Degradation Characteristics Research Articles

Bioprinting PDLSC-Laden Collagen Scaffolds for Periodontal Ligament Regeneration.

Periodontitis and severe trauma are major causes of damage to the periodontal ligament (PDL). Repairing the native conditions of the PDL is essential for the stability of the tissue and its interfaces. Bioprinting periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) is an interesting approach to guide the regeneration of PDL and interfacial integration. Herein, a collagen-based bioink mimicking the native extracellular matrix conditions and carrying PDLSCs was tested to guide the periodontal ligament organization. The bioink was tested at two different concentrations (10 and 15 mg/mL) and characterized by swelling and degradation, microstructural organization, and rheological properties. The biological properties were assessed after loading PDLSCs into bioinks for bioprinting. The characterization was performed through cell viability, alizarin red assay, and expression for ALP, COL1A1, RUNX2, and OCN. The in vivo biocompatibility of the PDLSC-laden bioinks was verified using subcutaneous implantation in mice. Later, the ability of the bioprinted PDLSC-laden bioinks on dental root fragments to form PDL was also investigated in vivo in mice for 4 and 10 weeks. The bioinks demonstrated typical shear-thinning behavior, a porous microstructure, and stable swelling and degradation characteristics. Both concentrations were printable and provided suitable conditions for a high cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation. PDLSC-laden bioinks demonstrated biocompatibility in vivo, and the bioprinted scaffolds on the root surface evidenced PDLSC alignment, organization, and PDLSC migration to the root surface. The versatility of collagen-based bioinks provides native ECM conditions for PDLSC proliferation, alignment, organization, and differentiation, with translational applications in bioprinting scaffolds for PDL regeneration.

Advanced Wastewater Treatment: Synergistic Integration of Reverse Electrodialysis with Electrochemical Degradation Driven by Low-Grade Heat

The reverse electrodialysis heat engine (REDHE) represents a transformative innovation that converts low-grade thermal energy into salinity gradient energy (SGE). This crucial form of energy powers reverse electrodialysis (RED) reactors, significantly changing wastewater treatment paradigms. This comprehensive review explores the forefront of this emerging field, offering a critical synthesis of key discoveries and theoretical foundations. This review begins with a summary of various oxidation degradation methods, including cathodic and anodic degradation processes, that can be integrated with RED technology. The degradation principles and characteristics of different RED wastewater treatment systems are also discussed. Then, this review examines the impact of several key operational parameters, degradation circulation modes, and multi-stage series systems on wastewater degradation performance and energy conversion efficiency in RED reactors. The analysis highlights the economic feasibility of using SGE derived from low-grade heat to power RED technology for wastewater treatment, offering the dual benefits of waste heat recovery and effective wastewater processing.

Prediction of the Remaining Useful Life of Bearings Through CNN-Bi-LSTM-Based Domain Adaptation Model

Predicting the remaining useful life (RUL) of mechanical bearings is crucial in the industry. Estimating the RUL enables the assessment of health bearing, maintenance planning, and significant cost reduction, thereby fostering industrial development. Existing models rely on traditional feature engineering with feature changes because operating conditions pose a major challenge to the generalization of RUL prediction models. This study focuses on neural network-based feature engineering and the downstream prediction of the RUL, eliminating the need for specific prior knowledge and simplifying the development and maintenance of models. Initially, a convolutional neural network (CNN) model is employed for feature engineering. Subsequently, a bidirectional long short-term memory network (Bi-LSTM) model is used to capture the time-series degradation characteristics of the engineered features and predict the RUL through regression. Finally, the study examines the influence of operating conditions in the model and integrates domain adaptation to minimize differences in feature distribution, thereby enhancing the model’s generalizability for the RUL prediction.

Hyaluronic acid/chitin thermosensitive hydrogel loaded with TGF-β1 promotes meniscus repair in rabbit meniscus full-thickness tear model

Repair of the damaged meniscus is a scientific challenge owing to the poor self-healing potential of the white area of the meniscus. Tissue engineering provides a new method for the repair of meniscus injuries. In this study, we explored the superiority of 2% hyaluronic acid chitin hydrogel in temperature sensitivity, in vitro degradation, biocompatibility, cell adhesion, and other biological characteristics, and investigated the advantages of hyaluronic acid (HA) and Transforming Growth Factor β1 (TGF-β1) in promoting cell proliferation and a matrix formation phenotype. The hydrogel loaded with HA and TGF-β1 promoted cell proliferation. The HA + TGF-β1 mixed group showed the highest glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content and promoted cell migration. Hydroxypropyl chitin (HPCH), HA, and TGF-β1 were combined to form a composite hydrogel with a concentration of 2% after physical cross-linking, and this was injected into a rabbit model of a meniscus full-thickness tear. After 12 weeks of implantation, the TGF-β1 + HA/HPCH composite hydrogel was significantly better than HPCH, HA/HPCH, TGF-β1 + HPCH, and the control group in promoting meniscus repair. In addition, the new meniscus tissue of the TGF-β1 + HA/HPCH composite hydrogel had a tissue structure and biochemical content similar to that of the normal meniscus tissue.

Degradable Multilayer Fabric Sensor with Wide Detection Range and High Linearity.

Integration of multiple superior features into a single flexible pressure sensor would result in devices with greater versatility and utility. To apply the device to a variety of scenarios and solve the problem of accumulation of e-waste in the environment, it is highly desirable to combine degradability and wide-range linearity characteristics in a single device. Herein, we reported a degradable multilayer fabric (DMF) consisting of an ellipsoidal carbon nanotube (ECNT) and polyvinylpyrrolidone/cellulose acetate electrospun fibers (PEF). The alternative layer-by-layer stacking of the ECNT and PEF notably accelerates the sensitivity toward pressure. The optimized device demonstrated a sensitivity of 3.38 kPa-1 over a wide measurement range from 0.1 to 500 kPa, as well as great mechanical stability over 2000 cycles. A good degradation performance was confirmed by both Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) characterization and decomposition experiments in sodium hydroxide solution. The fabricated sensor is capable of precepting a variety of physiological scenarios including subtle arterial pulse, dancing training, walking postures, and accidental falls. This work throws light onto the fundamental understanding of the mechanical interfacial coupling in piezoresistive materials and provides possibilities for the design and development of on-demand wearable electronics.

Multi-level attention graph feature fusion smooth prognostics approach for aircraft engines remaining useful life prediction

In the development of a prognostic and health management system, it is a challenge to mine the degradation characteristics, estimate the RUL reliably and smoothly, and explain the RUL prediction results from the multi-sensor condition monitoring data collected under the non-fixed-length equipment operation cycle and multi-operating conditions. In this paper, a Multi-level Attention Graph feature Fusion Smooth Prognostics Approach (MAGF-SPA) is proposed to achieve accurate, smooth, and interpretable RUL prediction results. In this method, firstly, multivariate time series (MTS) are transformed into graph signals from a purely data-driven perspective. Secondly, the four-level feature extraction strategy, which includes node-level, subgraph-level, cyclical-level, and temporal-level feature extraction, is designed to extract the inherent hidden degradation characteristics of MTS. Finally, a smoothing trick proposed in this paper can optimise the RUL prediction value corresponding to the degradation characteristics in real time. Experimental results show that the proposed method achieves state-of-the-art on the N-CMAPSS dataset.

Effect of cell structures on electrical degradation of GaAs laser power convertors after 1 MeV electron irradiation and structure-optimization for improving radiation resistance

Laser wireless power transfer (LWPT) technology holds significant promise for wireless power transmission in space, necessitating that high-efficiency GaAs laser power convertors (LPCs) have strong tolerance to high-energy particle radiation. Therefore, the degradation characteristics of GaAs LPCs with different architectures under 1 MeV electron irradiation were investigated. Experimental and simulation results demonstrate that LPCs with thicker bottom cells suffer from significantly more electrical degradation. The degradation is primarily due to a reduction in electron concentrations in the base of the bottom cells, which is considerably less pronounced as the thickness of the bottom cells decreases. Based on these analyses, thinning the thickness and optimizing the doping profile for the bottom cells are proposed to improve the radiation resistance of the LPCs. Simulations show that the electrical degradation of the optimized four-junction LPCs is notably less than that of the original four-junction LPCs under the same irradiation conditions, indicating that the proposed strategies effectively enhance the radiation resistance of the LPCs.

Genome-Centric Metagenomics Insights into the Plastisphere-Driven Natural Degradation Characteristics and Mechanism of Biodegradable Plastics in Aquatic Environments.

Biodegradable plastics (BPs) are pervasively available as alternatives to traditional plastics, but their natural degradation characteristics and microbial-driven degradation mechanisms are poorly understood, especially in aquatic environments, the primary sink of plastic debris. Herein, the three-month dynamic degradation process of BPs (the copolymer of poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) and polylactic acid (PLA) (PBAT/PLA) and single PLA) in a natural aquatic environment was investigated, with nonbiodegradable plastics polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene, and polystyrene as controls. PBAT/PLA showed the weight loss of 47.4% at 50 days and severe fragmentation within two months, but no significant decay for other plastics. The significant increase in the specific surface area and roughness and the weakening of hydrophobicity within the first month promoted microbial attachment to the PBAT/PLA surface. Then, a complete microbial succession occurred, including biofilm formation, maturation, and dispersion. Metagenomic analysis indicated that plastispheres selectively enriched degraders. Based on the functional genes involved in BPs degradation, a total of 16 high-quality metagenome-assembled genomes of degraders (mainly Burkholderiaceae) were recovered from the PBAT/PLA plastisphere. These microbes showed the greatest degrading potential at the biofilm maturation stage and executed the functions by PLA_depolymerase, polyesterase, hydrolase, and esterase. These findings will enhance understanding of BPs' environmental behavior and microbial roles on plastic degradation.

Seismic performance of Li-Tie type brick masonry infilled wooden frames considering joint damage: Degradation mechanism and hysteretic model

This paper investigated the influence of the damage to column-foot (C-F) joints and the gaps of mortise-tenon (M-T) joints on the seismic behavior of Li-Tie style timber frames with masonry-infilled wall. Five full-scale Li-Tie type brick masonry-infilled timber frames, two without the joint damage, two with the damage to C-F, and one with the gaps of M-T joints, were cyclically tested. The failure modes, mechanical and deformation mechanisms were revealed. The second-order effect, strength degradation law, and the changing laws of the equivalent viscous damping coefficient and strain of the specimens were analyzed. The results showed that when the maximum inter-layer drift ratio was less than 2.4 %, the second-order effect of Li-Tie type timber structure with the masonry infill can be ignored. The masonry infilled timber frames considering the joint deterioration suffered a large strength degradation degree, and a more significant loss of the peak load and ductility. The equivalent viscous damping coefficient of the masonry infilled timber frame considering C-F damage increased by up to 24.67 %, while that of the one including the gaps of M-T joint decreased by 6.67 %. The C-F damage led to an increase in the strain at the beam end, the damage to M-T joint resulted in an decrease in the strain at the beam end. However, the damage to C-F and the gaps in M-T joint had little influence on the strain distribution in the C-F area. Based on the hysteretic, stiffness and strength degradation characteristics, and tests results of the specimens, the new tri-linear hysteretic models of Li-Tie type brick masonry infilled wooden frames with and without the joint damage were established and verified. Good agreement between the model predictions and test results was observed.

Development of Fe-Mg alloys with intermediate degradation kinetics as potential biodegradable bone implants

This paper reports the production and characterizations of some Fe-xMg (x=3, 5, 7 wt.%) alloys. These Fe-Mg alloys were prepared using the mechanical alloying method followed by low-temperature sintering. The influence of the addition of various Mg contents on the microstructures, hardness, and degradation characteristics of these alloys were examined. The microstructure analyses demonstrated the homogeneous distribution of Fe and Mg in the alloys with a single-phase BCC structure. The inclusion of Mg was found to affect the alloys’ porosity, particle morphology, grain size, formation of corrosion products, and degradation behaviors. The corrosion products obtained from the alloys using the electrochemical and weight loss measurements indicated that their degradation rates (in the range of 3.13–4.7 mm/year) are in-between those of pure Fe and Mg. It was asserted that the Fe-Mg can be an appealing alternative for temporary medical implants. Furthermore, this study may establish an essential foundation for the degradation control of Fe-based implants by including more active elements.

Degradation mechanism for epoxy resins under combined electric, thermal and compressive stresses

Epoxy resins are widely used in equipment such as ultra-high voltage dry-type bushings, which are subjected to severe electric, thermal, and compressive stresses. Some physical mechanisms have already been proposed to explain the degradations generated by these different stresses, however their effects have not yet been quantified.. The degradation characteristics of epoxy resin under combined stresses of 8 kV/mm, 40 °C-120 °C, and 0–60 MPa were investigated in experiments. The results showed that the degradation characteristics turned significantly with the increase of compressive stress. With the increase in compressive stress, initially the partial discharge initiation voltage, tree initiation voltage and time to breakdown increased, and fractal dimension decreased. While the compressive stress exceeded the turning point, the characteristics were reversed. It can be suggested that opposing mechanisms exist. The free volume and phase field theories dominate at lower and higher stresses, respectively. A novel degradation model of the epoxy resin was proposed based on the theories above. When the compressive stress was low, the reduction of free volume played a dominant role in slowing down the degradation. When the compressive stress was high, the partial energy density concentration accelerated the degradation and played a dominant role. The molecular dynamics and finite element simulation of degradation process stress was carried out and proved consistent with experiments. It confirmed the proposed degradation model reliable and valid.

Synthesis of a novel bismuth molybdite/iron oxide thin film for oxytetracycline degradation in a photoelectrocatalytic system

In this study, heterostructures based on Bismuth molybdite/iron oxide (Bi2MoO6/Fe2O3) thin films were fabricated by a dip-coating technique using precursor solutions. The heterostructures were deposited on fluorine-doped tin oxide glass substrates. From a detailed characterization using X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, the formation of the orthorhombic phase for Bi2MoO6 and the co-existence of hematite and maghemite in Fe2O3 was demonstrated. Meanwhile, the field emission scanning electron microscopy cross-section images confirm the formation of well-defined Bi2MoO6 film under the Fe2O3 deposition. The optical band gap energies for the heterostructure obtained were estimated from the diffuse reflectance spectra and ranged from 2.3 to 3.5 eV. Photoluminescence analysis revealed an improved separation and faster transfer of photogenerated electrons and holes for the Bi2MoO6/Fe2O3 (Het) film. The best oxytetracycline (OTC) removal percentage through photoelectrocatalytic treatment was 96.85% using the Het. Besides, were carried out the variation of parameters which affect the OTC photoelectrocatalytic degradation as pH, potential applied, and scavenger assay. The 1O2 was the oxidant predominate, which attack the OTC ring to initiate and accelerate the degradation process. Based on the analysis of degradation intermediates and characteristics of Bi2MoO6/Fe2O3, possible degradation pathways and mechanisms of OTC were displayed. An enhancement of oxytetracycline degradation efficiency of Het fabricated compared to pristine oxides was achieved mainly due to avoid the charge recombination of photogenerated electron-hole pairs provided by Direct Z-scheme heterostructure. Finally, the Het fabricated represents a promising material for efficient and sustainable pharmaceutical removal applications.

Genomic characterization and proteomic analysis of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens in response to lignin

This study examined the lignin degradation characteristics of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens MN-13. Specifically, whole-genome sequencing and comparative proteomic analysis were performed to investigate the responses of the MN-13 strain to lignin. A maximum lignin removal of 38.0 % was achieved after 36 h of inoculation in mineral salt medium with 0.2 g/L alkaline lignin, under the following conditions: the carbon to nitrogen ratio C/N = 1/1; inoculum size 6 %; addition of glucose as an exogenous carbon source. When the MN-13 strain was inoculated into mineral salt medium with and without lignin, respectively, 831 differentially expressed proteins were identified, 404 of which were up-regulated and 427 were down-regulated. Enrichment analysis revealed that up-regulated proteins were associated with microbial metabolism in diverse environment, biosynthesis of amino acids, and pathways related to energy production, including carbon metabolism, pyruvate metabolism, the TCA cycle etc. Genomic analysis revealed that the MN-13 strain possesses many ligninolytic enzymes and aromatics degradation pathway, including benzoate degradation and aminobenzoate degradation etc. Taken together, the proteomic and genomic analyses indicated that the meta-cleavage pathway of catechol, including benzoate degradation, etc., is the main lignin degradation pathway. These findings provide new insight into lignin degradation mediated by B. amyloliquefaciens.

Effect of torsional shear stress on the deformation characteristics of clay under traffic load

The soft clay under the road ground will suffer cyclic torsional shear stress encountered traffic load in addition to axial stress, which will cause further deformation of clay. To investigate the effect of torsional shear stress on the cumulative axial strain of clay, a series of undrained tests under cardioid stress path were performed on K0 consolidated undisturbed samples by using a hollow cylinder apparatus (HCA). The effect of vertical cyclic stress ratio (VCSR) and shear stress ratio (η) on the deformation and degradation characteristics of clay was investigated. The results indicate that there is inconsistency between the strain path and stress path. The increase in η further accelerates the accumulation of axial strain, which resulted from the degradation of clay induced by torsional shear stress. Considering the VCSR and η, a calculation method of degradation index was developed. Furthermore, a cumulative axial strain prediction model of clay under the cardioid stress path was established considering the degradation. This model addresses the limitation of traditional prediction models by considering the impact of torsional shear stress on cumulative axial strain.

Evaluation and Upscaling of Impregnated La0.20Sr0.25Ca0.45TiO3 Fuel Electrodes for Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells

Recent research into Rh and Ce0.80Gd0.20O1.90-impregnated La0.20Sr0.25Ca0.45TiO3 fuel electrodes for solid oxide fuel cells has demonstrated the high-stability of these material sets to a variety of harsh operating conditions at small scales (1 cm2 active area button cells), as well as commercial scales (100 cm2 cells) in short stacks (5 cells) and full micro-combined heat and power systems (60 cells). In this work, the authors present a comprehensive evaluation of the ability of these novel titanate-based materials to function as fuel electrodes in solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs). Short-term and durability testing of button cell scale SOECs highlighted the limited stability of lanthanum strontium manganite-based air electrodes, under CO2 and steam electrolysis conditions, with lanthanum strontium cobaltite ferrite-based air electrodes offering improved degradation characteristics. Upscaling of this optimized cell chemistry to a 16 cm2 active area SOEC and testing under CO2, CO2/H2O and H2O electrolysis conditions demonstrated encouraging performance over a period of ∼600 h, with stable co-electrolysis performance at ∼−7.5 A at 1.47 V for the first 100 h.

Role of ex-situ HfO2 passivation to improve device performance and suppress X-ray-induced degradation characteristics of in-situ Si3N4/AlN/GaN MIS-HEMTs

The role of ex-situ HfO2 passivation in in-situ Si3N4/AlN/GaN-based metal–insulator–semiconductor high-electron-mobility transistors (MIS-HEMTs) to improve the device performance and protect the device from severe degradation under high-energy X-ray irradiation has been investigated. Here, the root cause and mechanism for the degradation have been studied utilizing different material/device characterizations. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results suggest that several Si-N bonds in stoichiometric Si3N4 and Hf-O bonds in HfO2 passivation film can be broken under X-ray irradiation, where numerous charges might be trapped easily and deteriorate the interface quality. Furthermore, due to the generation of chemical vacancies under X-ray, a band tail near the edge of valence band maximum in Si3N4 and HfO2 films can be created. The obtained results suggest that MIS-HEMT fabricated with an atomic layer deposited (ALD)-HfO2 (MIS-HEMT B) has relatively greater performance compared to MIS-HEMT fabricated without ex-situ HfO2 (MIS-HEMT A) according to the higher maximum drain current (Idmax), peak transconductance (gmmax) and lower current collapse, denoting the effectiveness of ALD-HfO2 to passivate the surface traps. It is noticed that X-ray irradiation induces numerous negative charges in the dielectric layers and degrades the device performance. Interestingly, after X-ray irradiation, the degradation rates in Idmax, gmmax, and current collapse are significantly lower in MIS-HEMT B compared to MIS-HEMT A, suggesting the potential irradiation hardening mechanism of ALD-HfO2 to protect the MIS-HEMTs from unexpected degradations during X-ray irradiation. Finally, these results emphasize the importance of high-quality dielectric films in MIS-HEMTs to enhance the device performance and safeguard the device under high-energy irradiation, especially in the space environment.

Optimal scheduling strategies for electrochemical energy storage power stations in the electricity spot market

IntroductionThis paper constructs a revenue model for an independent electrochemical energy storage (EES) power station with the aim of analyzing its full life-cycle economic benefits under the electricity spot market.MethodsThe model integrates the marginal degradation cost (MDC), energy arbitrage, ancillary services, and annual operation and maintenance (O&M) costs to calculate the net profits of the EES power station. Using an iterative optimization approach, we determine the optimal MDC and analyze the economic end of life (EOL) for different types of EES power stations.ResultsBy examining real-world examples from the California energy market, we find that the full life-cycle benefits of an EES power station peak when its MDC is optimal, at $45/MWh-throughput. Under these conditions, the economic and physical EOL of commercial/industrial EES power station is 9 years, while the economic EOL of residential-grade EES power station is 8 years, which is shorter than their physical EOL of 9 years.DiscussionThe study further indicates that the economic life of an EES power station is influenced by multiple factors, and operators need to determine the optimal economic EOL to maximize revenue based on battery degradation characteristics, market conditions and operational strategy.

Strength degradation characteristics and damage constitutive model of sandstone under freeze-thaw cycles.

Thorough investigation into the laws governing frozen rock damage in high-altitude and cold regions can offer valuable insights for advancing infrastructure construction, ecological environment protection, and sustainable development on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. This study combined with the seasonal variation patterns of frozen rocks in the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, and processed the rock samples using a freeze-thaw interval of -20 °C~20 °C. Uniaxial compression test was conducted based on the MTS816 rock mechanics testing system. The porosity changes of rock samples with different freeze-thaw cycles were analyzed using the MesoMR12-060H-I nuclear magnetic response analysis system. A rock freeze-thaw load coupled damage constitutive model was derived using the Lemaitre equivalent strain theory. Research has shown that during the freezing process, the pore water inside the rock sample is affected by the phase change of water-ice, resulting in frost heave force, which further promotes the expansion of the pore walls and the initiation of new cracks. When melted, pore water migrates towards newly formed micropores, thereby affecting the changes in the pores of rock samples. The increase in porosity at the micro level weakens the mechanical parameters of rocks at the macro level. The segmented freeze-thaw damage constitutive model based on Lemaitre equivalent strain theory can well fit the experimental results involved in this study, as well as the experimental results obtained by other researchers. The compaction stage can partially reflect the changes in sandstone pore structure under freeze-thaw cycles.

Algae-based self-driven microrobot for efficient removal of nanoplastics from water environment

Nanoplastics (NPs) have the characteristics of various species, wide distribution, low concentration and difficult degradation. In recent years, the researches of NPs have mainly focused on its toxicity, origin and migration, and the quantitative detection and removal technology of NPs is an urgent technical problem to be solved. Here, an active biohybrid microrobots (DPA-algae robots, diphenolic acids-alage robots) was designed and developed for dynamic removal of NPs in water environment. Firstly, diphenolic acids were functionalized on algae to realize the specific adsorption of nanoplastics through hydrophobic force, electrostatic attraction and van der Waals force between diphenolic acids and nanoplastic particles. Secondly, to realize the rapid identification of NPs, the functionalized algae were assembled into microrobots through rapid click chemistry reaction, thus the self-propulsion ability of algae can be utilized to accelerate the identification and enrichment of target objects. The removal rate of nanoplastics by microalgae robots has increased to 83.1 % at the concentration of 0.125 mg/mL within 2 h compared with the unmodified algae, which is a very significant improvement. In addition, the removal rate was 84.1 % to 87.7 % in different media, so the dynamic removal of NPs is expected to be applied into the filtration process of waterworks by preparing a large number of algae-based microrobots. This multi-functional microrobot is cost-effective and biocompatible, providing a new solution to the global “plastic crisis”.

Biocompatibility Study of Purified and Low-Temperature-Sterilized Injectable Collagen for Soft Tissue Repair: Intramuscular Implantation in Rats.

The clinical application of collagen-based biomaterials is expanding rapidly, especially in tissue engineering and cosmetics. While oral supplements and injectable skin boosters are popular for enhancing skin health, clinical evidence supporting their effectiveness remains limited. Injectable products show potential in revitalizing skin, but safety concerns persist due to challenges in sterilization and the risk of biological contamination. Traditional methods of sterilization (heat and irradiation) can denature collagen. This study addresses these issues by introducing a novel technique: the double filtration and low-temperature steam sterilization of a collagen gel. In vitro tests documented the sterility and confirmed that the collagen did not show cytotoxicity, degradation, integrity, and viscosity characteristics changes after the processing and sterilization. The collagen gel induced new collagen expression and the proliferation of human dermal fibroblasts when the cells were cultured with the collagen gel. An in vivo study found no adverse effects in rats or significant lesions at the implantation site over 13 weeks. These results suggest that this novel method to process collagen gels is a safe and effective skin booster. Advanced processing methods are likely to mitigate the safety risks associated with injectable collagen products, though further research is needed to validate their biological effectiveness and clinical benefits.