbiota adaptations. Furthermore, they open new avenues for screening potential probiotics and developing genetic breeding strategies for improved livestock varieties. Understanding the distinct gut microbiota of Tibetan Pigs provides valuable insights into their health benefits and resilience, contributing to future research on breed improvement and microbiome applications in agriculture.

In Vivo Study of Organ and Tissue Stability According to the Types of Bioresorbable Bone Screws.

Biodegradable material, such as magnesium alloy or polylactic acid (PLA), is a promising candidate for orthopedic surgery. The alloying of metals and the addition of rare earths to increase mechanical strength are still questionable in terms of biosafety as absorbent materials. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to understand the effect of substances due to the degradation of various biodegradable substances on organs in the body or surrounding tissues. A total of eighty male Sprague-Dawley rats were selected for this study, and the animals were divided into four groups. Each of the three experimental groups was implanted with magnesium alloy, polymer, and titanium implants; the control group only drilled into the cortical bone. Serum assay, micro-CT, hematoxylin and eosin staining, immunoblotting, and real-time PCR were evaluated. There was no significant difference between the two groups of magnesium alloy and polymer in serum assay, but micro-CT analysis confirmed that magnesium alloy degrades faster than polymer, and histological examination showed a strong inflammatory response in the early stages, which was similarly observed in immunoblotting and real-time PCR. Our findings show that there was no toxicity due to the degradation of the biodegradable material, and the difference in each inflammatory response is thought to be determined by the rate of degradation in the body.

New insights into the PFAS defluorination performance and mechanism of ultrasound-enhanced electrochemistry with peroxydisulfate electrolyte

Ultrasound (US)-assisted electrochemical oxidation (EO) has previously demonstrated its ability to degrade perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). However, the mechanisms of direct electron transfer and indirect oxidation by reactive oxygen species (ROS), as well as the involvement of these ROS, are unclear, particularly with the peroxydisulfate (PDS) electrolyte and the added effect of US. In this study, an US/EO/PDS system was first investigated, achieving nearly 100 % and 80.01 % defluorination for PFOA and perfluorooctane sulfonate, respectively (within 3 h). This US/EO/PDS system exhibited remarkable stability, pH tolerance, and practicality. Further experimental and theoretical studies revealed that the predominant mechanism of PFOA defluorination was indirect oxidation via ROS, rather than direct oxidation at the anode. Although none of these ROS could initiate the degradation of PFOA without additional energy, both ROS (SO4∙- ＞ •OH ＞ 1O2 ＞ O2∙-) and US/EO contributed to the initial step of PFOA defluorination. Furthermore, US enhanced the generation of ROS and the direct oxidation (electron transfer) ability of EO. The electrons were transferred from PFOA to PDS via the electrode assembly. This study clarified, for the first time, the synergistic effect of US/EO/PDS and the involvement of direct and indirect ROS oxidation in defluorination of PFOA, which shows potential for developing US and EO technology for complete degradation of polyfluoroalkyl substances.

Synthesis of Mesoporous ZnO•SiO2 Nanocomposite from Rice Husk for Enhanced Degradation of Organic Substances Including Janus Green B under Visible Light

Rice husk (RH) is often mentioned as an agricultural by-product, often used in the pass as fertilizer and for raw burning. With modern science, RH have been researched and found many new potential benefits and applications. In this study, RH were used to synthesize amorphous SiO2, which was used to prepare the ZnO•SiO2 nanocomposites by a hydrothermal method. The as-synthesized materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and N2 adsorption/desorption isotherm. Their photocatalytic properties were studied by an ultraviolet-vis spectrophotometer and a fluorescence spectrophotometer. The ZnO•SiO2 nanocomposite has an excellent ability to degrade organic substances such as dyes, antibiotics, caffeine, etc. The effects of operating parameters on the photo-degradation reaction progress, including catalyst dosage, initial dye concentration, and pH of the initial dye were investigated in detail. In addition, the photodegradation rate of the dye on the ZnO•SiO2 nanocomposite was evaluated using the pseudo-first-order model. The ZnO•SiO2 nanocomposite can be used as a photocatalyst for wastewater treatment as it detaches much more easily from the solution. Copyright © 2024 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

Structuring of particle-associated bacterial communities along the extracellular polymeric substance gradient of sinking and suspended particles in an oligotrophic, subtropical region of the western North Pacific Ocean

Extracellular polymeric substances, such as transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) composed of acidic polysaccharides, are important particulate organic carbon (POC) components of marine environments that affect particle dynamics and ocean carbon export. However, how polymeric substances interact with and shape bacterial communities associated with marine particles is poorly understood. This study investigated whether the composition of particle-associated bacterial communities differs between sinking and suspended particles, which differ in their polymeric substance contents, in the upper water column of the subtropical, oligotrophic Kuroshio region. Bacterial taxa likely involved in polymer degradation (Alphaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Bacteroidia) were enriched on sinking particles with a lower TEP: POC ratio, indicating that bacterial degradation of polymeric substances promotes particle sinking by removing positively buoyant polymers. By contrast, suspended particles were increasingly enriched for Bdellovibrionota and Desulfobacterota as the TEP: POC ratio increased. These taxa, which include predatory microbes, seem to prefer polymer-rich environments with a high density of potential prey. Planctomycetota were not significantly related to the TEP: POC ratio, indicating their broad niche breadth on particles’ polymeric substance contents. The results suggest that the bacterial niche differentiation associated with the particle polymeric-substance gradient shapes bacterial communities in a subtropical ocean.

Revealing the adaptation mechanism of different color morphs of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus to light intensities from the perspective of metabolomics

Global warming has multi-dimensional and complex impacts on the Earth's system, among which changes in light intensities cannot be overlooked. Sea cucumbers are a marine biological resource with significant economic and ecological value. Their presence and activity help maintain the balance and stability of marine ecosystems. The variation in light intensities have important ecological effects on sea cucumbers. Light intensities can alter the synthesis and degradation of metabolic substances within the bodies of Apostichopus japonicus by changing their body color. Their changes affect the production of microorganisms in the environment, thereby achieving the goal of bioremediation. This study investigated metabolic variations in green, purple, and white sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus under different light conditions (0 lx and 910 lx) with a 12-h light and 12-h dark photoperiod. The findings indicated that the sea cucumbers displayed more diverse metabolic alterations under 910 lx illumination compared to 0 lx. Specifically, these color morphs primarily responded to changes in light intensities through “tryptophan metabolism” and “biosynthesis of steroid hormones”. Additionally, high light intensities environment exacerbated the consumption of fatty acids by sea cucumbers. Different color morphs of sea cucumbers have differences in key metabolites in response to changes in light intensities. Green and white sea cucumbers primarily adapt to environment through phospholipids, while purple sea cucumbers mainly utilize fatty acids. These results enhance our comprehension of how sea cucumbers adapt ecologically to varying light intensities, and they offer valuable insights for systematically uncovering the regulatory processes that marine animals employ in response to environmental changes.

Scallop farming impacts on dissolved organic matter cycling in coastal waters: Regulation of the low molecular weight fraction

To elucidate the impacts of scallop farming on the biogeochemical characteristics of low molecular weight (LMW, <1 kDa) dissolved organic matter (DOM), samples collected from a bay scallop mariculture area (MA) and its surrounding areas were determined for absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy after microfiltration and centrifugal ultrafiltration. The values of absorption coefficient a350 showed a spatial variation trend of inshore area (IA) > MA > non-mariculture area (NMA) for both bulk (<0.7 μm) and LMW fractions. Four fluorescent components, namely two protein-like components (tryptophan-like C1 and tyrosine-like C2) and two humic-like components (microbial humic-like C3 and terrestrial humic-like C4), were identified. Scallop farming influenced DOM transformation by altering phytoplankton abundance and promoting microbial degradation. In July, the net contributions of phytoplankton to the spectroscopy parameters of LMW-DOM in the surface seawater were 11.0% for a350, 4.3% for C1, 0.8% for C2, 0.6% for C3 and 3.0% for C4, respectively; the corresponding values of bulk DOM in the surface seawater were 24.3% for a350, 20.1% for C1, 5.9% for C2, 2.0% for C3, 2.9% for C4, respectively. Compared with NMA, the contributions of microbial degradation to a350 in MA's surface seawater increased by 9.0% for LMW-DOM and 6.9% for bulk DOM in July; however, the effects on different fluorescent components varied. In August, compared with NMA, the contributions of microbial degradation to spectroscopy parameters in the bottom water of MA decreased by 35.7% for a350, 6.3% for C2, 1.3% for C3, and 4.4% for C4 for LMW-DOM fraction; for bulk DOM, the corresponding contribution decreased by 10.8% for C1. These variations indicate that protein-like substances from scallop aquaculture are easily degraded into LMW substances, while humic-like substances degradation diminishes over time.

WO3@MOF heterostructure in-situ transformed and deposited on La-Bi2WO6-BiFeWOx composite with enhanced photocatalytic performance for degradation of harmful and toxic substances produced by tobacco

Nowadays, tobacco is widely cultivated, and there are millions of people who smoke around the world. The cultivation of tobacco, along with the handling of cigarettes and the consumption of tobacco products, can produce numerous harmful and toxic substances. Many researchers are working diligently to eliminate these harmful and toxic substances. However, the results have been minimal. In this paper, we successfully prepared a novel La-Bi2WO6-BiFeWOx-WO3@MOF using hydrothermal and in-situ transformation methods. All samples were thoroughly investigated using various characterization techniques, including XRD, SEM, TEM, XPS, UV–Vis absorption spectra, transient photocurrent responses, and electron spin resonance. Furthermore, La-Bi2WO6-BiFeWOx-WO3@MOF was utilized as a catalyst for the degradation of harmful and toxic substances produced by tobacco, including phenol, nicotine, benzopyrene, and nitrosamines. The results indicate that La-Bi2WO6-BiFeWOx-WO3@MOF exhibits efficient separation and transfer of photo-generated electron-hole pairs under visible light irradiation. La-Bi2WO6-BiFeWOx-WO3@MOF also exhibits excellent photocatalytic activity, efficiently degrading phenol (98.62%), nicotine (92.41%), benzopyrene (81.74%), and nitrosamine (98.23%). Furthermore, the effects of varying catalyst dosage, phenol concentration, and pH values, as well as the degradation of nicotine, benzopyrene, and nitrosamine by La-Bi2WO6-BiFeWOx-WO3@MOF, were also investigated. The main active radicals are ·OH and ·O2– during the degradation process. Finally, a potential degradation mechanism for phenol, nicotine, benzopyrene, and nitrosamine by La-Bi2WO6-BiFeWOx-WO3@MOF is proposed.

Novel S-scheme WO3/ZnO-modified g-C3N4 heterojunction for optimizing norfloxacin photodegradation condition via DoE: Synthesis, characterization, and mechanism evaluation

Norfloxacin, an antimicrobial agent, has been recurrently observed in municipal wastewater facilities, posing a conjectured threat to human health and environmental integrity. Herein, novel ternary heterojunction of WO3/ZnO-modified g-C3N4 was fabricated utilizing the impregnation technique for the organic pollutant degradation, presenting a significant challenge. XRD, XPS, TEM, HR-TEM, SEM, EDS, BET, EIS, Mott-Schottky, ESR, PL, photocurrent, and DRS techniques were used to explore the structural, morphological, textural, and optical features of the produced materials. In this ternary system, ZnO served as an electron transfer conduit, facilitating the formation of a heterojunction interface between the semiconductor constituents. Establishment of the S-scheme within the charge transfer dynamics of the heterojunction markedly augmented charge separation, enhancing the efficacy of the photocatalytic activity. Under optimized conditions via the DoE software (i.e.; photocatalyst dosage: 0.54 g/L, NOR concentration: 25.87 mg/L, Irradiation time: 41.71 min and pH: 6.9), 97.19 % of NOR elimination was achieved by the optimized 20-WZC photocatalyst with a pseudo-first-order kinetic model (k = 0.05 min−1). ESR data, alongside quenching experiments, corroborated the pivotal involvement of O2−, OH, and h+ in the NOR degradation mechanism. The investigation of NOR's potential decontamination pathways was performed using HRLC-MS. TOC analysis revealed a significant mineralization of 82.45 %, indicating the conversion of NOR into H2O, CO2, and other degradable substances. The optimized photocatalyst also demonstrated notable efficiency in the degradation of Tetracycline: 98.15 %, Ciprofloxacin: 93.27 %, Methylene Blue: 98.89 %, and Enrofloxacin: 91.54 % pollutants. The photocatalytic activity of the 20-WZC catalyst remained consistently high, without significant reduction, over five successive cycles.

Characterization and Degradation of Triphenylmethane Dyes and Their Leuco-Derivatives by Heterologously Expressed Laccase From Coprinus cinerea.

Laccase is a copper-containing polyphenol oxidase that can oxidize phenolic and non-phenolic organic substrates. In the past decades, laccases had received considerable attention because of the ability to degrade various organic substances. Based on the codon preference of the Pichia pastoris expression system, this study optimized the gene structure of the laccase gene Lcc1 from Coprius cinerea through synthetic biology methods. A new gene Lcc1I was synthesized and heterologously expressed in P. pastoris. After 3 days of cultivation in a shake flask at 30°C, the transformants produced at a yield of 890 mg L-1protein. The highest production level of the recombinant laccase was 2760 U L-1. The molecular mass of the recombinant laccase was estimated at 60 kDa. The enzyme showed highest activity at pH 3.4 and 45°C. It possessed better stability at higher pH and lower temperature condition. Using 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulphonate (ABTS) as the substrate, the Km and Vmax values were 0.136 mM and 9778 μM min-1 mg-1, respectively. The recombinant laccase could directly oxidize some triphenylmethane dyes like leuco-crystal violet (LCV) and leuco-malachite green (LMG). With the help of ABTS mediator, it could oxidize and degrade 77.7% crystal violet (CV) and 79.2% malachite green (MG) within 1 h. Our results indicate that optimization of the laccase gene achieves good expression results in the host system. The dye degradation model constructed in this study may also be applied to the degradation of other organic pollutants and toxic substances, providing new solutions for environmental remediation against the increasingly severe environmental pollution.

Carbonate mud production in lakes is driven by degradation of microbial substances

Carbonate mud is crucial in the global carbon cycle and serves as a key sedimentary archive for paleoclimate reconstruction. Understanding the mechanisms behind its formation is crucial for explaining long-term carbon storage, including atmospheric carbon dioxide transfer to the hydrosphere and variations in mud production over geological timescales. Various mechanisms explain carbonate mud formation in both lake and marine sediments. Using bio-physicochemical methods on deep sediments of Lake Ilay, Jura, France, we propose a model of micrite formation. Our study shows that micrite mineralization occurs in sediments due to the degradation of ooze rich in exopolymeric substances throughout the sediment core’s depth. This mineralization continues as long as exopolymeric substances are present, persisting for at least 2000 years. Cryo-Scanning electron microscope imaging reveals calcite nucleation at degraded exopolymeric substance nodes, advancing with substance degradation and calcium release. These findings provide insights into fossil carbonate mud origins and formation processes.

Polystyrene microplastics enhanced the photo-degradation and -ammonification of algae-derived dissolved organic matters

Algae-derived organic matter (ADOM) is a key source of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in natural waters. When exposed to solar irradiation, ADOM undergoes gradual degradation and transformation. The escalating presence of microplastics (MPs) can act as a novel type of environmental photosensitizer, however its impacts on ADOM photodegradation remains largely unexplored. Thus, in this study, ADOM were extracted from four common algal species (Microcystis aeruginosa, Synechococcus sp., Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Scenedesmus obliquus) and exposed to UV irradiation with or without polystyrene (PS) MPs, namely ADOM+PS groups and ADOM groups, respectively. The results indicated that a more rapid degradation of amino acid-like substances (∼38 % vs. ∼22 %) and more ammonia products (1.86 vs. 1.21 mg L−1) were observed in the ADOM+PS groups compared to the ADOM groups after a five-day exposure. This enhanced photodegradation might be attributed to the production of environmentally persistent free radicals and reactive species during the photoaging of PS. Furthermore, PS-derived high electron transfer belt activity of ADOM led to the production of highly aromatic and humified products. These humic-like products could potentially accelerate the degradation of amino acid-like compounds by exciting the generation of excited triplet CDOM. This study underscores the role of MPs as environmental photosensitizers in promoting ADOM degradation and ammonia generation, providing insights on the transformation of ADOM mediated by emerging pollutants and its impact on aquatic carbon and nitrogen cycles.

Panoramic review on polymeric microneedle arrays for clinical applications.

Transdermal drug delivery (TDD) has significantly advanced medical practice in recent years due to its ability to prevent the degradation of substances in the gastrointestinal tract and avoid hepatic metabolism. Among different available approaches, microneedle arrays (MNAs) technology represents a fascinating delivery tool for enhancing TDD by penetrating the stratum corneum painless and minimally invasive for delivering antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral medications. Polymeric MNAs are extensively utilized among many available materials due to their biodegradability, biocompatibility, and low toxicity. Therefore, this review provides a comprehensive discussion of polymeric MNAs, starting with understanding stratum corneum and developing MNA technology. Furthermore, the engineering concepts, fundamental considerations, challenges, and future perspectives of polymeric MNAs in clinical applications are properly outlined, offering a comprehensive and unique overview of polymeric MNAs and their potential for a broad spectrum of clinical applications.

In-situ generation of bifunctional reagents via Al/C microelectrolysis for efficient coagulation–Fenton oxidation treatment of leachate MBR effluent

Coagulation–Fenton oxidation stands as a prevalent method for organic pollutant removal from MBR effluent in landfill leachate. However, its dependence on intricate coagulant preparation and hazardous H2O2 handling presents challenges in logistics. Herein, a novel Al0/C–N, Cl composite was developed via high-energy ball milling and high-temperature sintering, which facilitates in situ generation of H2O2 and aluminum salt coagulant upon stirring in oxygen-containing aqueous solutions. Under conditions of 2 g/L Al0/C–N, Cl and initial pH 9, H2O2 production achieved 459 mg/L within 1 h, yielding an Al3+/H2O2 bifunctional reagent. Subsequent coagulation in MBR effluent and Fenton oxidation achieved removal efficiencies of 85.5 %, 76.4 %, and 99.3 % for UV254, total organic carbon, and chromaticity, respectively. The efficient degradation of refractory fulvic-like substances was obtained from this novel “coagulation–Fenton” hybrid process without additional coagulants and H2O2. These results illustrated that the hybrid process is a promising and efficient technology for the advanced treatment of landfill leachate.

Intelligent design of nerve guidance conduits: An artificial intelligence‐driven fluid structure interaction study on modelling and optimization of nerve growth

AbstractNerve guidance conduits (NGCs) have been shown to be effective in promoting nerve regeneration in a variety of clinical applications, including nerve defects resulting from a trauma or surgery. By providing a conducive environment for nerve growth, NGCs can help to restore function in nerve‐damaged patients. Challenges include limited repair length, difficulty replicating natural nerve, and rapid substance degradation affecting neurotrophic factor delivery. Considering these issues with mass transfer and fluid structure interaction (FSI) emphasizes the need for enhancing nerve regeneration efficiency. To facilitate nerve growth and deliver appropriate amount of growth factors, these conduits need to be designed with specific topological, mechanical, and biological properties. Additionally, considerations must be given to functional mass transfer FSI design. An intelligent NGC design is proposed as an evaluation‐optimization and AI‐based method. It is found that design parameters significantly impact the physical properties being optimized, including hydraulic pressure, porosity, diffusivity, water absorption, and maximum stress. The mathematical surrogate model obtained from data‐based modelling is used for artificial intelligence (AI) optimization algorithms, differential evolution (DE), and non‐dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA‐II). It is revealed that both DE and NSGA algorithms generate nearly identical solutions, ensuring the robustness of ML optimization. Our results show that NGC with the thickness of 750 μm results in more than 170% augmentation of porosity. Moreover, at a constant ovality, increasing the channel thickness results in more than 39.2% augmentation of the maximum stress. The accurate forecasting of physical characteristics on NGC regarding nerve growth factors enables a hopeful outlook for the future clinical treatment of nerve injuries and advanced tissue engineering.

Investigation of the Influence of Copovidone Properties and Hot-Melt Extrusion Process on Level of Impurities, In Vitro Release, and Stability of an Amorphous Solid Dispersion Product.

Hot-melt extrusion (HME) is a widely used method for creating amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) of poorly soluble drug substances, where the drug is molecularly dispersed in a solid polymer matrix. This study examines the impact of three different copovidone excipients, their reactive impurity levels, HME barrel temperature, and the distribution of colloidal silicon dioxide (SiO2) on impurity levels, stability, and drug release of ASDs and their tablets. Initial peroxide levels were higher in Kollidon VA 64 (KVA64) and Plasdone S630 (PS630) compared to Plasdone S630 Ultra (PS630U), leading to greater oxidative degradation of the drug in fresh ASD tablets. However, stability testing (50 °C, closed container, 50 °C/30% RH, open conditions) showed lower oxidative degradation impurities in ASD tablets prepared at higher barrel temperatures, likely due to greater peroxide degradation. Plasdone S630 is suitable for ASDs with drugs prone to oxidative degradation, while standard purity grades may benefit drugs susceptible to free radical degradation, as they generate fewer free radicals post-HME. ASD tablets exhibited greater physical stability than milled extrudate samples, likely due to reduced exposure to stability conditions within the tablet matrix. Including SiO2 in the extrudate composition resulted in greater physical stability of the ASD system in the tablet; however, it negatively affected chemical stability, promoting greater oxidative degradation and hydroxylation of the drug substance. No impact of the distribution of SiO2 on drug release was observed. The study also confirmed the congruent release of copovidone, the drug substance, and Tween 80 using flow NMR coupled with in-line UV/vis. This research highlights the critical roles of peroxide levels and SiO2 in influencing the dissolution and physical and chemical stability of ASDs. The findings provide valuable insights for developing stable and effective pharmaceutical formulations, emphasizing the importance of controlling reactive impurities and excipient characteristics in ASD products prepared by using HME.

Potential application of SDSO-layered double hydroxide in wastewater treatment: Synergy between hydrophobicity and activation activity

The hydrophobic surface properties of catalysts, generally overlooked in the field of sulfate radical-based advanced oxidation processes (SR-AOPs), have significant potential in enhancing the applicability of catalysts in realistic wastewater treatment. The conflicting nature of hydrophobicity and activation activity presents considerable challenges in developing heterogeneous oxidation. To overcome such limitation, herein, different surfactants were employed to regulate the surface properties of CoCu-layered double hydroxides (LDH) for the activation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS). Our results demonstrated that by comparison with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and sodium laurate (SLA), sodium dodecyl sulfonate (SDSO) regulated LDH (SDSO-LDH) exhibited the most effective interpolation of organic anions into the interlayer space, simultaneously showing efficient ability for PMS activation and hydrophobicity. The SDSO-LDH/PMS system exhibited excellent degradation performance of various emerging contaminants (ECs), with Co(IV) = O and SO4•- species identified as the dominant oxidative intermediates. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations further confirmed the thermodynamic feasibility of these reactions. Moreover, the effective degradation of intrinsic organic substances in realistic wastewater and sustained hydrophobicity establishes SDSO-LDH a competitive candidate catalyst for SR-AOPs. The synergy between activation activity and hydrophobicity offers a novel perspective for the application of SR-AOPs in wastewater treatment.

Significance of tri‐hybrid nanoparticles on the dynamics of Ellis rotating nanofluid with thermal stratification

AbstractThe fluids flow containing nano size particles is essential in industrial applications, especially in nuclear cooling system and nuclear reactor to increase the energy performance. In connection to this, a trihybrid Ellis rotating nanofluid flow through a stretching surface for increasing the heat transportation is presented. By suspending three different types of nano size particles the trihybrid nanofluid is formed with distinct chemical and physical connection into base liquid. In this article, the nano size particles , and are mixed in (water). This type of mixture helps in degradation of noxious substances, cleaning environmental and many other appliances that requires the cooling effect. In addition, the linear thermal radiation is also considered. The governing equations of the flow and fluid temperature are minimized to ordinary differential equations and these equations are solved by Runge Kutta order fourth (RK45) approach. The approximate results are analyzed via graphs and the results reveal that thermal conductivity of trihybrid nano type fluid is more valuable as compared to hybrid and single nanofluid. Higher values of magnetic and rotational parameter have aggrandized the fluid temperature and opposite trend has observed for Ellis and thermal stratification parameter. Moreover, the results are compared with previous literature and found an excellent agreement.

Establishment of a Flow-Through System for the Macrophyte Growth Inhibition Test (OECD 239) Including Photosynthetic Activity Measurement to Determine Early Effects.

Maintaining constant exposure concentrations during ecotoxicological studies while testing rapidly degradable substances is a challenge. To achieve stable concentrations during exposure, flow-through systems are used. To assess the impact of substances on higher aquatic plants, the 14-day macrophyte water-sediment Myriophyllum spicatum growth inhibition test (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development [OECD, 2014a] test guideline 239) only includes a static or a semistatic test design. The main aim of our study was to investigate the applicability of a flow-through system for M. spicatum. The standard OECD test design was miniaturized, and a flow-through system with spill-over was developed to achieve stable exposure concentrations of a rapidly degrading substance. The main endpoints were total shoot length and fresh and dry weight. Photosynthetic activity was used as an endpoint for the identification of early effects using the noninvasive Image-Producing Pulse Amplitude Modulation (IMAGING-PAM) procedure. Atorvastatin (AV; fast degrading) and bentazone (BT; photosynthesis inhibitor) were used as model substances to observe differences of the effect concentration depending on the test design. At higher exposure levels of AV, stronger necrosis combined with lower effect concentrations was observed in the flow-through test compared with the semistatic test, indicating the applicability of the flow-through test for evaluating degradable substances. The test with BT demonstrated a concentration-dependent decrease in the photosynthetic yield (Y(II)) from day 3 onward even before macroscopically visible changes occurred. Our results show that the flow-through system in the macrophyte growth inhibition test (OECD test guideline 239; 2014a) is a suitable alternative when one is testing rapidly degradable substances such as AV. In addition, we showed that photosynthetic yield can serve as a supplementary endpoint, when one is testing substances with photosynthesis inhibition as a mode of action. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;00:1-12. © 2024 The Author(s). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.