Degradation Of Ofloxacin Research Articles

Antioxidants accelerate the Fe(III)/Fe(II) cycle for the degradation of ofloxacin

Antioxidants accelerate the Fe(III)/Fe(II) cycle for the degradation of ofloxacin

Engineering exciton dissociation and intermolecular charge transfer to boost superoxide radical in conjugated microporous polymers for simultaneous elimination of coexisting contaminants

Simultaneous photocatalytic elimination of coexisting contaminants with polymeric semiconductors are highly urgent for environmental purification. Nevertheless, the insufficient exciton dissociation and charge transfer in polymeric photocatalysts results in unsatisfactory photocatalytic performance. Herein, we proposed a sulfur-contained linkages engineering strategy via regulating donor–acceptor interactions to boost exciton dissociation and intermolecular charge transfer for efficient generation of superoxide radical. With the low exciton binding energy (50.11 meV) and short average lifetime (τavg‑TAS) of the photoinduced exciton (478.1 ps), the resultant BDT-Tr deriving from BDT and 2,4,6-tris(4-bromophenyl)-1,3,5-triazine exhibited efficient exciton dissociation and charge transfer, enabling superior photocatalytic degradation of ofloxacin (∼94.0 % in 2 h) than that of TTP-Tr (∼87 %) and DTT-Tr (∼76 %) when coupled with the uranium (VI) reduction (∼96.0 % in 1 h). This is the first work highlights the photocatalytic removal of coexisting aqueous pollutants with CMPs-based photocatalysts, which might facilitate the exploration of polymeric semiconductors for wastewater purification.

Efficient Degradation of Ofloxacin by Magnetic CuFe2O4 Coupled PMS System: Optimization, Degradation Pathways and Toxicity Evaluation.

Magnetic CuFe2O4 was prepared with the modified sol-gel method and used for enhanced peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation and ofloxacin (OFL) degradation. The OFL could almost degrade within 30 min at a catalyst dosage of 0.66 g/L, PMS concentration of 0.38 mM, and initial pH of 6.53 without adjustment, using response surface methodology (RSM) with Box-Behnken design (BBD). In the CuFe2O4/PMS system, the coexisting substances, including CO32-, NO3-, SO42-, Cl- and humic acid, have little effect on the OFL degradation. The system also performs well in actual water, such as tap water and surface water (Mei Lake), indicating the excellent anti-interference ability of the system. The cyclic transformation between Cu(II)/Cu(I) and Fe(III)/Fe(II) triggers the generation of active radicals including SO4•-, •OH, •O2- and 1O2. The OFL degradation pathway, mainly involving the dehydrogenation, deamination, hydroxylation, decarboxylation and carboxylation processes, was proposed using mass spectroscopy. Moreover, the toxicity assessment indicated that the end intermediates are environmentally friendly. This study is about how the CuFe2O4/PMS system performs well in PMS activation for refractory organic matter removal in wastewater.

Boosting exciton dissociation in conjugated microporous polymers via molecular isomerization for photocatalytic degradation of antibiotics

Photocatalytic degradation of antibiotics from wastewater by polymeric photocatalysts is a powerful strategy to alleviate ecological damage and environmental pollution. Conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) are promising in photocatalysis due to their tunable electronic structure and excellent light absorption. Nonetheless, CMPs still suffer from low exciton separation efficiency. Here, we propose a molecular isomerism strategy to promote exciton dissociation in CMPs by modulating the position of the carbonyl moiety. As a result, the introduction of carbonyl moiety with different substitution positions into the backbone of CMPs could minimize the exciton binding energy (Eb) and thus promote charge separation. PyCMPs-3 with phenanthrenequinone moiety as the acceptor featured a lower Eb of 37.19 meV, which are much smaller than that of carbonyl-free PyCMPs-1 (80.49 meV) and PyCMPs-2 (59.21 meV) with anthraquinone as the acceptor. Among them, PyCMPs-3 performed the best in photocatalytic degradation of ofloxacin (99 %) at a concentration of 144 ppm, which was significantly higher than that of its analogues PyCMPs-1 (26 %) and PyCMPs-2 (57 %) within 100 min under visible light exposure. In short, this work delivered a novel molecular isomerism strategy to minimize Eb by regulating the position of the carbonyl moiety for enhancing the photocatalytic degradation efficiency, promoting the development of CMPs for practical environmental remediation applications.

Magnetically separable quaternary g-C3N4/Fe3O4/AgBr/rGO nanocomposite for enhanced photocatalytic degradation of ofloxacin in water under visible light irradiation

Novel photocatalytic-magnetic hybrid quaternary nanocomposite (g-C3N4/Fe3O4/AgBr/rGO) was successfully synthesized for the first time via ultrasonication-assisted wet chemistry technique. The nanocomposite was characterized using various advanced characterization techniques and its visible photocatalytic performance was analyzed by using ofloxacin (OFL) as target pollutant. The photocatalytic degradation efficiency was 100 % under conditions (pH 6.65, 0.1 g/L nanocomposite and 10 mg/L OFL) in 5 h. The pseudo-first-order kinetic constant of g-C3N4/Fe3O4/AgBr/rGO was as high as 1.1832 h−1. Evaluation of different catalysts, catalyst dosage, initial concentrations of OFL and initial solution pH have been studied. Based on the scavenging tests, benzoquinone (BQ) significantly decreased the removal efficiency of OFL to 41.4 %, indicating that O2− served as the dominant radical involved in the reaction. More importantly, after undergoing five cycles, the g-C3N4/Fe3O4/AgBr/rGO nanocomposite demonstrated robust stability and was effectively separated from the solution through magnetic means. The remarkable performance of g-C3N4/Fe3O4/AgBr/rGO is linked to substantial utilization of visible light and facilitation of Z-scheme heterojunctions, thereby facilitating charge separation. The quaternary nanocomposite exhibits auspicious potential for effectively degrading emerging organic pollutants and has bright application forecast for practical application in wastewater treatment.

TiO2-loaded phosphogypsum-modified biochar for the removal of ofloxacin and Cu2+: Performance, mechanisms, and toxicity assessment

The combined contamination of antibiotics and heavy metals usually occurs in aquaculture wastewater and has high ecological toxicity. Currently, most research only focuses on the removal of a single heavy metal or antibiotics, and there is little research on the simultaneous removal of both. Therefore, to effectively treat them, this study prepared TiO2-loaded phosphogypsum-modified biochar (TYBC450) for adsorption and photocatalytic removal of ofloxacin (OFL) and copper (Cu2+). The removal performance and mechanisms of OFL and Cu2+ were explored, and their ecological toxicity was assessed through zebrafish acute toxicity experiments. The results suggested a synergistic effect between OFL and Cu2+. The adsorption efficiencies of TYBC450 for OFL and Cu2+ were 88.16% and 90.87% (the adsorption capacities were 1.75 and 3.65 mg/g, respectively). Bridging, precipitation, and complexation effects were the main co-adsorption mechanisms. The photocatalytic efficiencies of OFL and Cu2+ were 91.23% and 72.09% (the rate constants were 0.0101 and 0.0045 min-1, respectively). OFL acted as a hole-trapping agent, while Cu2+ acted as an electron acceptor, hindering the combination of e- and h+. There were 12 intermediates in the OFL degradation process, which had lower toxicity than the mother organism. Both the cyclic regeneration and actual aquaculture wastewater application tests indicated that TYBC450 had potential application prospects.

Enhanced photocatalytic performance of colored Ti2O3–Ti3O5–TiO2 heterostructure for the degradation of antibiotic ofloxacin and bactericidal effect

Removing emergent contaminants, such as pharmaceuticals, and inhibiting bacteria by photocatalysis represents an interesting alternative for water remediation. We report the effective preparation of colored powders containing Ti2O3, Ti3O5, and TiO2, by a simple thermal oxidation reaction of a Ti2O3 precursor from 400 °C to 800 °C. The material obtained at 500 °C (P500 sample) exhibited the highest photocatalytic performance under simulated solar light, reaching 54% degradation of antibiotic ofloxacin and a bacteria inactivation of 51% and 62% for Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), respectively. The superoxide anion radical was the main specie contributing to the photodegradation of ofloxacin, while the hydroxyl radical showed negligible effect. A synergy between the physicochemical properties of the phases in the P500 sample contributes to the electrons transfer, visible light absorption capability and generation of reactive oxygen species, resulting in its remarkable photoactivity. The comparison in terms of surface-specific activity revealed that the P500 sample is more efficient than commercially available TiO2 P25. This fact opens the option of using commercially available Ti2O3 and TiO2 P25 to obtain composites for promoting photoinduced reactions using natural solar light.

Efficient ofloxacin degradation via peroxymonosulfate activation using an S-scheme MoS2/Co3O4 heterojunction composite under visible light: Performance and mechanistic insights

Sulfate-radical-mediated photocatalysis technology peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation via visible light irradiation shows great promise for water treatment applications. However, its effectiveness largely depends on the bifunctional performance of photocatalysis and PMS activation provided by the catalysts. In this study, we successfully synthesized a novel S-scheme MoS2/Co3O4 (MC) heterojunction composite by a hydrothermal method and employed it for the first time to activate PMS for ofloxacin (OFX) degradation under visible light irradiation. The MC-5/PMS/Vis system achieved an impressive 85.11% OFX degradation efficiency within 1 min and complete OFX removal within 15 min under optimal conditions, with an apparent first-order kinetics rate constant of 0.429 min−1. Reactive species trapping experiments and electron spin resonance analysis identified 1O2, h+, and •O2− as the primary active species responsible for OFX degradation. Photoelectrochemical analyses and density functional theory calculations indicated the formation of a built-in electric field between MoS2 and Co3O4, which enhanced the separation and migration of photoinduced carriers. Additionally, the Co–Mo interaction further increased the yield of dominant reactive species, thereby boosting photocatalytic activity. This work underscores the potential of visible-light-assisted PMS-mediated photocatalysis using Co3O4-based catalysts for effective pollutant control.

Enhanced ofloxacin degradation in water by a novel integrated photocatalysis and rotating magnetic field system

In this work, a novel integrated Fe3O4/g-C3N4 (FC) composite and rotating magnetic field (RMF) system was developed to enhance the photodegradation of ofloxacin (OFX) in water. The RMF was excited by three-phase alternating current, providing great flexibility on the magnetic field and avoiding mechanical transmission. By integrating RMF, the OFX degradation by FC photocatalysis was greatly enhanced. With the optimal FC composition of 20 % (wt) Fe3O4 (FC20), >87 % OFX degradation could be achieved with 1 g/L FC20, an RMF-excited current of 2 A, and a reaction time of 300 min, compared to OFX decomposition of ∼65 % by FC20 photocatalysis alone. The magnetic induction intensity, solution pH, and water matrices all affected OFX degradation by the integrated FC-RMF system. The FC20 was reliable for OFX degradation in water with minimal efficacy reduction after four consecutive reuses. In the integrated FC-RMF system, reactive species' contribution to OFX degradation was in the order of holes > superoxide anions > hydroxyl radicals. The electron transfer mechanisms during OFX degradation and five potential degradation pathways were proposed. In summary, the integrated FC-RMF system demonstrated a potential route for enhancing the removal of OFX and possibly other antibiotic contaminants from water.

UVA light assisted activation of sulfite by metal–organic framework-derived FeOx@C catalyst for organic degradation: Formation and role of non-radical species

Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) based on sulfite (S(IV)) activation are gaining recognition as a promising Fenton-like strategy, primarily due to their ability to generate potent radicals (e.g., SO4− and HO). However, the existence and role of a non-radical-driven oxidation pathway in the S(IV)-mediated degradation of contaminants remain under debate. Herein, a magnetic iron-carbon composite (FeOx@C) was fabricated using the MOF-templated method and utilized as a stable photocatalyst to activate S(IV) under UVA light, achieving >93.6 % degradation of 20 μM ofloxacin (OFL) with a high degradation rate constant of 0.073 min−1 within 45 min. The catalyst’s porous carbon structure facilitated the transport of substrates to active sites and shortened the diffusion distance between reactive species and contaminants. Adsorbed S(IV) donated one electron to photo-generated holes and exposed Fe(III) sites with the formation of SO5−, which then followed two distinct pathways to produce radicals (SO4−) and non-radicals (Fe(IV) and 1O2) responsible for OFL degradation. By leveraging the synergy of both radicals and non-radicals, this innovative oxidative system showcased robust anti-interference capacities and exceptional performance in degrading contaminants from complex water matrices. This study provides new insights into the significant role of non-radical species in S(IV)-mediated decontamination processes.

Facile synthesis of Pt clusters decorated TiO2 nanoparticles for efficient photocatalytic degradation of antibiotics

AbstractTiO2 has attracted much attention in the field of photocatalytic degradation of antibiotics due to its good photostability, nontoxicity, and low cost. However, the rapid recombination of photogenerated carriers limits the further improvement of its photocatalytic activity. Here, a facile microwave‐assisted hydrothermal method has been developed to prepare Pt clusters decorated TiO2 nanoparticles. Pt clusters ranging in size from 1 to 2 nm are uniformly distributed across the surface of the TiO2 matrix. A pronounced charge transfer phenomenon is discernible between the Pt and TiO2 components. It is revealed that the charge transfer enables faster transfer and separation of photogenerated electrons and holes, which are beneficial for the improvement of photocatalytic degradation of both ofloxacin and levofloxacin. The degradation capability can be attributed to the efficient generation of •OH or •O2− species within the solution. The parallel adsorption model of TiO2 on antibiotic molecules is verified, and the degradation reaction pathway has been elucidated. This work provides a facile method for optimizing the performance of TiO2 photocatalysts, which can be extended to other oxide photocatalysts.

ZIF-67-derived monolithic bimetallic sulfides as efficient persulfate activators for the degradation of ofloxacin

In this study, we successfully synthesized ZIF-67 material on three-dimensional (3D) nickel foam (NF) substrate by co-precipitation method, and then fixed CoSx on NF by hydrothermal vulcanization method to form CoSx/NF. The optimized CoSx/NF can effectively activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) and improve the degradation efficiency of ofloxacin (OFL). The effects of PMS dosage, reaction temperature, initial pH and co-existing ions on the degradation effect of OFL were investigated in detail. CoSx/NF (1 piece 2 × 2 cm) and PMS (1 mM) in an aqueous solution (pH = 7) degraded 85 % of OFL (20.0 mg/L) within 45 min. This favorable degradation performance is mainly attributed to the enhanced electron transfer capability introduced by the bimetallic material. In addition, CoSx/NF still maintained high degradation effect and stable structure after 5 cycles. Quenching experiments further revealed that radicals •OH and 1O2 play a major role in degrading OFL. In addition, the degradation pathway, ecotoxicity evaluation and degradation mechanism of OFL were comprehensively investigated. In summary, the CoSx/NF catalyst proved to be a highly efficient, stable and recyclable heterogeneous composite, and opened up the possibility of using Metal-organic framework (MOF) derivatives in fields such as wastewater treatment.

Constructing dual sulfite-mediated processes via inner-sphere complexation and photogenerated carrier modulation with Hematite/Fe2TiO5 heterojunction for ofloxacin degradation

Hitherto, various sulfite-based advanced oxidation processes have emerged with particular vantages of low cost and potential for efficient contaminant degradation, which still requires increasing strategies for addressing its drawback. To achieve system-neutral feasibility and overcome the limitations, a metal oxide composite catalyst Hematite/Fe2TiO5 integrated with S-scheme heterojunction was constructed for ofloxacin degradation under S(IV)-visible light conditions. Impressively, the as-built system manifested significant promotion on substrate removal (more than four times the original Fe2TiO5), which indicated the accelerated inner-sphere interactions between catalyst and S(IV) with beneficial Vis contributed primarily to the degradation, demonstrating the dual sulfite-mediated effective pathway through modulated photogenerated carriers and oxy-sulfur radical chain reactions. Additionally, the interfacial enhancement by the heterojunction structure was further investigated by First-principles computation, which confirmed the mechanism of facilitated electron-hole pair separation. Overall, this work reveals the critical mechanism of Vis-induced S(IV)-AOP and provides constructive perspectives to address the limitations of conventional processes.

Accelerated peroxymonosulfate activation over defective perovskite with anchored cobalt nanoparticles for organic contaminant removal

In this study, a novel perovskite oxide (Co@D-PBSC) for activation peroxymonosulfate (PMS) to degrade organic pollutants in wastewater was developed. Cobalt nanoparticles (Co NPs) and oxygen vacancies (OVs) were introduced to the perovskite oxide lattice via a non-stoichiometric ratio and separate-out strategy. The OVs and Co NPs provided abundant active sites for the activation of PMS and the generation of reactive oxygen species. The Co metal-OVs bridge promote the adsorption of PMS, meanwhile, Co nanoparticles accelerate the Co2+/Co3+ redox cycle, resulting in the production of the main reactive substance, sulfate radicals (SO4•−). The results of catalytic experiments showed that 85 % of ofloxacin (OFX) degradation efficiency was obtained within 1 min at 0.1 g/L Co@D-PBSC, 0.3 g/L PMS, 20 mg/L OFX (150 mL), and solution pH 7.0, which indicated that Co@D-PBSC/PMS system exhibits excellent performance. This work demonstrated an efficient perovskite catalyst for PMS activation in wastewater treatment and provided a useful catalyst design strategy for the advanced oxidation processes (AOPs).

Interlayer-confined strategy to modulate alkaline reaction microenvironment for in-situ degradation of ofloxacin

In advanced oxidation processes designed for the mineralization of organic contaminants, the acidic microenvironment in the peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation system poses a major threat to the stability of active species. In this study, we developed a low-cost Co-Mg–layered double hydroxide (LDH) structure with an OH−-enriched, interlayer-confined alkaline microenvironment around Co sites. This structure exhibited enhanced surface availability and a short reactant diffusion path, which accelerated proton migration and regulated local pH at the slipping plane. Theoretical calculations revealed that CoMg-LDH exhibited high catalytic activity for PMS cleavage and generated high-valence Co-oxo (Co(IV)=O) species in this specific microenvironment. At a natural pH, the optimized system achieved 100 % removal efficiency of the target pollutant (ofloxacin), with negligible Co leaching. It also demonstrated stability in long-term experiments and effectively purified hospital wastewater. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the in-situ degradation of contaminants through self-regulating catalytic systems.

Preferential degradation of ofloxacin on all-organic molecularly imprinted PDI/g-C3N4 photocatalyst via specific molecular recognition

Preferential degradation are urgently needed for detoxification of organic pollutants. Herein, a novel all-organic molecularly imprinted photocatalyst was first constructed by grafting molecularly imprinted perylenediimide (PDI) on graphite-phase carbon nitride (MIP-PDI/g-C3N4) using ofloxacin as template molecule. MIP-PDI/g-C3N4 exhibits higher adsorption capacity for ofloxacin than the non-imprinted counterpart (NIP-PDI/g-C3N4), and shows superior molecular recognition in the mixed solution of ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin. The partition coefficient of MIP-PDI/g-C3N4 for ofloxacin is 3.19 times that for ciprofloxacin, and selection factor of MIP-PDI/g-C3N4 is 1.84 times of NIP-PDI/g-C3N4, suggesting good molecular recognition of MIP-PDI/g-C3N4. The excellent molecular recognition endowed MIP-PDI/g-C3N4 with preferential degradation performance, leading to effective mineralization and detoxification of ofloxacin solution. Most importantly, the preferential degradation mechanism based on molecular recognition was proposed.

Electrocatalytic degradation of ofloxacin by self-doped copper/carbon cathode materials derived from waste printed circuit boards

Using residual copper metal from waste circuit boards, ordered carbon materials containing copper (PCBs-Cu-800) were synthesized by self-doping for the electrocatalytic degradation of ofloxacin (OFL). Although PCBs-Cu-800 has a smaller specific surface area, its efficiency in degrading OFL was higher than that of carbon materials without copper (PCBs-800), reaching 95.9 % within 2 h. The PCBs-Cu-800 electrode can generate a large amount of H2O2 in the initial stage of degradation, thereby increasing the amount of hydroxyl radicals (·OH) generated and removing OFL. Density functional theory simulations were used to calculate the adsorption energies of O2 on both materials, demonstrating that the self-doped copper model was more prone to O2 adsorption, and elucidating the excellent electrocatalytic performance of PCBs-Cu. The residual copper metal in the raw material is important in the electrocatalytic processes. This study presents an environmentally friendly catalytic material capable of effectively degrading OFL in solution using waste circuit boards and further expands the application scope of advanced electrochemical oxidation technology in wastewater treatment.

Developing of S-type CaIn2S4/Sb2O3 photocatalyst stimulated by plasmonic Bi0 nanoparticles for boosted charge transfer mechanism and photocatalytic degradation of antibiotics under simulated solar light irradiation

The excessive consumption and unregulated disposal of antibiotics, including ofloxacin (OFL), levofloxacin (LEV), ciprofloxacin (CIP), norfloxacin (NOR), amoxicillin (AMX), and oxytetracycline (OTC), pose a threat to ecosystems and public health. The unique aspect of our work involves the construction of plasmonic CaIn2S4/Sb2O3/Bi heterojunction via the hydro/solvothermal approach for synergistically reinforcing the catalytic treatment of antibiotics under 150 W LED light. Among all samples, the CaIn2S4/Sb2O3/Bi-10 % hybrid recorded optimum photocatalytic performance against OFL (93.7 %), LEV (97.4 %), CIP (88.9 %), NOR (85.2 %), AMX (81.6 %), and OTC (91.3 %) within 50 min of LED illumination. The CaIn2S4/Sb2O3/Bi-10 % catalysts reflected excellent OFL degradation kinetics of 0.04562 min−1, which is 3.71, 5.01, and 1.83 folds faster than CaIn2S4, Sb2O3, and CaIn2S4/Sb2O3, respectively. Moreover, the mineralization measurements achieved 68.3 % reduction in TOC after 50 min, certifying the satisfactory transformation capabilities of the ternary composite. The photocatalytic mechanism was reasonably proposed based on optical, photoelectrochemical, and XPS characteristics, as well as supported by trapping experiments. It was concluded that the boosted catalytic behavior was linked to synergistic efforts between the S-scheme system and the plasmonic effect of Bi0, promoting the charge separation dynamic, expanding visible-light sensitivity, and optimizing the redox potential. Ultimately, our study offers a new insight on the coupling of the S-scheme system with the plasmonic effect for upgrading the catalytic abilities to address environmental infractions.

Green degradation of ofloxacin in electric Fenton based on Fe3+/Fe2+ internal cycling within Fe3O4 under neutral condition

To break the drawbacks of the traditional electro-Fenton (EF) such as narrow pH, low utilization of ·OH, Fe2+ loss, and low Fe3+ reduction rate, a new strategy that the ·OH generation in EF is based on the internal cycling of Fe2+/Fe3+ within Fe3O4 is proposed. A new-type homogeneous EF system (EF-Fe3O4@CF) where the Fe3O4-modified carbon felt box with clinoptilolite addition was used as the cathode, was established. The experimental results indicate that the system has 100 % removal efficiency for ofloxacin (OFL) and 86.4 ± 2.4 % removal efficiency for TOC at 120 min at pH = 7, and in multi-cycle operation the efficiency of OFL and TOC degradation did not decrease. Fe2+ (within Fe3O4) can activate H2O2 to generate ·OH and Fe3+ (within Fe3O4) is simultaneously reduced to Fe2+ on the cathode, so the internal cycling of Fe3+/Fe2+ within Fe3O4 achieve the green regeneration of ·OH. The conversion range of Fe3+/Fe2+ within Fe3O4 crystal is 4.43:1–1.46:1. The EF-Fe3O4@CF with multi-functions of adsorption, catalysis, and green degradation showed good stability and reusability. Our work provides fundamental research for Fe3O4 as a promising heterogeneous EF catalyst in advanced wastewater treatment.

Green decoration of Pd nanoparticles on MXene/metal organic framework support for photocatalytic degradation of ofloxacin

The widespread use of fluoroquinolone antibiotics, such as ofloxacin (OFL), has led to their unintended presence in aquatic environments. The removal of OFL from water bodies is crucial to mitigate the spread of antibiotic resistance. In this work, palladium nanoparticles supported on MXene/metal organic framework (Pd/MXOF) nanocomposite was successfully prepared via a green approach and then employed as a novel catalyst material for the photocatalytic degradation of OFL. The Pd/MXOF sample demonstrates improved absorption in the visible region in contrast to MXOF samples, possibly attributed to better electronic transfer at catalyst surface. According to experimental results, a higher photocatalytic activity was obtained for Pd/MXOF catalyst in comparison with MXene, MIL-101(Fe), and MXOF substances. Excellent photodegradation efficiency (∼100 %) of OFL after 30 min irradiation of visible light was obtained using Pd/MXOF. The effectiveness degradation of OFL through the suggested photocatalysis process was dependent on the initial concentration of OFL, catalyst dosage, and solution pH value. Following four cycles, the photocatalyst exhibited acceptable stability and reusability. The key roles of hole (h+) and •O2− radical in the photocatalytic reaction were elucidated by the active species trapping studies. This work may provide a very potent strategy to photodegrade antibiotic pollutants in contaminated waters.