Degradation Of Indigo Carmine Dye Research Articles

Degradation of indigo carmine dye with peroxydisulphate ion in aqueous sulphuric acid phase: Kinetic study

AbstractThe quest for cleaner environments is a global concern. Hence, the investigation of degradation of the indigo carmine dye (IC) with peroxydisulphate ion in an aqueous sulphuric acid system with a view to understanding its kinetic degradation and mechanism. The degradation depicts first‐order kinetics in [S2O82−] and [IC], and the degradation mole ratio of IC: S2O82− is 1:1. The degradation rate is dependent on the change in ionic strength and medium permittivity of the system. Also, added ions (NH4+ and NO3−) influence the degradation rate of the dye which further supported the outcome of the change in ionic strength. Free radical participation is ruled out. The experimental rate law is given as (Kk3[H+])[IC][S2O82−]. Owing to the absence of detectable intermediates in the degradation process, an outer‐sphere mechanism is proposed. The study is significant in textile industries and medical settings for making environments less toxic with a well‐understood degradation rate pathway.

Box–Behnken Design and experimental studies on novel fibrous g-C3N4 towards water splitting and degradation of indigo carmine dye

Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is robust and stable metal free polymeric materials that have recently gained interest towards photocatalytic applications. It shows visible-light driven photocatalytic activity with a major drawback of higher recombination rate of charge carriers and moderate oxidation ability. These issues are overcome by structural modifications using facile polymerization of acidized melamine thus controlling the structure of graphitic carbon nitride. The major factors affecting the photocatalytic activity were experimentally optimized and effect of these parameters was evaluated using the Box–Behnken Design of response surface methodology. The fabricated fibrous graphitic carbon nitride (NFgCN) shows a superior activity of 81.0 μmol g−1 h−1 hydrogen generation and 99.9 % degradation of indigo carmine (IC) dye in 90 min. The NFgCN shows 5 times higher activity for hydrogen generation compared to the pristine g-C3N4.

Luminescence and photocatalytic degradation of indigo carmine in the presence of Sm3+doped ZnS nanoparticles

Industrial wastewater discharge is well acknowledged to constitute a significant environmental and public health risk. In addition, synthetic dyes used in the textile sector are major culprits in water pollution. The amount of water polluted by these dyes is simply staggering. We urgently address this issue to protect our planet and health. The degradation of indigo carmine dye in the presence of Sm3+-doped ZnS nanoparticles is reported in this study and characterized by XRD, FTIR, SEM, EDX, TEM, BET, PL, UV, etc. The particle size calculated from the Scherrer equation was 3–12 nm. When excited at 395 nm, Sm3+ undergoes f–f transitions, which are visible as prominent peaks in the photoluminescence spectrum at 559, 595, and 642 nm wavelengths. The catalyst showed vigorous catalytic activity for dye degradation, with a 93% degradation rate when used at 15 mg/L catalyst within 210 min. The reaction was found to have pseudo-first-order kinetics. After applying the Freundlich and Langmuir data, the Langmuir isotherm offered the best fit. The findings indicate that the Sm3+-doped ZnS catalyst might be successfully used in the degradation of dyes present in the environment. Doping with Sm3+ ions can significantly change the photocatalytic breakdown of indigo carmine and the luminescence characteristics of ZnS.

An Investigation on Characterizations and Application of Cu-TiO2/WO3 Nanocomposite for Degradation of Indigo carmine Dye

An Investigation on Characterizations and Application of Cu-TiO2/WO3 Nanocomposite for Degradation of Indigo carmine Dye

Photocatalytic and antimicrobial activities of biofunctionalized Ag nanoparticles derived from combustion method

The major global concern for human life is due to the toxic impact of synthetic dyes and hazardous microorganisms (bacteria). In this view, much research is focused on the antimicrobial and photocatalytic activities by preparing metallic-natured metal nanoparticles either through chemical or bio-/green-mediated methods. In this aspect, in the present work, we demonstrate the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by a simple well-known chemical method, the solution combustion synthesis (SCS) method. The prepared AgNPs were subjected to various structural, optical, antimicrobial, and photocatalytic studies. In particular, we have explored the influence of AgNPs on S. aureus, B. subtilis, P. aeruginosa, and E. coli bacteria to investigate antimicrobial behavior activities. Structural studies by XRD and TEM results reveal the formation of crystalline, nano-sized AgNPs by SCS due to the exothermicity of the fuel used in the synthesis. Optical studies by UV–visible spectroscopy reveal the presence of surface plasmonic resonance (SPR) peak at or around 440 nm, which signifies the formation of AgNPs in accordance with the XRD and TEM results. The synthesized AgNPs demonstrated potential antimicrobial activity against the bacteria S. aureus, B. subtilis, P. aeruginosa, and E. coli. The zone of inhibition surrounding B. subtilis is the most susceptible of the tested bacteria. Furthermore, AgNPs showed remarkable photocatalytic activity in the degradation of indigo carmine dye.

Improved catalytic efficiency by N-doped TiO2 via sol gel under microwave irradiation: Dual applications in degradation of dye and microbes

The present research is to develop a facile and a fast microwave irradiation method to synthesise uniform and well-defined nitrogen-doped TiO2 nanocatalysts through the microwave-assisted sol-gel method. Advanced spectroscopic and analytical techniques are to be used to investigate the characteristics of the prepared catalyst samples. The synthesised nanocatalyst's XRD analysis shows lattice fringes for anatase phases. The XPS reveals the electronic state and composition of the dopant, which is almost consistent with the practically added concentration of dopant. The spectral shift (red shift) to the visible light region was demonstrated by the UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy analysis. The results demonstrated that NT3M4 has a reduced band gap of 2.56 ​eV. The HRTEM images of the NT3M4 analysis illustrate nanoparticles of spherical shape with a particle size of 6.3 ​nm. The surface properties and elemental composition were studied by SEM analysis, which depicts the irregular and rough morphology of the nanocatalysts. According to the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) results, NT3M4has a large surface area of 103 m2/g1. Type IV isotherms indicate the presence of the mesoporous structure in the nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherm. The synthesised nanocatalyst NT3M4 demonstrated the best photocatalytic ability under visible light, which enhanced the rate of degradation of indigo carmine dye within 70 ​min. NT3M4 also exhibits antibacterial and antifungal activity. Further, this catalyst shows almost equal activity with standard chloramphenicol. Thus, the current study suggests microwave-assisted sol-gel methods for fabricating N-TiO2 nanocatalysts with the best photocatalytic performance for the degradation of harmful organic pollutants and pathogens in the presence of visible light irradiation.

Boosting the photocatalytic performance of the oligo (phenylene vinylene) moiety by copolymerization for the heterogeneous degradation of indigo carmine dye

Abstract The copolymerization with flexible and rigid spacers of 4,4’-((1E, 1′E)-(2,5-dimethoxy-1,4-phenylene)bis (ethene-2,1-diyl))dibenzoic acid, as a promising phenylene vinylene-based (PV) organic photocatalyst, was examined as a strategy to validate the effect of such chemical modifications in the modulation of the photocatalytic properties of this organic π-conjugated moiety. The polymers prepared here were fully characterized and evaluated as photocatalysts in the degradation of indigo carmine dye under two different irradiation scenarios (UVA and visible), consistently displaying a superior efficiency in contrast to their monomeric oligo (phenylene vinylene) (OPV) counterparts. Scavenging experiments confirmed that photocatalysis proceeds via the generation of superoxide radicals (O2 •–), singlet oxygen (1O2), and direct oxidation. The obtained results proved that the insertion of an aromatic rigid spacer not only prompts an enhancement in the photocatalytic activity of the phenylene vinylene-based polymers but also increases the stability of the OPV moiety by minimizing the reaction of the vinyl fragments with reactive oxygen species. This was demonstrated with the reuse experiments, where 96% of the photocatalytic activity was preserved throughout the first five reuse cycles.

Visible light assisted surface plasmon resonance triggered Ag/ZnO nanocomposites: synthesis and performance towards degradation of indigo carmine dye.

Water pollution caused by organic compounds, generated from different industries, has gained attention worldwide today. In this regard, significant efforts have been made for a suitable dye degradation technology. Zinc oxide (ZnO)-based photocatalysts are considered novel materials to degrade organic effluents in contaminated water. The facile synthesis of Ag/ZnO nanocomposites and its application for the enhanced degradation of indigo carmine (IC) dye under visible light irradiation is reported in this paper. The prepared photocatalysts were characterized using various analytical techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), X-ray photoelectron (XPS) spectroscopy, FTIR, Raman, impedance study, UV-Vis, and photoluminescence (PL). Prepared Ag/ZnO nanocomposites were tested for degradation of IC dye in visible light. The degradation efficiency of IC dye was found to be 95.71% in 120min, with a rate constant of 0.02021min-1. This improved photocatalytic activity of Ag/ZnO nanocomposites was mainly due to the absorption of visible light caused by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) derived from Ag nanoparticles (NPs) and electron-hole separation. Radical trapping experiments suggest that holes (h+) and superoxide radical (O2•-) are the key factors in photocatalytic IC dye degradation.

Optimal synthesis of MoS2/Cu2O nanocomposite to enhance photocatalytic performance towards indigo carmine dye degradation

In this work, the nanocomposite of MoS2 nanosheets with Cu2O spheres was synthesized with different weight ratios of MoS2 and Cu2O by precipitation method and used as a potent photocatalyst for indigo carmine (IC) dye degradation. Various analytical techniques such as XRD, FTIR, FESEM, HRTEM, EDX, UV-DRS, PL, XPS, TGA, BET surface area, CV, and EIS were used to analyze the characteristics of as-synthesized MoS2/Cu2O. The electrochemical results revealed that Cu2O provides active sites as well as charge separation in Z-scheme nanocomposite which further confirmed robust coupling between MoS2 nanosheets and Cu2O spheres. The photocatalytic results showed that an optimized heterostructure consisting of Cu2O decorated on MoS2 with a weight ratio of 1:0.75 exhibited a 45 % enhancement of IC photodegradation efficiency in visible light as compared to pristine MoS2. The photocatalytic studies were also performed over simulated industrial wastewater, which is a significant aspect toward encouraging the practical application of the photocatalysis approach. The results depict that MoS2 nanosheets decorated with Cu2O spheres are valuable nanocomposites to remove organic contaminants from wastewater.

Facile synthesis of amorphous zirconium phosphate graphitic carbon nitride composite and its high performance for photocatalytic degradation of indigo carmine dye in water

In this work, we reported the synthesis of amorphous zirconium phosphate graphitic carbon nitride (a-ZrP/g-C3N4) composite via the formation of amorphous zirconium phosphate (a-ZrP) onto the surface of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) nanosheets. The prepared a-ZrP-g-C3N4 composite was characterized by different analytical techniques. The FTIR, XRD, TEM, SEM, XPS, and PET surface area confirmed the successful preparation of a-ZrP-g-C3N4 nanocomposite with a high surface area (60 m2/g) and pore width less than 2 nm. The a-ZrP-g-C3N4 nanocomposite showed superior photocatalytic efficiency for the degradation of indigo carmine (IC) dye compared to the (g-C3N4) nanosheets. At room temperature and normal pH, 5 mg of the photocatalyst can degrade about 100% of 50 mL of an aqueous solution containing 10 ppm IC dye within 30 min under UV light irradiation (4 W at 356 nm). The photodegradation kinetics fitted well with the first-order kinetic module. The high photodegradation efficiency was attributed to the unique structure of the prepared nanocomposite since a-ZrP crosslinks g-C3N4 nanosheets in mesoporous structure which generate multichannel photocatalytic sites in addition to the inhibition of photogenerated electrons (e–) and holes (h+) recombination. The results of reusability revealed that the nanocomposite can be used several times without a significant change in its photocatalytic activity. Owing to the ease of synthetic strategy, cost-effective starting materials, and high photodegradation efficiency, a-ZrP/g-C3N4 composite has the potential to be a promising photocatalyst to remediate water-containing indigo carmine dye.

Visible light assisted photocatalytic degradation of Indigo Carmine dye and NO2 removal by Fe doped TiO2 nanoparticles

A simple sol-gel method was employed to synthesize Fe doped TiO2 nanoparticles with a controlled mole percentage of Fe. Synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by several standard analytical techniques. X-ray diffraction patterns (XRD) of pure and Fe doped TiO2 nanoparticles confirm the anatase phase, which is further confirmed by Raman analysis. The change in the morphology and structural modification of the material by doping concentration of Fe in TiO2 is confirmed by Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM) images and FTIR study respectively. The size and shape of nanoparticles were determined by High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM). The energy bandgap and recombination rate of charge carriers were studied by Optical absorption and Photoluminescence (PL) measurements respectively. Photocatalytic activity of the prepared nanoparticles was investigated through degradation of Indigo Carmine (IC) dye under visible light illumination. Total Organic Carbon (TOC) measurement was done to determine the degree of mineralization of IC-dye on photodegradation. In addition, the Photocatalytic performance of FeT_2 photocatalyst for nitrogen dioxide gas (NO2) removal was evaluated under visible light irradiation and found to be very effective for NO2 removal.

Electrodeposition of lead dioxide on Fe electrode: application to the degradation of Indigo Carmine dye

Electrodeposition of lead dioxide on Fe electrode: application to the degradation of Indigo Carmine dye

Thermal-Induced Effects on the Structural and Photocatalytic Properties of Nickel Oxide Nanoparticles for Indigo Carmine Dye Removal

Nickel oxide (NiO) nanoparticles were formed using the chemical precipitation method. The effect of the calcination process on the structural parameters, optical bandgap, and photocatalytic performance was investigated. The structural characteristics were carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The XRD analysis reveals that the formed NiO crystallized in an fcc crystal structure and the calcination process influences the crystallite size, microstrain, dislocation density, and average surface area. For example, the smallest and largest particle sizes (19.13 nm and 27.63 nm) were achieved for the samples prepared at 800 °C for 4 h and 900 °C for 2 h, respectively. Based on the diffuse reflectance spectroscopy analysis, the energy bandgap has the lowest values (3.33 eV) for the prepared NiO that calcinated at 800 °C for 2 h compared with other samples. The formation of a Ni–O stretching vibration mode is revealed by FTIR, and the broadness of the absorption band confirms that the NiO samples are nanocrystals. The morphology of the prepared NiO reveals the formation of spherical nanoparticles for NiO calcinated at 700 °C, while dodecahedron-like shapes were observed for NiO calcinated at 800 and 900 °C. The photocatalytic performance of NiO nanoparticles as catalysts for the degradation of indigo carmine dye was investigated under ultraviolet–visible irradiation up to 3 h. The best degradation efficiency was found to be 76% for NiO calcinated at 800 °C for 4 h, which belonged to the smallest crystallite size of 19.13 nm, and the highest surface area of 47.02 m2 g−1. The superior and excellent performance of this sample compared to other samples was confirmed by achieving the highest reaction rate constant (4.51 × 10−3 min−1). The proposed photodegradation mechanism shows the importance of increasing the time required for the recombination process between the positive holes and the excited electrons, which is the best possible when using the optimum photocatalyst sample that was prepared at 800 °C for 4 h.

Preparation of Silver Decorated Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanohybrid for Effective Photocatalytic Degradation of Indigo Carmine Dye

Background: Even though silver decorated reduced graphene oxide (Ag-rGO) shows maximum absorptivity in the UV region, most of the research on the degradation of dyes using Ag-rGO is in the visible region. Therefore the present work focused on the photocatalytic degradation of indigo carmine (IC) dye in the presence of Ag-rGO as a catalyst by UV light irradiation. Methods: In this context, silver-decorated reduced graphene oxide hybrid material was fabricated and explored its potential for the photocatalytic degradation of aqueous IC solution in the UV region. The decoration of Ag nanoparticles on the surface of the rGO nanosheets is evidenced by TEM analysis. The extent of mineralization of the dye was measured by estimating chemical oxygen demand (COD) values before and after irradiation. Results: The synthesized Ag-rGO binary composites displayed excellent photocatalytic activity in 2 Χ 10-5 M IC concentration and 5mg catalyst loading. The optical absorption spectrum of Ag-rGO showed that the energy band-gap was found to be 2.27 eV, which is significantly smaller compared to the band-gap of GO. 5 mg of Ag-rGO was found to be an optimum quantity for the effective degradation of IC dye. The degradation rate increases with the decrease in the concentration of the dye at alkaline pH conditions. The photocatalytic efficiency was 92% for the second time. Conclusion: The impact of the enhanced reactive species generation was consistent with higher photocatalytic dye degradation. The photocatalytic mechanism has been proposed and the hydroxyl radical was found to be the reactive species responsible for the degradation of dye. The feasibility of reusing the photocatalyst showed that the photocatalytic efficiency was very effective for the second time.

Corrigendum: Ag‐Doped TiO2Nanoparticles as an Effective Photocatalyst for Degradation of Indigo Carmine Dye under Visible Light

Corrigendum: Ag‐Doped TiO₂Nanoparticles as an Effective Photocatalyst for Degradation of Indigo Carmine Dye under Visible Light

Synthesis and characterization of novel magnetic nanoparticles for photocatalytic degradation of indigo carmine dye

A successful photo degradation of indigo carmine dye was carried out on magnetic SnO2 nanoparticles synthesized by control sol–gel route using triton-x100 as structure and pore directing agent. CoFe2O4 nanoparticles were successfully incorporated with high precision SnO2 surface through sonochemical route. The physicochemical characteristics and properties of the nanoparticles that were prepared were investigated by [DRS] diffuse reflectance spectra, [FESEM] field emission scanning electron microscope, photoluminescence, energy dispersive X-ray [EDX] and [XRD] X-ray diffraction. Various proportions of CoFe2O4 as promising magnetite were incorporated on the surface of tin oxide by ultrasonic route for shifting the photo-catalytic response to visible region and facilitating the collection of the solid catalyst after the degradation process. The results showed that the band gap energy calculated for SnO2 and COFe2O4/SnO2 are 3.32 and 2.88 eV, respectively confirming the positive role of the magnetic nanoparticles in this shift. The research obtained that the crystalline size calculated by the Scherrer's equation is about 43 and 13 nm for bare SnO2 and COFe2O4/SnO2 nanoparticles. Besides, the EDX test showed the presence of constituents of cobalt (CO), oxygen (O), ferric oxide (Fe2O3), tin (Sn) and small negligible traces of chlorine (Cl) in the prepared nanoparticle. The photocatalytic reactivity reaches 55% on SnO2 surface. However, incorporation of CoFe2O4 nanoparticles enhance the magnetic properties of the photo catalyst on the expense of the removal efficiency. The results indicate that the magnetic nanoparticles with sphere-like structure can be a good candidate for removal of IC dye from wastewater.

Ag‐Doped TiO2Nanoparticles as an Effective Photocatalyst for Degradation of Indigo Carmine Dye under Visible Light

AbstractTiO2 nanoparticles doped with Ag have been prepared by Sol‐gel route. Prepared materials were characterized by various characterization techniques. The phases of prepared samples were confirmed by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman analysis and the single phase anatase structure of TiO2 was identified. Spherical shape nanoparticles were observed in High‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR‐TEM). Optical absorption and Photoluminsescence (PL) measurements were carried out to find the energy band gap and recombination rate of charge carriers respectively. The photocatalytic activity of prepared samples was tested on Indigo Carmine (IC) dye as an organic pollutant under visible light irradiation. Improvement in degradation efficiency was observed with an increase in Ag concentration. Degree of mineralization of IC‐dye after photocatalytic activity was studied by total oraganic carbon (TOC) analysis.

Studies on the photocatalytic activity molybdenum doped cadmium selenide nanoparticles towards indigo carmine dye degradation under solar light

In the present study, molybdenum doped cadmium selenide (Mo-CdSe) nanoparticles photocatalyst has been synthesized and utilized for the degradation of indigo carmine dye under solar light irradiation. Mo-CdSe nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX), transmission electron microscopy, thermo gravimetric (TGA) and FTIR studies. The XRD and EDAX spectrum confirms the presence of Mo onto CdSe matrix. Thermal proved that the Mo-CdSe nanoparticles possessed greater thermal stability than CdSe nanoparticles. Photodegradation studies under solar light irradiation revealed that the Mo-doped CdSe nanoparticles exhibit higher photocatalytic activity than that of pure CdSe nanoparticles. This significant improvement in the photocatalytic efficiency of Mo-CdSe nanoparticles photocatalyst under solar light irradiation can be attributed to the presence of Mo on the CdSe nanoparticles which greatly enhances absorption in the visible range of solar spectrum enabled by the Mo and better charge separation.

Structural and Spectroscopic Characteristics of NiII and CuII Complexes with Poly (Vinyl Alcohol-Nicotinic Acid) Copolymers for Photocatalytic Degradation of Indigo Carmine Dye

Poly-vinyl-alcohol (PVA) has been cross-linked chemically with nicotinic-acid (NA) in an aqueous medium. The copolymers were complexed with NiII and CuII ions. The complexes and copolymers were analyzed using FT-IR and UV–Visible spectroscopy, XRD and TGA, but copolymers were extra analyzed with nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR). FT-IR spectra of copolymer revealed the presence of C=O & C–N groups due to the esterification of PVA-NA. The Cu/NA-PVA formed via bidentate interaction of the pyridinyl and carboxyl of NA. EPR/UV-vis data shows the square-planar geometry for NiII and CuII complexes. The adsorption of IC dye onto CuII/NA-PVA complex was noticeably greater (90%) in 35 min than NiII/NA-PVA. The DFT\B3LYP with 6- 311G* quantum chemical calculations were carried out for tested compounds. The DFT was conducted to examine an interaction mode of the target compounds with the reaction system. The QSPR was calculated as: optimization geometries, (FMOs), chemical-reactivities and NLO for the copolymers. The (MEPs) were figured to predict the interaction behavior of the ligand and its complexes.

Bismuth (III) oxide / carbon nanocomposites for degradation of indigo carmine dye in aqueous solution

In this work, we reported the synthesis of bismuth (III) oxide (α- Bi2O3)/Carbon nanocomposites using the combination of spin-coating and PECVD techniques. The films obtained consist of bismuth (III) oxide aggregates covered by a carbon matrix. SEM observations showed a porous structure with presence of sheets of about 1 μm size. The optical properties of Bi2O3/C nanocomposites have been determined and it turns out, they are similar to the ones of the Bi2O3 layer. The catalytic effect of the Bi2O3/C nanocomposites were tested by monitoring the degradation of the indigo carmine dye (IC) in a water solution using four experimental process: Ultraviolet (UV)-Visible-Infrared (IR), UV–Visible, UV and IR radiation. The best degradation was obtained using the combination of these radiations.