Degradation Efficiency Of RhB Research Articles

Charge transfer dynamics in C3N4 encapsulated Cs3Bi2Br9 nanocrystals heterojunction for photocatalytic application

Perovskite materials have shown great application prospects in the field of photocatalysis due to their excellent photoelectric properties. However, the toxicity of lead and material instability limit its application. In this work, the heterojunction based on C3N4 thin layer encapsulated lead-free Cs3Bi2Br9 nanocrystals was constructed by electrostatic self-assembly method. This combination way does not disrupt the electronic, crystalline and structural properties of C3N4 and Cs3Bi2Br9. Fluorescence quenching in C3N4/Cs3Bi2Br9 composite is ascribed to the charge transfer process, which could be directly observed by spatially and temporally resolved fluorescence mapping image. The synergistic effect between C3N4 and Cs3Bi2Br9 can significantly improve the photocatalytic degradation efficiency of RhB, 98 % at 1 h. The stability of the composite was enhanced due to the special encapsulation effect. This work will provide a guideline for the construction of two-dimensional materials and perovskite heterojunction systems in the field of photocatalysis.

Synthesis of g-C3N4/HC composite and its visible light catalytic performance

Thermal polymerization prepared g-C3N4/HC composite with good visible light catalytic ability using corn stover and urea as raw materials. The structure of the g-C3N4/HC composite was characterized by XRD, and it was determined that the composite was composed of g-C3N4 and HC. The morphology of the g-C3N4/HC composite was characterized by SEM. g-C3N4 is dispersed in sheet form on HC tubes with a regular porous structure. The degradation efficiency of RhB by g-C3N4/HC reached 99.14% after 70 min irradiation by a 70 W metal halide lamp. The cyclic degradation experiments proved that g-C3N4/HC has good reusability. Compared with g-C3N4, the visible light absorption capacity of g-C3N4/HC is enhanced, and the electron-hole recombination rate is also reduced, which results in the higher photocatalytic capacity of g-C3N4/HC. The free radical trapping experiments confirmed that the hole free radical and the hydroxyl free radical are the primary active substances in the photodegradation reaction.

A Novel Synthetic 3D Interconnected Porous Carbon-Rich Graphitic Carbon Nitride for Boosting Visible Light Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production and Dye Contaminant Degradation

The use of photocatalysis to address environmental pollution and energy shortage is an attractive choice. Herein, we successfully synthesized a novel 3D interconnected porous carbon-rich g-C3N4 catalyst via facile thermal polymerization to enhance photocatalytic hydrogen production and photodegradation of dye contaminants. Enhanced hydrogen evolution (1956.23 μmol g−1 h−1) and photocatalytic RhB degradation (96.74%) efficiency were achieved with the as-obtained catalysts. Based on the photocatalytic experimental data and characterization analyses, an enhancement mechanism was proposed. The 3D interconnected porous structure endowed the g-C3N4 with numerous active sites and a large specific surface area, and the carbon modification facilitated the separation and transfer of the photoinduced charge carriers. Nanoshape engineering and the carbon-rich structure showed a synergetic effect in increasing photocatalytic performance. This study offers an applicable methodology for the exploitation of an economical catalyst to alleviate environmental pollution and energy shortages.

Designing advanced S-scheme CdS QDs/La-Bi2WO6 photocatalysts for efficient degradation of RhB.

Finding effective strategies to design efficient photocatalysts and decompose refractory organic compounds in wastewater is a challenging problem. Herein, by coupling element doping and constructing heterostructures, S-scheme CdS QDs/La-Bi2WO6 (CS/LBWO) photocatalysts are designed and synthesized by a simple hydrothermal method. As a result, the RhB degradation efficiency of the optimized 5% CS/LBWO reached 99% within 70min of illumination with excellent stability and recyclability. CS/LBWO shows improvement in the adsorption range of visible light and promotes electron-hole pair generation/migration/separation, attributing the superior degradation performance. The degradation RhB mechanism is proposed by a free radical capture experiment, electron paramagnetic resonance, and high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry results, indicating that h+ and •O2 - play a significant role during four degradation processes: de-ethylation, chromophore cleavage, ring opening, and mineralization. Based on in situ irradiated X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Mulliken electronegativity theory, and the work function results, the S-scheme heterojunction of CS/LBWO promotes the transfer of photogenerated electron-hole pairs and promotes the generation of reactive radicals. This work not only reports that 5% CS/LBWO is a promising photocatalyst for degradation experiments but also provides an approach to design advanced photocatalysts by coupling element doping and constructing heterostructures.

Sn(IV)porphyrin-Anchored TiO2 Nanoparticles via Axial-Ligand Coordination for Enhancement of Visible Light-Activated Photocatalytic Degradation

A visible-light-active photocatalyst, SnP/AA@TiO2, was fabricated by utilizing the coordination chemistry between the axial hydroxo-ligand in the (trans-dihydroxo)(5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrinato)Sn(IV) complex (SnP) and adipic acid (AA) on the surface of TiO2 nanoparticles. The SnP center was strongly bonded to the surface of the TiO2 nanoparticles via the adipic acid linkage in SnP/AA@TiO2, as confirmed by various instrumental techniques. SnP/AA@TiO2 exhibited remarkably enhanced photocatalytic activity toward the degradation of rhodamine B dye (RhB) in aqueous solution under visible-light irradiation. The RhB degradation efficiency of SnP/AA@TiO2 was 95% within 80 min, with a rate constant of 0.0366 min−1. The high degradation efficiency, low catalyst loading and high reusability make SnP-anchored photocatalysts more efficient than other photocatalysts, such as TiO2 and SnP@TiO2.

Preparation, catalytic efficiency and mechanism of Fe3O4/HNTs heterogeneous Fenton-like catalyst

In situ anchor of Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) onto the external surface of natural halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) was achieved by a simple one-pot solvothermal method. The Fe3O4/HNTs composites were characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, FT-IR, VSM, and N2 adsorption-desorption. Characterization results showed that the magnetic Fe3O4 NPs formed tightly on the external surface of HNTs with good dispersion. Fe3O4/HNTs composites exhibited typical ferromagnetic property determined by VSM tests and could be recovered by an external magnet. Degradation experiments were conducted using the active dye RhB as the target probe to evaluate the Fenton-like catalytic efficiency of Fe3O4/HNTs composites obtained under different preparation conditions. The experimental results indicated that the degradation efficiency of RhB could reach more than 98 % within 10 min reaction time, when the initial pH was 3.5, initial RhB concentration was 100 mg L−1, H2O2 concentration was 1.96 mmol L−1, and catalyst dosage was 0.5 g L−1, realizing the rapid degradation of high concentration dye. Comparative investigations revealed that the Fenton-like catalytic efficiency of Fe3O4/HNTs for degrading high concentration RhB was much higher than that of Fe3O4 NPs. The heterogeneous Fenton-like catalytic mechanism of Fe3O4/HNTs was elucidated. Hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and superoxides radicals (•O2-) dominated the RhB degradation in the Fe3O4/HNTs-H2O2 system.

Z‐Scheme TiO2/g‐C3N4 Activation of Peroxymonosulfate to Remove Organic Pollutants: Properties and Mechanism

AbstractTiO2/g‐C3N4 hybrids (TCNs) were constructed by an ammonium salt‐assisted hydrothermal‐high temperature calcination method and used to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) to degrade multiple simulated pollutants. The Z‐scheme heterojunction between TiO2 and g‐C3N4 can effectively promote the separation of electron‐hole pairs and improve the photocatalytic activation effect of TCN. The degradation efficiency of RhB in the TCN1/PMS system was 92.3 %, which was only 59.8 % and 63.2 % in g‐C3N4 /PMS the g‐C3 N4/PMS system and TiO2/PMS system, respectively, after 60 min of reaction under sunlight. The TCN1‐4 sample prepared by adding (NH4)2SO4 into the precursor of TCN1 has a higher specific surface area (116.44 m2/g), which provides a better photocatalytic activation effect on PMS: the degradation efficiency of RhB in the TCN1‐4/PMS system can reach 93.9 % after 30 min, which was similar to that of the TCN1/PMS system after 60 min (92.3 %), and the reaction efficiency was doubled. Radical quenching experiments showed that free radicals (⋅OH, SO4⋅−, ⋅O2−), nonradicals (1O2) and h+ existed in the TCN1‐4/PMS reaction system.

Energy storage performance and photocatalytic activity of Diamond-like ZnCo2O4 nanostructure

Diamond-Shaped ZnCo2O4 nanostructures were synthesized using a facile sodium hydroxide-mediated hydrothermal method. The size and crystallinity of the ZnCo2O4 nanodiamond structure were tuned by simply varying the reaction time and temperatures. The specific capacitance value of 560 Fg−1 has been obtained at the scanning rate of 10 mVs−1. The internal resistance of the material is 1.6 Ω. The GCD curve also reveals the ZCO-D electrode has good charge/discharge time and superior specific capacitance. The optical behavior of the synthesized sample was studied using UV-DRS technique and the band gap was found to be ∼ 3.5 eV. The photocatalytic degradation of diamond-like ZnCo2O4 nanostructure vaule for 88 % and 70 % degradation efficiency of MV and RhB, respectively.

High performance visible light response 0D/2D MoS2QDs/BiOCl photocatalyst with synergetic effects of up-conversion and direct Z-scheme heterojunction

Constructing Z-scheme heterojunction has been regarded as a fascinating method to enhance the charge carrier separation rate and retain the high photoredox ability. In this paper, a novel 0D/2D MoS2QDs/BiOCl Z-scheme heterojunction with outstanding visible-light photocatalytic performance has been successfully prepared by a facile one-step strategy. The MoS2QDs with a diameter of 5 nm were uniformly distributed on the surface of BiOCl nanosheets. The optimized MoS2QDs/BiOCl heterojunction showed the most robust CIP and RhB degradation efficiency, which was approximately 32.2 and 44.7 times higher than that of pure BiOCl under visible light irradiation, respectively. This result can be attributed to the synergetic effects of up-conversion and direct Z-scheme heterojunction of the MoS2QDs. The optical property, morphology and surface feature of the catalyst were analyzed through the UV–vis DRS, PL, XRD, Raman, FT-IR, XPS, SEM and TEM. The study of ESR characterization and free radical capture experiments confirmed the Z-scheme heterojunction electron transfer route. Finally, a rational photocatalytic mechanism for pollutants degradation over the MoS2QDs/BiOCl heterojunctions were proposed. This study may provide a reliable strategy for the construction of Z-scheme bismuth-based heterojunction and its potential application in photocatalytic organic pollutants degradation.

TiO2 nanotube/ZnIn2S4 nanoflower composite with step-scheme heterojunction for efficient photocatalytic H2O2 production and organic dye degradation

The intellectual design of photocatalysts to advance important photocatalytic goals such as pollutant degradation and hydrogen peroxide production is challenging. In the present work, a novel TiO2 NT/ZIS heterojunction photocatalyst was synthesized by a hydrothermal method and applied for photocatalytic RhB degradation and H2O2 generation. Prepared materials were characterized by different techniques concerning structural, optical, morphological, and electrochemical properties. At the same time, the electronic-structural features and photocatalytic mechanism were profoundly investigated by combining Tauc plots, Mott-Schottky curves, XPS analysis, and scavenging test results. The TiO2 NT/ZIS heterojunction displayed the best activity in H2O2 generation of 9.78 mmol/L after 30 min, which was about 5.1, 2.1, and 1.8 times higher than those of pure P25, TiO2 NT, and ZIS samples, respectively. In addition, the RhB degradation efficiency reached 90.2% on TiO2 NT/ZIS nanocomposite after 120 min, while 18.2%, 37.4%, and 38.6% on pure P25, TiO2 NT, and ZIS, respectively. An S-scheme mechanism was suggested to model and interpret the improved photocatalytic performance of the TiO2 NT/ZIS heterojunction composite. This work provides guidance for the design, development, and application of heterostructure photocatalysts in H2O2 production.

The Photocatalytic Performance of P, Cl Doped Carboxylated Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Modified Graphitic Carbon Nitride.

Graphitized carbonitride (g-C3N4) is widely used in CO2 reduction, hydrogen production, and degradation of toxic chemical dyes and antibiotics. It is a kind of photocatalytic material with excellent performance, and it has the advantages of being safe and nontoxic, having a suitable band gap (2.7 eV), and having a simple preparation and high stability, but because of its fast optical recombination speed and low visible light overutilization, the multifunctional application of g-C3N4 is seriously hindered. Compared with pure g-C3N4, MWCNTs/g-C3N4 have a red-shift in the visible range and a strong absorption in the visible region. Melamine and carboxylated multiwalled carbon nanotubes were used as raw materials to successfully prepare CMWCNT modified g-C3N4 doped with P, Cl by a high temperature calcination method. The effect of the addition amount of P, Cl on the photocatalytic performance of modified g-C3N4 was studied. The experimental results show that the multiwalled carbon nanotubes can accelerate the electron migration, and the doping of P, Cl elements can change the energy band structure of g-C3N4 and reduce the band gap. Through fluorescence analysis and photocurrent analysis, it is known that the incorporation of P, Cl reduces the recombination efficiency of photogenerated electron-hole pairs. In order to explore the application in the degradation of chemical dyes, the photocatalytic degradation efficiency of RhB under visible light was studied. The photocatalytic performance of the samples was evaluated by photodecomposition of aquatic hydrogen. The results showed that when the amount of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate was 10 wt %, the photocatalytic degradation efficiency was the highest, which was 21.13 times higher than that of g-C3N4.

Enhanced triboelectric degradation of organics by tuning the synergy between ferroelectric polarization and illumination

It is urgently necessary to develop efficient and environmentally friendly catalysts to solve pollution problems faced by humankind. In this work, ferroelectric Ba2-xSr3+xLaNb7Ti3O30 (x = 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6) (BSLNT) tungsten bronze ceramics were prepared using a high-temperature solid-phase method and applied as tribocatalysts for degradation of organics. The built-in electric field in ferroelectric BSLNT was enhanced by modulating the ferroelectric polarization and by electrical poling. The degradation results show that better ferroelectric properties of the tribocatalysts led to better the catalytic capability with 92% RhB degradation after 2 h. The further enhanced polarization of the catalyst by electrical poling can improve the degradation efficiency of RhB to 96.8% in 2 h. Under the synergistic effect of illumination and friction, the degradation efficiency of RhB after 30 min reached 95.2%. Therefore, a highly efficient ferroelectric tribocatalyst with an enhanced built-in electric field for degradation of dye wastewater was demonstrated, expanding the application of ferroelectric materials in the catalysis field.

Heterostructure charge transfer dynamics on self-assembled ZnO on electronically different single-walled carbon nanotubes

The charge transfer kinetics of the catalyst particles play a key role in advanced oxidation processes (AOP) for the complete destruction of recalcitrant and persistent contaminants in water. Here, a significant improvement in the photocatalytic performance is observed in the Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube (SWCNT)-ZnO heterostructure photocatalyst. The charge transfer dynamics and factors affecting AOP are studied using ZnO nanoparticles self-assembled onto three electronically different SWCNTs (metallic, semiconducting, and pristine) via the precipitation method, introducing a heterojunction interface. The creation of the SWCNT/ZnO heterostructure interface improves charge transfer and separation, resulting in a charge carrier lifetime of 7.37 ns. Also, surface area, pore size, and pore volumes are increased by 4.2 times compared to those of ZnO. The nanoparticles-coated face-mask fabric used as the floating photocatalyst exhibited high stability and recyclability with 99% RhB degradation efficiency under natural sunlight and 94% under UV light after the 5th cycle. The surface and crystal defects-oxygen or zinc defects/interstitials open new reaction active sites that assist in charge carrier transfer and act as pollutant absorption and interaction sites for enhanced performance. The ideal band edge positions of the valence band and conduction band favor the generation of H2O/OH•, OH·/OH, and O2/HO2• reactive oxygen species. OH• radicals are found to play a vital role in this AOP by using ethanol as an OH• scavenger.

Construction of novel type II heterojunction WO3/Bi2WO6 and Z-scheme heterojunction CdS/Bi2WO6 photocatalysts with significantly enhanced photocatalytic activity for the degradation of rhodamine B and reduction of Cr(VI)

As a novel photocatalyst with visible light responsiveness, Bi2WO6 has excellent activity in treating wastewater containing organic pollutants and noble metals. However, its photocatalytic action is limited due to the rapid recombination of photogenerated electrons and holes. Based on the study of Bi2WO6, a type Ⅱ heterojunction photocatalyst (WO3/Bi2WO6) and a Z-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst (CdS/Bi2WO6) were constructed. Composites exhibited higher catalytic activity than pure Bi2WO6. The degradation efficiency of RhB(50 mg/L) and reduction efficiency of Cr(VI) (50 mg/L) by 5%WO3/Bi2WO6 catalyst within 60 min of photocatalytic reaction was 98.82% and 53.82%, respectively. The degradation efficiency of RhB and reduction efficiency of Cr(VI) by 15%CdS/Bi2WO6 catalyst was 99.52% and 69.52%, respectively. By studying the structural composition, microscopic morphology, photoelectrochemical performance, and light absorption performance of the catalysts of the two different systems. These mechanisms may help to explain the reasons for the enhanced activity of the composite photocatalysts. In addition, mixed wastewater containing organic pollutants (RhB) and heavy metal ions (Cr(VI)) was used to simulate real and complex wastewater, which provided more ideas for wastewater treatment problems.

Utilization of stable and efficient perovskite La(Cr0.2Mn0.2Fe0.2Co0.2Ni0.2)O3-δ catalyst with high-entropy to boost peroxymonosulfate activation towards organics degradation

BackgroundA new heterogeneous metal catalyst with greater catalytic activity and stability for peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation is desirable to be explored. Recently, ABO3-type perovskites have attracted much attention in PMS activation, but there is still much space for improvement as its easy tailoring of composition and structure. Lately, a high-entropy perovskite showed an excellent redox and stability, being a promising material in the field of electrochemistry. Method & resultHerein, a high-entropy perovskite La(Cr0.2Mn0.2Fe0.2Co0.2Ni0.2)O3-δ, termed LCMFCN, was synthesized and first applied to activate PMS for organics degradation. In the presence of 0.05 g·L−1 LCMFCN and 1 mmol·L−1 PMS, 99.1 ± 0.6% of Rhodamine B (RhB, 10 mg·L−1) was degraded within 60 min, which outperformed most perovskites with a single cation at the B-site (e.g., LaNiO3). The LCMFCN also exhibited excellent stability, with RhB degradation efficiency of ∼96% after five consecutive cycles. 1O2 was suggested to play a vital role in RhB degradation in the PMS/LCMFCN system and two pathways of 1O2 generation were proposed: (i) 1O2 could evolve from the lattice oxygen, and (ii) 1O2 converted from O2•−. IndicateThe results of this study suggest that the high-entropy perovskite can efficiently activate PMS for organics degradation, expanding the design range of perovskites application in water treatment.

Facile Synthesis of Nano-Flower β-Bi2O3/TiO2 Heterojunction as Photocatalyst for Degradation RhB.

Photocatalysis is a hopeful technology to solve various environmental problems, but it is still a technical task to produce large-scale photocatalysts in a simple and sustainable way. Here, nano-flower β-Bi2O3/TiO2 composites were prepared via a facile solvothermal method, and the photocatalytic performances of β-Bi2O3/TiO2 composites with different Bi/Ti molar ratios were studied. The nano-flower Bi2O3/TiO2 composites were studied by SEM, XRD, XPS, BET, and PL. The PL result proved that the construction of staggered heterojunction enhanced the separation efficiency of carriers. The degradation RhB was applied to study the photocatalytic performances of prepared materials. The results showed that the degradation efficiency of RhB increased from 61.2% to 99.6% when the molar ratio of Bi/Ti was 2.1%. It is a mesoporous approach to enhance photocatalytic properties by forming heterojunction in Bi2O3/TiO2 composites, which increases the separation efficiency of the generated carriers and improves photocatalytic properties. The photoactivity of the Bi2O3/TiO2 has no evident changes after the fifth recovery, indicating that the Bi2O3/TiO2 composite has distinguished stability.

Graphitic carbon nitride anchored Fe single atom towards the highly efficient degradation of dyes under visible light

• A facile and efficient approach is developed to prepare Fe single atom catalyst. • ECN@FePc-600 features a superior degradation performance for organic dyes. • It is ascribed to the synergistic effect between ECN and highly accessible FeN x sites. • It manifests an excellent recyclability and without obvious deterioration. Photo-Fenton reaction proved to be a practical method to degrade industrial dye wastewater. But it suffers from the problem of low atom utilization and secondary pollution derived from the leaching of metal active sites during reaction. Herein, a strong organometallic complex-support interaction combined with mild heat-treatment strategy is proposed to synthesize Fe single atom in situ growth on exfoliated graphitic carbon nitride (ECN). The resulting ECN@FePc-600-2 catalyst presents highly accessible single-atom Fe site and superior catalytic performance with almost complete RhB degradation within 30 min. The degradation efficiency of RhB remains 99% even after 8 cycles, which is attributed to the large surface area, highly exposed Fe site as well as the synergistic effect between FeN x and ECN support.

Synthesis and visible light catalytic activity of Ag3PO4/Bi2SiO5 nanocomposites

Ag3PO4/Bi2SiO5 nanocomposite photocatalyst was synthesized by ultrasonic assisted precipitation method. The composition and morphology of Ag3PO4/Bi2SiO5 were characterized by XRD, SEM, EDS, HRTEM and XPS. Ag3PO4/Bi2SiO5 has good degradation capacity for non-azo dyes MB and RhB, but low degradation capacity for azo dyes MO. After irradiation with 70 ​W metal halide lamp for 60 ​min, the degradation efficiency of RhB, MB, MO by Ag3PO4/Bi2SiO5 was 92.86%, 95.56% and 33.90%, respectively. According to COD analysis, the mineralization efficiency of RhB reached 73.92% after irradiation with 70 ​W metal halide lamp for 120 ​min. The nanocomposite photocatalyst has good reusability and stability. The photocatalytic reaction mechanism was speculated. The good photocatalytic activity of Ag3PO4/Bi2SiO5 can be attributed to its large specific surface area, enhanced visible light absorption capacity, high separation rate of photogenerated electron-hole pairs and heterojunction structure. Free radical capture experiments showed that ·O2− and h+ were the mainly active species in the photocatalytic reaction process.

Recyclable CuO@CSs as highly efficient peroxymonosulfate activator for Rhodamine B degradation

A high stable and efficient catalyst of CuO@CSs (carbon silicion sphere@CuO) was prepared through in-situ growth methods. CuO@CSs as a heterojunction was conducive to activate PMS efficiently. 15 ppm of RhB was completely removed after 2 min with 0.5 mM peroxymonosulfate (PMS) under UV–visible light irradiation. The reusability of catalyst was evaluated through recycling tests, and the RhB degradation efficiency ranged from 99.96% to 99.37% after five cycles. 1O2 and O2•−were detected by trapping experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) in the photocatalytic degradation, which have worked together in the removal of RhB. Furthermore, the CuO@CSs/PMS was applied to treat natural water containing RhB, which was completely decomposed within 8 min. The possible photocatalytic degradation mechanism for the RhB was investigated. The degradation pathway of RhB was deduced through LC-MS results, it was concluded that CuO@CSs was a recyclable catalyst to activate PMS and remove organic pollution.

Fabrication, characterization and application of single-phase hollow BiFeO3 nanofibers as an efficient visible-light photocatalyst for degradation of Rhodamine B in wastewater

In this paper, we conducted a study on the structural modulation and photocatalytic performance of single-phase hollow BiFeO3 nanofibers (SPH–BFO NFs) photocatalysts, investigated the effect of heat treatment temperature on the structure of BFO NFs and the formation mechanism of a hollow structure. The SPH-BFO NFs consist of BiFeO3 nanocrystals without other heterogeneous phases, with diameters of 400–600 ​nm and extraordinary flexibility, allowing easy separation of the catalyst from the solution. As a result, the SPH-BFO NFs possess outstanding photocatalytic performance and higher photocatalytic efficiency compared with other forms of BiFeO3. In addition, the effects of different environments and water quality on RhB degradation were investigated. It was found that the vacancies (h+) and superoxide radicals (·O2−) as active substances were less environment-dependent, making the SPH-BFO NFs more resistant to environmental interference. The RhB degradation efficiency of BFO NFs was about 99% in 10 ​mg/L of RhB dye solution at pH ​= ​6. This work provides valuable insights into the application of SPH-BFO NFs in photocatalysis and the design of nanofiber photocatalysts.