Degradation Of Crystal Violet Dye Research Articles

Enhanced degradation of crystal violet dye under solar light by zirconium phosphate-decorated graphitic carbon nitride

Enhanced degradation of crystal violet dye under solar light by zirconium phosphate-decorated graphitic carbon nitride

Co-Zn nanoparticles on N-doped graphene nanocomposites as bifunctional catalysts for non-enzymatic electrochemical sensor and organic dye degradation

Detection of biomolecules by advanced sensing systems and organic pollutant removal is of immense interest in biomedical and environmental remediation sectors. In this regard, effective glucose detection is dynamic in rapid-diagnosis of related diseases and in addition, removal of organic dyes by suitable adsorbent materials is vital for water treatment. The present work involves the facile fabrication of CoZn-N doped graphene nanocomposites and employed in glucose sensors and dye removal. The synthesized materials were characterized to evaluate the structural, morphological, elemental and surface characterizations such as, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning DR-UV–vis–spectroscopy, electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Raman spectroscopy. SEM and TEM images revealed the Co-Zn nano particles (NPs) with respective morphologies within the N doped graphene structure. Electrochemical examinations of CoZn-N doped graphene nanocomposites/GCE sensor demonstrated superior sensitivity for the detection of commercial glucose in NaOH. Moreover, CoZnNG nanocatalyst has been investigated for the dye removal of crystal violet (CV), Rhodamine B (RB), methylene blue (MB) and congo red (CR) in the presence of H2O2. CoZnNG catalyst exhibited a maximum efficiency of 96 % over CV dye degradation in 30 min which is comparatively higher than the removal of MB, CR and RB dyes with 36 %, 41 %, 38 % for 120, 60 and 100 min, respectively. The CoZn-N doped graphene nanocomposites exhibited regeneration, reproducibility, and stability toward dye removal. Such multi-component hybrid N doped graphene could be efficacious for real-time non-enzymatic electrochemical sensor and pollutant removal applications.

Decolorization and degradation of crystal violet dye by electron beam radiation: Performance, degradation pathways, and synergetic effect with peroxymonosulfate

Ionizing radiation (mainly including gamma ray and electron beam) technology provides a more efficient and ecological option for dye-containing wastewater treatment, which is supported by its successful achievements in industrial-scale applications. However, the degradation pathway of triphenylmethane dyes by radiation technology is still unclear. In this study, crystal violet (CV) was selected as representative cationic triphenylmethane dye, the decolorization and degradation performance by electron beam radiation technology was systematically evaluated. The results showed that CV can be efficiently decolorized and mineralized by radiation, and its degradation kinetics followed the first-order kinetic model. The effect of inorganic anions and chelating agents commonly existed in dye-containing wastewater on CV decolorization and total organic carbon (TOC) removal was explored. Quenching experiments, density functional theory (DFT) calculation and high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) analysis were employed to reveal CV decolorization and degradation mechanism and pathway, which mainly included N-demethylation, triphenylmethane chromophore cleavage, ring-opening of aromatic products and further oxidation to carboxylic acid, and mineralization to CO2 and H2O. Additionally, electron beam radiation/PMS process was explored to decrease the absorbed dose required for decolorization and degradation, and the synergetic effect of radiation with PMS was elucidated. More importantly, the findings of this study would provide the support for treating actual dyeing wastewater by electron beam radiation technology.

Synergistic photocatalytic degradation of crystal violet dye using novel medical waste-derived carbon/ZnO composite: A study on toxicological assessment

The discharge of crystal violet (CV) dye effluents from textile sectors is a significant concern, as these pollutants not only diminish the aesthetic appeal of water bodies but also impede light penetration, thereby disrupting aquatic ecology. Additionally, the COVID-19 pandemic has led to increased usage of disposable face masks, further contributing to medical waste in the environment. In this state-of-the-art study, the aim was to develop a photocatalyst material using medical-waste-derived carbon (MWC) as a support matrix for zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles, facilitating the photocatalytic degradation of CV dye via persulfate (PS) activation. X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy were used to analyze the crystalline and chemical bonding properties of the synthesized photocatalysts, whilst field-emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy mapping were employed to examine the samples’ surface morphology and composition. The UV–vis spectroscopy and photoluminescence spectroscopy were used to confirm the optical properties of the photocatalysts. The degradation analyses showed that the MWC/ZnO nanocomposite achieved a higher degradation efficiency of 94.4%, with a reusability performance of 91.0% in the fifth cycle. Toxicology assessment was performed using seedling Vigna mungo plants and zebrafish, which revealed significant developmental deformities in the embryos and adults of zebrafish treated with the CV solution, but not when grown with the degraded CV solution or water, supporting the non-toxic nature of the degraded dye water. Therefore, the proposed MWC/ZnO nanocomposite could be suggested as a potential catalyst for CV dye degradation and an ideal solution for both aquatic and medical waste pollutants.

Natural sunlight energy harvesting using NiAl2O4@N-rGO hetero-junction for photocatalytic degradation of crystal violet dye: Kinetic and mechanistic insights

In this study, NiAl2O4 (NA) was synthesized by the co-precipitation route and its hetero-junctions were fabricated with N-doped reduced graphene oxide (N-rGO) through the ultra-sonication method. The structural, morphological, magnetic, optical and photocatalytic properties of synthesized NA, N-rGO, and the NA@N-rGO 1–4 hetero-junctions characterized by XRD, FTIR, SEM, VSM, PL and UV–visible spectroscopy, respectively. XRD results showed that crystallite size decreases from 25.01 nm (NA) to 15.20 nm for NA@N-rGO-4 and porosity increases up to 77.7 % for NA@N-rGO-4 making it remarkable for photocatalytic applications and FTIR results confirmed the formation of N-rGO as well as its successful integration into NA matrix, resulting in the formation of hetero-junctions. Magnetic properties were investigated using a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), revealing distinctive S-shaped hysteresis loops at 25 °C for both NA and N-rGO, as well as the NA@N-rGO 1–4 hetero-junctions and magnetic saturation decreases with an increase in N-rGO content as for NA@N-rGO-4 Ms drops to 0.0038 emu/g. Notably, the bandgap of NA@N-rGO-4 hetero-junction was effectively reduced from 3.0 eV (in the case of NA) to 2.1 eV, resulting in a discernible decrease in photoluminescence (PL) intensity and increase in e--h+ pair separation. Under visible light, NA@N-rGO-4 exhibited a remarkable 94.68 % efficiency in crystal violet (CV) dye degradation within just 90 min, outperforming NA's 59.05 % degradation efficiency and OH. Radicals play a major contribution to the degradation of dye. The optimization of degradation capabilities was achieved through the manipulation of catalyst dosage, dye concentration and varying pH values for the degradation of CV dye. NA@N-rGO-4 hetero-junction demonstrates the considerable potential for efficient dye degradation in wastewater under visible light, owing to its exceptional catalytic performance.

Zinc oxide and nickel ferrite nanocomposite as an efficient photocatalyst for crystal violet dye degradation

In the present study, photocatalytic activity of NiFe2O4/ZnO nanocomposite was studied for the degradation of crystal violet dye. Microwave assisted green synthesis method was used for the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs). Sol-gel auto-combustion method was used to synthesize NiFe2O4 (NiF) NPs. NiF/ZnO nanocomposite was synthesized through solid-state reaction method. Structural phase was confirmed through X-ray diffraction studies. ZnO NPs were found in wurtzite hexagonal structure whereas cubic spinel structure was found for NiF. NiF/ZnO nanocomposite was observed in both phases. The crystallite size was found to be 31 ± 1, 18 ± 2 and (95 ± 1)/(98 ± 1) nm, for NiF, ZnO and NiF/ZnO nanocomposite, respectively. The optical band gap was determined through UV–Visible spectroscopy and is found to be 1.67 ± 0.03, 2.70 ± 0.08 and 1.70 ± 0.05 eV for NiF, ZnO and NiF/ZnO nanocomposite, respectively. Infrared study of NiF showed the tetrahedral and octahedral band whereas for ZnO the characteristic band was observed. FESEM micrographs of NiF/ZnO nanocomposite showed the formation of agglomerated spherical particles and very less number of rod-like grains indicating the formation of NiF/ZnO nanocomposite. The photocatalytic activity of NiF, ZnO and NiF/ZnO nanocomposite for the degradation of crystal violet dye was studied. It was found that NiF, ZnO and NiF/ZnO nanocomposite showed 89 %, 90.46 % and 87.21 % degradation rate in 60, 120 and 50 min respectively.

Monodispersed nanorod-shaped Mn-Co co-doped ZnO nanoparticles for enhanced photocatalytic and antibacterial activities

The present work deals with synthesizing the pure ZnO (PZ), manganese-doped ZnO (MZ), and manganese-cobalt co-doped ZnO (MCZ) nanoparticles by hydrothermal method. X-ray diffraction confirms their hexagonal wurtzite structure with varying crystallite sizes: 43.8 nm for PZ, 34.6 nm for MZ, and 27.6 nm for MCZ. The band gap values were calculated as 3.14 eV (PZ), 3.09 eV (MZ), and 2.89 eV (MCZ) from Tauc plot. FTIR analysis provided the evidence of metal–oxygen bonds and other characteristic functionalities. These nanoparticles exhibited potent antibacterial activity against both gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus) and gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria. In photocatalytic performance of MCZ has showed a higher rate of Crystal Violet dye degradation under visible light irradiation compared to other materials.

Modified Ag-ZnO coated graphene oxide ternary composite for superior photocatalytic degradation of crystal violet dye under visible light irradiation

The enhancement of advanced nanomaterials into photocatalytic applications has preserved a significant curiosity for its potential to address environmental challenges. To address this concern, a green and eco-friendly catalyst was fabricated. In this study, we examined the enhancement of the photocatalytic activity of various synthesized composites with the modification of graphene oxide (GO) and Ag over the surface of semiconductor zinc oxide (ZnO). The simple wet chemical method was used for the synthesis of ZnO, GO(x)@ZnO, Ag2@ZnO and GO(x)Ag2-ZnO composites [x = 1,3,5 wt%]. The synthesized samples were characterized by different techniques such as XRD, SEM-EDS, DRS, Raman, and PL. Ternary GO5@Ag2-ZnO photocatalyst exhibited superior degradation efficiency up to 97 % in degrading crystal violet (CV) dye, a persistent and environmentally concerning pollutant under visible light irradiation. The significant photocatalytic activity was attributed to the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) phenomenon of Ag, whose broad absorption band was observed in DRS, better electron mobility, and a large surface area of GO facilitates the charge transfer. The highly efficient catalyst was effectively employed for five repeating cycles with only an 11 % decrease in removal rate, demonstrating that it can be easily reused. Kinetic study reveals that the prepared composite follows a pseudo-first-order reaction model with the highest rate constant value of 0.02491 min−1 respectively. The possible degradation pathway was determined using the HRMS technique.

A Photocatalysis of CV Dye Under UV Light Degradation using Laboratory Prepared In(OH)3 And In2O3 By Hydrothermal Method: Nano-Matrrials For Dye Sensitive Solar Cell

Hollow microcubes with nanorods of Indium oxide (In2O3) are synthesized using hydrothermal followed by decomposition process. Synthesized materials are characterized with XRD, SEM, and FTIR spectroscopy for esteeming phase compositions and morphologies. The photocatalytic performances of two materials are evaluated by the degradation of crystal violet dye in an aqueous solution under UV light. The photocatalytic activity of prepared In(OH)3 shows ~60% degradation of crystal violet after 5 h reaction, whereas In2O3 shows ~92% degradation under same conditions.

Auto-combustion synthesis of lanthanum-doped TiO2 nanostructures for efficient photocatalytic degradation of crystal violet dye

ABSTRACT Utilising the solution combustion technique, nanocrystalline photocatalysts that included both pristine TiO2 and doped TiO2 with various La (III) dopant percentages (1, 3, 5, and 7 mol%) were created. Different methods, including thermal analysis, high resolution-transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), were used to investigate the prepared nanostructures. The XRD results indicated the anatase form and the crystalline nature of the products (pristine and doped TiO2) in the size range of a crystallite (5–16.5) nm. The photocatalytic assessment of the prepared nano-photocatalysts was carried out by crystal violet (CV) decolourisation under ultraviolet (UV) light. The findings revealed that 3% La-TiO2 showed the highest degradation efficiency (95.98%) in 70 min with a pseudo-first-rate constant of k = 4.73 × 10−2 min−1, compared to pristine TiO2 and the other TiO2 nanostructures with various La (III) dopant ratios.

Ti3C2-MXene/NiO Nanocomposites-Decorated CsPbI3 Perovskite Active Materials under UV-Light Irradiation for the Enhancement of Crystal-Violet Dye Photodegradation

Ti3C2-MXene material, known for its strong electronic conductivity and optical properties, has emerged as a promising alternative to noble metals as a cocatalyst for the development of efficient photocatalysts used in environmental cleanup. In this study, we investigated the photodegradation of crystal-violet (CV) dye when exposed to UV light using a newly developed photocatalyst known as Ti3C2-MXene/NiO nanocomposite-decorated CsPbI3 perovskite, which was synthesized through a hydrothermal method. Our research investigation into the structural, morphological, and optical characteristics of the Ti3C2-MXene/NiO/CsPbI3 composite using techniques such as FTIR, XRD, TEM, SEM–EDS mapping, XPS, UV–Vis, and PL spectroscopy. The photocatalytic efficacy of the Ti3C2-MXene/NiO/CsPbI3 composite was assessed by evaluating its ability to degrade CV dye in an aqueous solution under UV-light irradiation. Remarkably, the Ti3C2-MXene/NiO/CsPbI3 composite displayed a significant improvement in both the degradation rate and stability of CV dye when compared to the Ti3C2-MXene/NiO nanocomposite and CsPbI3 perovskite materials. Furthermore, the UV–visible absorption spectrum of the Ti3C2-MXene/NiO/CsPbI3 composite demonstrated a reduced band gap of 2.41 eV, which is lower than that of Ti3C2-MXene/NiO (3.10 eV) and Ti3C2-MXene (1.60 eV). In practical terms, the Ti3C2-MXene/NiO/CsPbI3 composite achieved an impressive 92.8% degradation of CV dye within 90 min of UV light exposure. We also confirmed the significant role of photogenerated holes and radicals in the CV dye removal process through radical scavenger trapping experiments. Based on our findings, we proposed a plausible photocatalytic mechanism for the Ti3C2-MXene/NiO/CsPbI3 composite. This research may open up new avenues for the development of cost-effective and high-performance MXene-based perovskite photocatalysts, utilizing abundant and sustainable materials for environmental remediation.

Enhancement of photocatalytic and sonophotocatalytic degradation of chitosan-ZnSnO3 nanocomposite for environmental remediation of emerging pollutants

In this study, the sonocatalytic, photocatalytic, and sonophotocatalytic activity of chitosan-ZnSnO3 nanocomposites (CS-ZnSnO3 NCs) against crystal violet dye were investigated. By using a variety of contemporary techniques, the crystalline phase, purity, crystal structure, shape, elemental composition, particle size, thermal properties, functional groups, and optical absorption properties of the synthesized CS-ZnSnO3 NCs were studied. By examining the variation in dye absorbance under a UV spectrophotometer, the catalytic activity of CS-ZnSnO3 NCs on crystal violet dye has been observed. The degradation efficiency of crystal violet dye was found to be 43 %, 80 %, and 97 % for sonocatalytic, photocatalytic, and sonophotocatalytic activity of CS-ZnSnO3 NCs after 75 min, respectively. The effect of pH analysis demonstrates that maximum degradation is obtained at pH 10 and the reusability study reveals the stability of the CS-ZnSnO3 catalyst. The degradation of crystal violet dye follows the pseudo-first-order kinetics and the rate constant for the sonophotocatalysis is higher than the individual catalysis processes. The prepared CS-ZnSnO3 can be utilized as a sonophotocatalyst for the degradation of crystal violet dye in an environmental remediation procedure to treat wastewater.

Optical, dielectric and photocatalytic properties of Ag-doped Sr1−xAgxFe12O19 and CV dye degradation under visible light irradiation

In the present study, a series of silver-doped strontium hexaferrite (Sr1−xAgxFe12O19) were fabricated by microemulsion route. The influence of dopant (Ag) on the structural, dielectric, optical and photocatalytic properties was analyzed, which were characterized by XRD, Raman, SEM, FTIR and UV–visible techniques along with photoluminescence and dielectric measurements. The XRD and Raman studies display the M-type hexagonal ferrite formation with a P63/mmc space group with an average crystallite size of 25–32 nm. For Ag-doped SrFe12O19, the UV–visible absorption coefficient showed a substantial red shift, leading to the reduction of the bandgap to 3.2–2.6 eV. The PL spectra reveal that highly doped materials displayed lower re-combination and enhanced charge-separation (e--h+). With dopant concentration, the dielectric loss decreased, while AC conductivity and dielectric constant increased. The photocatalytic activity was studied by degradation of the crystal violet (CV) dye under visible light irradiation and up to 86% dye degradation was achieved for Sr1−xAgxFe12O19 versus SrFe12O19 (54%) in 120 min. Moreover, the stability was confirmed by consecutive cycles and doped material showed higher stability and reusability versus undoped. The effect of different scavengers was also studied to evaluate the dye degradation mechanism. In view of enhanced optical and catalytic properties, the Sr1−xAgxFe12O19 could be employed for the remediation of dyes in textile effluents under solar light irradiation, which will make the process economical versus UV light-based photocatalytic processes.

Modulation of optical and structural properties of CoFe2O4/ZnO@CNTs for photocatalytic removal of crystal violet and phenol

Abstract Photo-catalysis is a versatile method that is used to remediate water pollution and other issues related to the environment. Metal ferrite with a spinel structure, which is frequently used as a photocatalyst, is another solution for the remediation of environmental pollution. In this work, nanoparticles of cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) and zinc oxide (ZnO) were prepared by sol-gel and co-precipitation methods, respectively. CoFe2O4/ZnO (CF/ZnO) and its ternary nanocomposite with CNTs (CF/ZnO@CNTs) were fabricated by a wet-chemical approach. The prepared materials were characterized by different characterization techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and UV–visible spectroscopy for the structural, functional group, and optical study respectively. Band gap values calculated for the prepared materials (CF, CF/ZnO, and CF/ZnO) were 2.45 eV, 3.37 eV, and 2.18 eV, respectively. Crystal violet and phenol were used for the evaluation of the photocatalytic efficiency of the prepared samples. In case of crystal violet photocatalytic degradation of the CF, ZnO and CF/ZnO was 21.43 %, 46.43 %, and 66.62 %, respectively. Whereas, CF/ZnO@CNTs outperformed all catalysts with 97.61 % degradation of crystal violet dye. The degradation of phenol by CF/ZnO and CF/ZnO@CNTs was 53.70 % and 83.33 %, respectively. The CF/ZnO@CNTs exhibit excellent photodegradation activity than other photocatalysts used. It is because of heterojunction fabrication and the presence of CNTs as they increase the life span of photo-generated species and enhance the surface area of the catalyst.

Catalytic oxidative degradation of crystal violet dye using NanoCopper oxide encapsulated zeolite catalyst

A new active zeolite supported copper catalyst was developed from coal fly ash (FA) by immobilization of copper nanoparticles. Zeolite (Zeo) was created by FA via acid and hydrothermal synthesis methods. The metal salt CuCl2 was reduced to copper nanoparticle by using (nithyakalyani) Catharanthus roseus leaf extract. The formed copper nanoparticle was encapsulated into the zeolite framework by mechanical stirring followed by calcination at 550 °C. The prepared CuO-Zeo catalyst has been defined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) techniques. Catalytic activity of the synthesized CuO-Zeo catalyst was investigated by crystal violet dye degradation by wet catalytic method in the presence of H2O2. Effect of catalyst dosage, catalyst variation, dye content, volume of H2O2 and pH were studied. It was observed that the catalytic activity of bare Zeo is negligible and is enhanced by copper encapsulation and also the efficiency of the catalyst is tested and 95% is maintained. The work highlights the design and development of green catalyst from waste material FA.

Green Development of Titanium Dioxide Using Astragalus boeticus for the Degradation of Cationic and Anionic Dyes in an Aqueous Environment

Wastewater discharge from the textile industry poses significant health problems for humans. As a result, the effluent waters are often rich in dyes, whose low natural decomposition capacity makes their treatment complex, thus contributing to environmental degradation. It becomes imperative to implement effective solutions for treating these contaminated waters, with a primary goal: to make them fit for human consumption. The present study focuses on the development of green TiO2 nanoparticles (TiO2-NP) using titanium (IV) isopropoxide as a precursor, along with the extract of Astragalus boeticus (A.B). These green TiO2 nanoparticles have been developed for use as highly efficient photocatalysts for the degradation of two types of dyes: Reactive Yellow 161 (RY161), an anionic dye, and Crystal Violet (CV), a cationic dye. The structural, microstructural, and optical properties of the synthesized material were characterized using XRD, FTIR, SEM, EDX, and UV-Vis methods. The results of these analyses revealed that the nanoparticles have a size of approximately 68 nm, possess an anatase structure, exhibit a spherical surface morphology, and have a band gap of 3.22 eV. The photocatalytic activity of the synthesized material demonstrated a 94.06% degradation of CV dye in a basic environment (pH = 10) within 30 min, with an initial CV concentration of 10 mg/L and a catalyst mass of 1 g/L. Additionally, it achieved a 100% degradation of RY161 dye in an acidic environment (pH = 4) within 90 min, with an initial RY161 concentration of 30 mg/L and a catalyst mass of 1 g/L. Furthermore, the recycling study indicated that the green TiO2 NPs catalyst could be effectively reused for up to five cycles. These experimental findings suggest that the developed TiO2 catalyst holds significant potential as an eco-friendly solution for remediating aqueous media polluted by both anionic and cationic dyes.

Phyto-fabrication of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Ficus religiosa and its potential application in degradation of crystal violet dye

Herein zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles have been synthesized via a facile, environment friendly, and low-cost green synthesis method. The prepared metal oxide was characterized using powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), SEM/EDX (scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray), volumetric analysis, and zeta potential measurements. The photocatalyst was then employed for the degradation of crystal violet (CV) dye under UV illumination (high-pressure Hg lamp 125 W). It was observed that phyto-fabricated ZnO nanoparticles exhibited high degradation efficiency towards CV dye as 95% of dye was degraded in 60 min of irradiation. The study also implies that phyto-fabrication of ZnO nanoparticles resulted in enhanced degradation efficiency of the photocatalyst.

Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of crystal violet dye and high-performance electrochemical supercapacitor applications of hydrothermally synthesised magnetic bifunctional nanocomposite (Fe3O4/ZnO)

The present investigation employed a facile hydrothermal approach for the fabrication of Fe3O4/ZnO dual-functional magnetic nanocomposite. Supercapacitor and visible-light-driven photocatalytic applications of the material were explored. X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectra, ultraviolet–visible diffuse reflectance spectra (UV–vis/DRS), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, and vibrating sample magnetometer were used to analyse the nanocomposite’s structural, morphological, optical, and magnetic properties. The FE-SEM analysis demonstrated that the surface morphology of Fe3O4, ZnO, and the Fe3O4/ZnO nanocomposite consisted of nanoparticles, nanoflakes, and nanoparticles adhered to the nanoflakes, respectively. The maximum specific capacitance of the electrode based on the Fe3O4/ZnO nanocomposite was measured to be 736.36 Fg−1 at a scan rate of 5 mVs−1. The electrode also demonstrated remarkable cycling stability, retaining 86.5% of its capacitance even after 3000 cycles. The Fe3O4/ZnO nanocomposite was found to have an optical bandgap of 2.7 eV, an average particle size of 22.5 nm, and a saturation magnetization of 68.7 emu g−1. The photocatalysis experiment was conducted using the optimised settings, which included a pH of 7.0, a dye concentration of 30 mg l−1, a catalyst dose of 1 g l−1, and a contact time of 120 min. The Fe3O4/ZnO nanocomposite exhibited a notable degradation efficiency towards crystal violet dye upon exposure to visible light, achieving a degradation efficiency of 96.9%. This performance surpassed that of pure ZnO, which attained a degradation efficiency of 70.2%. The nanocomposite exhibited a rate constant of 2.80 × 10−2 min−1, which was found to be notably higher than that of pure ZnO (0.8 × 10−2 min−1), as determined through modelling (pseudo-first order linear fit). The radical scavenger experiments indicated that the superoxide radicals and hydroxyl radicals are the primary reactive species. The Fe3O4/ZnO photocatalyst can be effectively isolated using a bar magnet. Remarkably, the photocatalytic efficiency of the material remained almost entirely intact even after undergoing four cycles of recycling. In addition, this research opens up exciting new possibilities for use in fields like energy storage and pollution control.

Insights into the structural, morphological, and electronic characteristics of ZnO nanoflowers: implications for efficient photocatalytic degradation of crystal violet dye

Insights into the structural, morphological, and electronic characteristics of ZnO nanoflowers: implications for efficient photocatalytic degradation of crystal violet dye

A Post‐Spinel NaFeSnO4 as Novel Narrow Band Gap Photocatalyst for Visible Light Assisted Decomposition of Crystal Violet Dye

AbstractSnO2 is a wide bandgap photocatalyst, and Fe2O3 is susceptible to the recombination of photocharges produced is heterogenized in the form of NaFeSnO4. NaFeSnO4 with post‐spinel structure having one‐dimenisonal (1D) channel is explored first time as photocatalyst. Phase purity and structure of NaFeSnO4 was examined using X‐ray diffraction (XRD). Particle morphology, light absorption behavior, band‐gap energy estimation and surface area of NaFeSnO4 were evaluated using various instrumental techniques. Extent of charge separation and charge transfer was investigated using photoluminescence (PL) analysis and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Photocatalytic performance of NaFeSnO4 was examined for degradation of crystal violet dye by irradiating visible light. The photocatalytic properties of NaFeSnO4 are compared with the precursor oxides Fe2O3 and SnO2. It has been demonstrated first time that NaFeSnO4 is an efficient visible light active photocatalyst than Fe2O3 and SnO2 for degradation of crystal violet dye.