Degradation Of Chlorpyrifos Research Articles

Enhanced photocatalytic activity of V2O5/g-C3N4/ZnO nanocomposite for efficient degradation of amoxicillin, chlorpyrifos and methylene blue

Enhanced photocatalytic activity of V2O5/g-C3N4/ZnO nanocomposite for efficient degradation of amoxicillin, chlorpyrifos and methylene blue

Visible light-induced continuous process for photodegradation of chlorpyrifos using g-C3N4/GO/La2O3 photocatalyst from agricultural aquatic waste

The widespread use of pesticides and the formation of by-products on the gradual decomposition of these pesticides have led to environmental pollution, which in turn has caused harm to both human and ecosystem health. Pesticides have been found in water bodies worldwide and are a cause of concern. Photocatalytic reactions have received significant attention in the past few decades for the breakdown of pesticides. Different parameters were studied, including the effects of pH, kinetics, dose, and regeneration. The UV–vis spectroscopy results suggest that the g-C3N4/GO/La2O3 nanocomposite is a superior reusable photocatalyst for the degradation of chlorpyrifos (CPF) compared to pure g-C3N4 and GO/ g-C3N4. This is demonstrated by the fact that the g-C3N4/GO/La2O3 nanocomposite outperforms both of these materials. The increased photocatalytic performance may be attributed to a balance between the band gap, morphology, crystalline quality, and surface area, all of which may be slowing down the electron-hole recombination rates. This may be due to the enhanced photocatalytic performance. In addition, the feasible processes were outlined from radical quenching studies, and the results clearly indicate that the presence of more OH radicals plays an essential role in the process of efficient photodegradation using novel g-C3N4/GO/La2O3 nanocomposites.

Enhanced visible-light Z-scheme photocatalytic degradation of amoxicillin, chlorpyrifos, and methylene blue by Bi2O3/g-C3N4/ZnO nanocomposite

Enhanced visible-light Z-scheme photocatalytic degradation of amoxicillin, chlorpyrifos, and methylene blue by Bi2O3/g-C3N4/ZnO nanocomposite

Synthesis, Performance Measurement of Dy2EuSbO7/ZnBiDyO4 Heterojunction Composite Catalyst and Photocatalytic Degradation of Chlorpyrifos within Pesticide Wastewater under Visible Light Irradiation

For the first time, a novel catalyst named Dy2EuSbO7 was successfully synthesized via the high-temperature solid-state sintering method (HTSSM). Dy2EuSbO7/ZnBiDyO4 heterojunction photocatalyst (DZHP) was fabricated through the HTSSM for degrading chlorpyrifos (CPS) in the pesticide wastewater under visible light irradiation (VSLID). Under VSLID, DZHP could effectively degrade CPS in pesticide wastewater. The experimental outcomes suggested that the kinetic curve with the Dy2EuSbO7/ZnBiDyO4 heterojunction (DZH) as a photocatalyst for the reduction of CPS under VSLID conformed to the first-order kinetics (FOKT). After VSLID of 156 min, the photocatalytic degradation (PTD) removal rate of CPS using DZH as photocatalyst was 1.12 times, 1.21 times, or 2.96 times that using Dy2EuSbO7 as a photocatalyst, ZnBiDyO4 as a photocatalyst, or nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide as a photocatalyst. After VSLID of 156 min for four cycle degradation tests (FCDTS) with DZH as a photocatalyst, the removal rate of CPS reached 98.78%, 97.66%, 96.59%, and 95.69%, respectively. Above results indicated that the DZHP possessed high stability. Experiments with the addition of trapping agents showed that hydroxyl radicals (•OH) owned the strongest oxidative removal ability for degrading CPS compared with superoxide anions (•O2−) or holes (h+). The oxidation capacity of three oxidation radicals for eliminating CPS was ranked in the ascending order as follows: h+ < •OH < •O2−. Lastly, the possible degradation pathway and degradation mechanism of CPS were discussed in detail. A visible light responsive heterojunction catalyst with high catalytic activity and a photocatalytic reaction system which were capable of efficiently removing toxic organic pollutants from pesticide wastewater were obtained.

Chlorpyrifos degradation by Shewanella oneidensis MR-1: Characteristics and mechanism analysis

This study conducted a series of experiments to investigate the degradation performance and mechanism of chlorpyrifos (CPF) degradation by Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 (S. oneidensis MR-1). The results showed that the S. oneidensis MR-1 degradation CPF rate was maximized at a salinity of 10 g·L−1, 35 °C, pH 7, and an inoculum amount of 20 %. The simultaneous addition of anthraquinone sodium 2,6-disulfonate (AQDS) and goethite [FeO(OH)] were able to increase the degradation efficiency to 174.12 %. Further, SEM results showed the FeO(OH) surface might provide a dense reaction site for the degradation. XRD and FTIR analysis revealed the hydroxyl group participated in the degradation process. XPS analysis showed that the addition of AQDS and FeO(OH) promoted the conversion of Fe(III) to enhance the degradation of CPF. Meanwhile, metabolites analysis, indicated that S. oneidensis MR-1 regulated its antioxidant capacity by enhancing its amino acid metabolism and lipid biosynthesis to cope with CPF stress. This work could provide new insights for efficient CPF removal in the future.

Transcriptomic analysis of molecular mechanisms underlying the biodegradation of organophosphorus pesticide chlorpyrifos by Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus in skimmed milk

Bioremediation of organophosphorus pesticides in contaminated foodstuffs using probiotics has been increasingly under the spotlight in recent years, though the biodegradation mechanism and derived intermediate products remain unclear. This study aimed to help fill this knowledge gap and examined the degradation mechanism of organophosphorus pesticide, chlorpyrifos, in milk by Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus using gas chromatography- tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) combined with transcriptome analysis. After the strain was cultured for 20 h in the presence of chlorpyrifos, differential expressions of 383 genes were detected, including genes probably implicated during chlorpyrifos degradation such as those related to hydrolase, phosphoesterase, diphosphatase, oxidoreductase, dehydratase, as well as membrane transporters. GC-MS/MS analysis revealed the changes of secondary metabolites in L. bulgaricus during milk fermentation due to chlorpyrifos stress. 6-Methylhexahydro-2H-azepin-2-one, 2,6-dihydroxypyridine and methyl 2-aminooxy-4-methylpentanoate as intermediates, along with the proposed pathways, might be involved in chlorpyrifos biodegradation by L. bulgaricus.

Evaluating the Potential of Bacillus Isolates for Chlorpyrifos Degradation and Their Role in Tea Growth Promotion and Suppression of Pathogens.

Pesticides employed for controlling domestic and agricultural pests are among the most dangerous environmental contaminants. Nevertheless, negligent usage and a lack of technical expertise have led to the contamination and pollution of various ecological niches. The extensive utilization of the organophosphate chlorpyrifos (CPs) for insect infestation control, coupled with its detrimental effects and persistence in the ecosystem, has led to calls for its removal from contaminated sites. The study is mainly focused on degradation of CPs; using viz. Bacillus wiedmannii A3 and Bacillus cereus P14 isolated from tea rhizosphere soil having pesticide contamination in Sonitpur district, Assam, India. These two bacterial strains were able to degrade CPs in vitro within 3days. Reverse-phase HPLC analysis suggested about 96% reduction of CPs concentration upon bacterial treatment. Again, in case of A3, GC-MS analysis revealed that CPs was modified to 2-hydroxy-3,5,6-trichloropyridine and chlorpyrifos-oxon, thus finally metabolized into non-toxic products. While analyzing P14, silane, dimethyl (2,2,2-trichloroethoxy) propoxy, and 3-aminobenzoic acid, N-trimethylsilyl-, trimethylsilyl ester were identified. These compounds were subsequently transformed into non-toxic products. In addition to this, they demonstrated a significant boost of plant growth-promoting traits in both absence and presence of CPs; also showed growth development in nursery scale condition. Moreover, they functioned as biocontrol agents against Phellinus lamaensis and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, responsible for brown root rot and anthracnose in North East India tea plantations, respectively. Thus, the pesticide-tolerant Bacilli strains A3 and P14 could be used as bioremediation of contaminated sites and also as biostimulants, and biocontrols in tea crop production.

Abatement and biotoxicity assessment of chlorpyrifos residue from green coffee beans: Effect of non-thermal plasma generated ozone and nitric oxide species

Chlorpyrifos (CP) is an organophosphate pesticide (OPP) that is widely used in coffee plantations to mitigate the impacts of insects and maximize productivity. However, the environmental persistence of CP has become an issue. Non-thermal plasma (NTP) generated ozone and nitric oxide (NO) species have demonstrated the ability to remediate organic contaminants and promote plant growth. In this study, the washing of CP-contaminated green coffee beans (GCBs) by using plasma activated water (PAW) via ozone and NO dominated species was investigated, respectively. The results revealed degradation efficiencies of 89 and 87 % for ozone and NO dominated treatment, respectively. The concentration of hydroxyl radicals in ozone plasma-activated water (PAW), crucial for initiating and sustaining CP degradation, decreased from 25 μM after 30 min of treatment to 5 μM after 150 min. The concentration of H2O2 remained steady at 1.6 μM while NO2- concentration increased gradually from 0.37 to 3.06 mM during the treatment. Nevertheless, NO dominated NTP treatment resulted in the darkening of the GCBs, whereas ozone NTP treatment brought no physical changes. Therefore, ozone NTP treatment is recommended for large-scale treatments. Moreover, three degradation mechanisms were proposed based on the identified intermediate products (IPs) from liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis. The cytotoxic effects of these residual IPs after ozone dominated NTP washing were examined using human colon cancer-derived HT29 cells. The results showed cell viability increased to 90 and 95 % when exposed to ozone NTP-treated GCBs for 90 and 120 min, respectively.

Concurrent Exfoliation and Controlled Coating of 2D-g-C3N4 Over 3DCe2(WO4)3 for Proficient Photocatalytic Degradation of Amitrole and Chlorpyrifos

Concurrent Exfoliation and Controlled Coating of 2D-g-C3N4 Over 3DCe2(WO4)3 for Proficient Photocatalytic Degradation of Amitrole and Chlorpyrifos

Photocatalytic degradation of chlorpyrifos using Fe-doped ZnO/activated carbon nanocomposite

The present research reports the synthesis of Iron-Zinc oxide nanocomposite supported on activated carbon synthesised from Schima wallichii biomass. The nanocomposite was produced using a hydrothermal process and its physicochemical characterization was carried out using several analytical methods such as Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD), Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FT-IR), Photoluminescence (PL), UV–Visible Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (DRS) and BET analyser. The prepared material was assessed for its degradation efficiency on chlorpyrifos (CPs) under visible light irradiation. The photocatalyst demonstrated optimal conditions achieving 98 % CPs degradation with 0.05 g catalyst dosage, 150 ppm initial concentration, 60-min of irradiation, and pH 2. Furthermore, recycling studies indicated the material's promising reusability, maintaining 62.7 % efficiency even after multiple cycles.

Roles of soil minerals in the degradation of chlorpyrifos and its intermediate by microwave activated peroxymonosulfate

Soil mineral is one of the important factors that affecting oxidant decomposition and pollutants degradation in soil remediation. In this study, the effects of iron minerals, manganese minerals and clay minerals on the degradation of chlorpyrifos (CPF) and its intermediate product 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP) by microwave (MW) activated peroxymonosulfate (PMS) were investigated. As a result, the addition of minerals had slight inhibitory effect on the degradation efficiency of CPF by MW/PMS, but the degradation efficiency of TCP was improved by the addition of some specific minerals, including ferrihydrite, birnessite, and random symbiotic mineral of pyrolusite and ramsdellite (Pyr-Ram). The stronger MW absorption ability of minerals is beneficial for PMS decomposition, but the MW absorption ability of minerals cannot be fully utilized because of the weaker MW radiation intensity under constant temperature conditions. Through electron spin resonance test, quenching experiment and electrochemical experiment, electron transfer, SO4− and OH, SO4− dominated TCP degradation by MW/PMS with the addition of birnessite, Pyr-Ram and ferrihydrite, respectively. Besides, the adsorption effect of ferrihydrite also enhanced the removal of TCP. The redox of Mn (III)/Mn (IV) or Fe (II)/Fe (III) in manganese/iron minerals participated in the generation of reactive species. In addition, the addition of minerals not only increased the variety of alkyl hydroxylation products of CPF, causing different degradation pathways from CPF to TCP, but also further degraded TCP to dechlorination or hydroxylation products. This study demonstrated the synergistic effect of minerals and MW for PMS activation, provided new insights for the effects of soil properties on soil remediation by MW activated PMS technology.

Photocatalytic Removal of the Endocrine Disruptor Chlorpyrifos using a ZnO.MoO3 Composite Supported on Al2O3

AbstractChlorpyrifos is an endocrine disruptor pesticide that induces breast cancer cell proliferation through Estrogen receptor alpha pathway in humans. It also has toxic effects on some beneficial insects like bees, wasps, and arthropods, even low levels of CP can kill fish in water. Thus, it is important to efficiently remove this compound from wastewaters to get rid of its hazardous effects. Al2O3 supported ZnO.MoO3 composite was prepared as an efficient material for photo‐degradation of chlorpyrifos under UV irradiation and characterized by SEM‐EDX, XRD and TG techniques. The XRD analysis showed the orthorhombic structures with band gap of 2.86 eV for ZnO.MoO3/Al2O3 which was 2.96 eV for MoO3/Al2O3. The kinetics of degradation depicted that ZnO.MoO3/Al2O3 afforded a complete degradation of chlorpyrifos with half life of only 3 minutes which otherwise was 24 minutes in the presence of MoO3/Al2O3. The complete mineralization of chlorpyrifos was confirmed by GC/MS analysis, where no peaks of intermediates were recorded. The prepared material also exhibited good recyclability without any leaching of Zn and Mo metals. Thus, ZnO.MoO3/Al2O3 is an efficient and cost effective material for removal of chlorpyrifos. Its potential may also be explored for the removal of other hazardous organic pollutants.

Synthesis and characterisation of Ag-Cu-co-Doped WO3 @Carbeneous materials composites for waste water treatment

Nanoparticles of tungsten oxide are widely used in advanced chemical processes but the application of tungsten oxide (WO3) in photocatalysis is limited. To increase their application in photocatalysis, nanostructured tungsten oxide (W-1) is co-doped with silver and copper (W-2), and nanocomposites with g-C3N4 (W-3) and CNTs (W-4) are synthesized. Structural, elemental, and morphological analyses of prepared samples were carried out using different characterization techniques like XRD, SEM, FTIR, EDX, and Mott-Schottky. The bandgap of WO3 is 2.75 eV which is reduced to 2.32 eV by doping and composite formation. The degradation of crystal violet and chlorpyrifos is done to check the photocatalytic performance of prepared materials under the light bulb energy. Photodegradation experiment shows 83.33 % and 41 % degradation of CV and chlorpyrifos respectively. The higher degradation ability is shown by CNTs composites because they have smaller crystallite size (12.81 nm) as compared to other photocatalysts. In the presence of CNTs, the rate of recombination of holes and electrons decreases, resulting in the enhancement of photocatalytic activity. The research reveals that W-4 exhibits promising potential for applications in the photodegradation of organic wastes.

Sustainable and efficient degradation of chlorpyrifos by the synergy mixed Fe–Al (ZVI@Almix) bimetallic particles: Performance and mechanism

Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is one of the most widely used pesticides in the world, and its improper use will cause serious pollution to ecological safety and water environment. There is an urgent need for an efficient, environmental-friendly, and cost-effective removal technology. ZVI@Almix (mixed zero-valent iron and aluminum) is a potential technology for degrading CPF by combining it with ZVI (zero-valent iron), ZVAl (zero-valent aluminum) and ZVI@Alsup (supported zero-valent iron and aluminum). This technology can efficiently degrade CPF, achieving a removal rate of 93.47% and a complete mineralization rate of 62.15% at the concentration of 10 mg/L, pH of 7.0, temperature of 25 °C, and ZVI@Almix dosage of 0.30 g/L, and can effectively alleviate the interference of anions and HA in actual wastewater. The elemental evolution and solution composition of ZVI@Almix indicates that the material has an activation effect on O2 in solution. The existence of •OH and O2−• in the reaction and the degradation of CPF were confirmed by quenching experiments and electron spin resonance. In addition, Al provides electronic output for ZVI, which prolongs the life of ZVI and guarantees the sustainable degradation ability of ZVI@Almix. The detection of pollutant degradation intermediates initially proposed two degradation pathways, the cleavage of C–O–P bonds, and the substitution of S and methyl groups. DFT calculation proves that pathway Ⅰ is more favorable in the reaction process, and the toxicity assessment also shows that the product toxicity of pathway Ⅰ is slightly lower than that of pathway Ⅱ. Finally, ZVI@Almix has strong reusability, the removal rate of CPF in the fourth reuse process can still reach 80.91%, and the material recovery in the fifth time can still reach 80.46%. This study proposed a mechanism to degrade CPF using cheap bimetallic particles and confirmed its feasibility through practice and theory. These findings not only provide an efficient, green, and economical pollution control technology for the removal of organophosphorus pesticides in the wastewater but also provide new ideas for the application of ZVI-based bimetallic materials in the field of environmental governance.

Photocatalytic degradation of chlorpyrifos pesticide in aqueous solution using Cu-doped TiO2/GO photocatalysis vicinity of UV and visible light

In this study, the sol-gel method was used to synthesize Cu-doped TiO2/GO composite nanoparticles. The prepared samples were identified utilizing XRD, EDX-SEM, TEM, BET, FT-IR and Raman methods. Photocatalytic absorber prepared vicinity of UV light and visible light was used to remove chlorpyrifos pesticide. The effect of factors, such as pH, amount of adsorbent, and irradiation time, on the amount of pesticide removal, was investigated. The maximum efficiency of chlorpyrifos removal was obtained at pH = 2, irradiation time of 80 min, and photocatalyst amount of 0.2 g for UV light and visible light, equal to 91.4 % and 78.25 %, respectively. The Pseudo-first order kinetics as best choice efficiency described the chlorpyrifos degradation process according to Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetic with rate constants equal to 0.0301 and 0.0177 min−1 vicinity of UV light and visible light respectively.

Chlorpyrifos degradation and its impacts on phosphorus bioavailability in microplastic-contaminated soil

Pesticide residues and microplastics (MPs) in agricultural soils are two major concerns for soil health and food safety. The degradation of chlorpyrifos (CPF), an organophosphorus pesticide, releases phosphates. This process may be affected by the presence of MPs in the soil. The combination of CPF and MPs presence in the soil may thus produce interaction effects that alter the soil phosphorus (P) balance. This study explores the degradation pathways of CPF (6 mg kg−1, 12 mg kg−1 of CPF addition) in soils with different levels of polylactic acid MPs (PLA-MPs) (0.0 %, 0.1 %, 0.5 %, 1.0 % w/w), and analyzes soil P fractions and phosphatase enzyme activities to investigate soil P bioavailability under different treatments. Results show that the degradation of CPF fits to a first-order decay model, with half-lives (DT50) ranging from 11.0 to 14.8 d depending on PLA-MPs treatment. The concentration of its metabolite 3, 5, 6-trichloropyridine 2-phenol (TCP) reached a peak of 0.93–1.67 mg kg−1 within 7–14 days. Similarly, the degradation of CPF led to a significant transient increase in P bioavailability within 3–7 days (p < 0.05), with a peak range of 22.55–26.01 mg kg−1 for Olsen-P content and a peak range of 4.63–6.76 % for the proportions of available P fractions (H2O-P+NaHCO3-P+NaOH-P), before returning to prior levels (Olsen-P: 11.28–19.52 mg kg−1; available soil P fractions: 4.15–5.61 %). CPF degradation (6 mg kg−1) was significantly inhibited in soil with 1.0 % PLA-MPs addition. The effects of MPs and CPF on soil P fractions occur at different time frames, implying that their modes of action and interactions with soil microbes differ.

Studies on photocatalytic mineralization of organic pesticides by bimetallic Cu-Zn nanoparticles derived from Zingiber officinaleRoscoe (ginger) using green chemistry approach.

Compared to monometallic nanoparticles, bimetallic nanoparticle synthesis and characterization have attracted more attention due to their superior environmental protection properties. In this study, we discuss the preparation and characterization of Cu-Zn bimetallic nanoparticles using Zinger extract, as well as their potential role in photocatalytic degradation of carbendazim, chlorpyrifos, monocrotophos, and cypermethrin. Surface properties were assessed with SEM and TEM, while UV-VIS, XRD, FTIR, and fluorescence spectroscopy were used to characterize the materials. It was observed that higher pH conditions were more conducive to the development of stable Cu-Zn BMNPs with diameters ranging from 60 to 100nm. UV-VIS spectroscopy showed that the Cu-Zn bimetallic nanoparticles photodegraded 53-95% of the pesticides, monocrotophos, chlorpyrifos, and carbendazim during the 24-72-h incubation period. A number of pesticides may be photocatalytically degraded by primary reactive radicals produced by nanoparticles. We propose that the use of bimetallic nanoparticles could be one alternative strategy for pesticide mineralization.

Persulfate-Based Advanced Oxidation Process for Chlorpyrifos Degradation: Mechanism, Kinetics, and Toxicity Assessment.

Persulfate-based advanced oxidation process has been proven to be a promising method for the toxic pesticide chlorpyrifos (CPY) degradation in wastewater treatment. However, due to the limitation for the short-lived intermediates detection, a comprehensive understanding for the degradation pathway remains unclear. To address this issue, density functional theory was used to analyze the degradation mechanism of CPY at the M06-2X/6-311++G(3df,3pd)//M06-2X/6-31+G(d,p) level, and computational toxicology methods were employed to explore the toxicity of CPY and its degradation products. Results show that hydroxyl radicals (·OH) and sulfate radicals (SO4•-) initiate the degradation reactions by adding to the P=S bond and abstracting the H atom on the ethyl group, rather than undergoing α-elimination of the pyridine ring in the persulfate oxidation process. Moreover, the addition products were attracted and degraded by breaking the P-O bond, while the abstraction products were degraded through dealkylation reactions. The transformation products, including 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridynol, O,O-diethyl phosphorothioate, chlorpyrifos oxon, and acetaldehyde, obtained through theoretical calculations have been detected in previous experimental studies. The reaction rate constants of CPY with ·OH and SO4•- were 6.32 × 108 and 9.14 × 108 M-1·s-1 at room temperature, respectively, which was consistent with the experimental values of 4.42 × 109 and 4.5 × 109 M-1 s-1. Toxicity evaluation results indicated that the acute and chronic toxicity to aquatic organisms gradually decreased during the degradation process. However, some products still possess toxic or highly toxic levels, which may pose risks to human health. These research findings contribute to understanding the transformation behavior and risk assessment of CPY in practical wastewater treatment.

Simultaneous degradation of chlorpyrifos and profenofos in soils at sublethal concentrations in presence of Eisenia foetida and a native bacterial consortium

The use of organophosphates (OPPs) in agriculture is an environmental problem due to their persistence in the environment, affecting non-target species, including human beings. For this reason, this study evaluated the degradation of chlorpyrifos (CPF) and profenofos (PFF) simultaneously in soils at sublethal concentrations in the presence of Eisenia foetida (EF) and a native bacterial consortium (NBC). For this, we first studied the avoidance behavior of EF to soils contaminated with CPF and PFF by calculating the percentage avoidance response (AR%), finding that EF presents an avoidance behavior to soils contaminated with CPF (6.45 to 65.5 mg/kg) and PFF (2.26 to 112.95 mg/kg) and their mixture, giving values of AR% (+). EF did not show avoidance behavior with AR% (-) values when melon rinds were added as substrate making it feasible to study the degradation of CPF and PFF at concentrations of 65.5 mg/kg and 112.95 mg/kg. EF and NBC showed synergism in degradation, reducing the half-life time from 70 days (CPF) and 50 days (PFF) to 15 days in both cases, with degradation percentages at 28 days of 73.75% for CPF and 71.73% for PFF, with pH being the determining factor in degradation, favoring degradation at pH higher than 7. The study was scaled to real agricultural soils with concentrations of 0.801 and 0.592 mg/kg CPF and PFF, respectively. These concentrations represented an ecological risk with risk quotient values of RQ>1. After the application of EF and NBC, both OPPs were eliminated to non-detectable concentrations. It has been demonstrated that the application of EF and NBC is an effective alternative to be applied in agricultural soils contaminated with OPPs, which would reduce the negative impacts of these toxics on the environment and human beings.

Effect of aqueous ozone treatment on the reduction of chlorpyrifos and physicochemical and microbial qualities of cucumber (Cucumis sativusL.): Process modeling and optimization

AbstractA study was conducted at different combinations of ozone concentration (50%–100%) and time (10–30 min) to study the effect of aqueous ozone treatment on chlorpyrifos degradation in cucumber. A process was developed and compared using ANN‐GA and RSM techniques. The optimum conditions obtained using RSM were ozone concentration of 95% and treatment time of 10 min. While the optimum conditions achieved by ANN‐GA were ozone concentration of 81% and treatment time of 14 min. However, chlorpyrifos degradation is more at the condition optimized by ANN compared to the condition optimized by RSM. At the optimum condition, the cucumber showed superior physicochemical and microbial qualities, including pesticide degradation (91.08%), color change (3.58), firmness (11.75 N), moisture content (97.49%), water activity (0.93), pH (6.18), titratable acidity (0.06%), total soluble solids (2.1 °Brix), total plate count (1.5 × 105 CFU/g), and yeast/mold count (3 × 105 CFU/g), respectively.Practical applicationsIncreased awareness of the health benefits associated with the consumption of fruits and vegetables has led to a rise in their consumption. These items are primarily consumed in their raw or fresh state and often feature in salads. However, the presence of pesticide residues on the surface of raw fruits and vegetables can pose significant health risks to consumers. Ozone treatment can be used for effectively removing pesticide residue in the fresh‐cut fruits and vegetables industry. Also, ozone treatment can reduce the microbial count on the surface of fruits and vegetables which enhances the shelf life of fruits and vegetables. Furthermore, it can prevent the natural ripening process of commodities, thereby increasing the consumer's acceptance. Ozone is considered a safe and eco‐friendly alternative to chemical disinfectants and preservatives. It leaves no chemical residue on the produce and breaks down into oxygen, leaving no harmful byproducts, thereby ensuring safe consumption of the commodity.