Degeneration Of Epithelial Cells Research Articles

Enhanced kidney damage induced by increasing nonylphenol doses: impact on autophagy-related proteins and proinflammatory cytokines in rats

Nonylphenol (NP) is an organic pollutant and endocrine disruptor chemical that has harmful effects on the environment and living organisms. This study looked at whether kidney tissues subjected to increasing doses of nonylphenol generated alterations in histopathologic, pro-inflammatory, and autophagic markers. Fifty rats were divided into five groups of ten each: group I: healthy group, II: control (corn oil), group III: 25 μl/kg NP, group IV: 50 μl/kg NP, group V: 75 μl/kg NP. The kidney tissue samples were obtained for histopathological, immunohistochemical, and biochemical analyses. The histological deteriorations observed in all NP groups included tubular epithelial cell degeneration, inflammation areas, and hemorrhage. The immunohistochemical investigations showed that NP significantly elevated the autophagy markers (Beclin-1, LC3A/B, p62), pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6), HIF-1α, and eNOS in group III, IV and V compared with group I and II. The biochemical analysis also revealed that pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) increased in correlation with the NP doses, but only IL-1β reached statistical significance in NP treated rats kidney tissue. The biochemical findings have been confirmed by the histological studies. The damage to renal tissue caused by NP exposure may worsen it by increasing inflammatory and autophagic markers.

Epidemiological, Pathological, and Molecular Studies on Sheeppox Disease Outbreaks in Karnataka, India.

An epidemiological study spanning twelve years has revealed that sheeppox disease is both widespread and endemic, predominantly surging during the winter and summer seasons. This investigation focused on sheeppox across 11 field outbreaks, involving 889 animals from non-migratory flocks across six districts in Karnataka, in the southern peninsula of India. Among these, 105 animals exhibited clinical signs suggestive of sheeppox, such as lesions on the body, and 95 cases were confirmed through PCR testing. The overall positivity rate for sheeppox stood at 10.68% (95 out of 889 animals). The incidence of sheeppox was notably higher in animals aged between 1 and 2 years and was more prevalent in females. Affected animals displayed symptoms including respiratory distress, weakness, fever, loss of appetite, depression, and various skin lesions ranging from papular to pock lesions across their bodies. There was a significant increase in total leukocyte count, while hemoglobin levels, red blood cell counts, and hematocrit values significantly decreased. On gross examination, sheeppox lesions, varying from vesicular to nodular forms, were predominantly found on hairless areas of the body. Microscopic examination of skin lesions revealed extensive changes, such as hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis, acanthosis, hydropic degeneration, and necrosis of epithelial cells, along with characteristic intracytoplasmic viral inclusions. The lungs exhibited type-II pneumocyte hyperplasia and proliferative bronchiolitis, also with intracytoplasmic inclusions. Confirmation of the sheeppox virus was achieved through PCR and subsequent sequence analysis. Phylogenetic analysis of the full-length P32 and RPO30 gene demonstrated homology with sheeppox isolates from various parts of India and neighboring countries, indicating that Indian sheeppox viruses are highly lineage-specific and correlate with the host of origin. Based on these findings, it is recommended to implement a homologous vaccination strategy, utilizing selective host/viral strains to enhance protection in susceptible animals.

Triazophos toxicity induced histological abnormalities in Heteropneustes fossilis Bloch 1794 (Siluriformes: Heteropneustidae) organs and assessment of recovery response

BackgroundAgricultural pesticides have toxic effects in the aquatic ecosystem, and their persistence poses a hazard to aquatic life, as seen by fish poisoning, both acute and chronic. Triazophos, a broad-spectrum organophosphate insecticide, is used to control agricultural crops from insect pests. For a period of 10 days, Heteropneustes fossilis, a fish of great economic and therapeutic value, was exposed to various levels of triazophos toxicity (5, 10 and 15 ppm), after which they were sacrificed. For recovery tests, the treated fish were switched to clean tap water after 10 days of exposure to the toxicant, examined for another 10 days, and then sacrificed. The histological changes in the tissues of the sacrificed fishes' gill, liver, intestine, kidney, brain, and muscle (treatment and recovery) were investigated.ResultsThe histology investigations revealed that the toxicant was hazardous, with histopathological changes increasing as the concentration of the toxicant increased. The gills had the most damage, with fusion of secondary lamella and epithelial hyperplasia; liver had vacuolization, pyknotic nuclei, and focal necrosis; intestine had degenerated, necrotic villi, degeneration of epithelial cells, and atropy; kidney had narrowing of the tubular lumen, pyknotic nuclei, hypertrophy, degeneration; swelling, haemorrhage, larger neuronal cells, and karyolysis were observed in the brain, whereas infiltration of leucocytes, loss of striated muscles, and an increase in intra fibril area were observed in the muscle. When compared to the treated fishes, the 10-day recovery research demonstrated tissue damage and a slower recovery pattern.ConclusionsTriazophos caused histological changes in the gill, liver, intestine, kidney, brain and muscle of the test fish Heteropneustes fossilis. With reference to recovery response, a slow recovery was observed. Furthermore, this is the first investigation into the effects of triazophos on the recovery response in Heteropneustes fossilis.

P2X7 receptor deficiency attenuates cisplatin-induced kidney injury via inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation

Nephrotoxicity is a major constraint of cisplatin application in many solid tumors. Since the lack of preventive strategies, the necessity exists to identify critical molecular targets involved in cisplatin nephrotoxicity. The Purinergic ligand-gcotedion channel 7 receptor (P2X7R) is a ligand-gated ion channel that is predominantly implicated in inflammation and cell death. Our aim is to investigate the role P2X7R in cisplatin-induced acute and chronic kidney injury, as well as the underlying mechanism. In this study, we found that cisplatin can cause an increase in the expression of P2X7R in mouse kidney tissue, and P2X7R knockout can alleviate acute renal function damage caused by cisplatin, as well as the expression of kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1) and interleukin-18 (IL-18). Cisplatin can cause an increase in the expression of nucleotide-binding domain-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in mouse kidney tissue. Compared with wild-type mice, P2X7R −/- mice showed decreased expression of NLRP3, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC), cleaved Caspase-1, and cleaved IL-1β in kidney tissue after cisplatin administration, and the apoptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells were also decreased. In addition, we also found that NLRP3 knockout can improve cisplatin induced degeneration, detachment, and necrosis of renal tubular epithelial cells. Furthermore, P2X7R −/- mice also showed reduced renal fibrosis and better long-term renal prognosis. In conclusion, our study identified that P2X7R knockout can improve cisplatin induced acute renal injury and chronic renal fibrosis by inhibiting the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome.

A rare case of bilateral keratoconus and granular corneal dystrophy managed with contact lens

Keratoconus (KC) is a bilateral, non-inflammatory, progressive thinning disorder of the cornea that results in high irregular astigmatism, distortion, and poor vision. Granular corneal dystrophy (GCD) is an autosomal dominant stromal dystrophy with onset in childhood that involves the entire cornea. KC associated with GCD is a rare combination that could occur due to abnormal synthetic activity of keratocytes and degeneration of defective basal epithelial cells. This case report shows the management of KC associated with GCD – an uncommon condition.

Differentially expressed genes involved in immune pathways following Vibro parahaemolyticus challenge: A study on red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii

This study conducted a comprehensive analysis of the damage mechanism of Vibrio parahaemolyticus (V. parahaemolyticus) on crayfish, utilizing pathological section observations, biochemical indicator detection, and transcriptomics analysis. Histopathological examination showed fragmentation of the gill lamellae, spotted pigment deposition on the branchial membrane, degeneration of epithelial cells, and disruption of the normal structure of gill tissues. Biochemical tests indicated a significant decrease in the activity of antioxidant-related enzymes in crayfish injected with V. parahaemolyticus compared with the phosphate-buffered saline group. Transcriptomics analysis identified 2307 upregulated and 1721 downregulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Gene ontology enrichment analysis highlighted that DEGs were primarily involved in the regulation of lipid metabolic processes, cellular nitrogen compound biosynthesis and metabolic processes, and the negative regulation of neuron death. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis revealed significant enrichment in N-glycan biosynthesis, fatty acid metabolism, and the mTOR signaling pathway. Gene set enrichment analysis indicated pathways related to immunity and oxidative stress, including oxidative phosphorylation and tyrosine metabolism. Quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction results for selected genes involved in the oxidative phosphorylation pathway and immune-related genes corroborated the RNA-Seq trends, confirming the transcriptomics data's reliability. The findings suggest that infection with V. parahaemolyticus leads to excessive oxidative stress due to bacterial proliferation, overwhelming the crayfish's antioxidative defense. This causes a continuous increase in reactive oxygen species levels, leading to irreversible damage to the oxidative phosphorylation and innate immune systems. This study elucidated the mechanism of oxidative stress damage in crayfish following V. parahaemolyticus infection, providing valuable insights for reducing bacterial and viral diseases in aquaculture. A deeper understanding of pathogen affects the physiology and immune systems of aquatic organisms can help develop more effective prevention and control strategies, thereby improving the efficiency and sustainability of aquaculture.

A case report of youth-onset lipoprotein glomerulopathy with APOE Chicago mutation

BackgroundThis article reports an extremely rare case of lipoprotein glomerulopathy (LPG) with apolipoprotein E gene (APOE) Chicago mutation in a young Chinese male. Only five cases or families with APOE Chicago mutations have been reported in the literature.Case presentationThe young male patient is manifested with nephrotic syndrome, accompanied by hyperlipidemia with a preferable increase in triglycerides and elevated ApoE level. Renal biopsy of the patient showed highly dilated glomerular capillaries filled with vacuolar lipids, segmentally fused podocyte foot processes, vacuolar degeneration of renal tubular epithelial cells and absence of electron-dense material, which indicates the diagnosis of LPG. Whole-exome gene sequencing identified the heterozygous mutation of NM_000041.4:c.494G > C (p.Arg165Pro), which is in the exon 4 of the APOE gene and also known as APOE Chicago mutation, a rare mutation of LPG. Further family pedigree gene analysis clarified that the mutation was inherited from the patient’s mother, who does not have high ApoE levels or renal manifestations. This is also consistent with the incomplete penetrance of APOE gene mutations in LPG. Under lipid-lowering treatments, including a low-fat diet and fenofibrate, the patient’s urinary protein was partially controlled, and the albumin level was recovered.ConclusionPatients with nephrotic syndrome and elevated ApoE levels should be prompted into renal biopsy to avoid delay of appropriate treatment and unnecessary use of glucocorticoids. This case of LPG was diagnosed by renal biopsy and further verified with genetic sequencing. The timely diagnosis and treatment improved the patient’s symptoms. This case is one of only six reported LPG cases or families with APOE Chicago mutation in the world.

The Management of a Geriatric Patient Using Dabigatran Therapy on Dentigerous Cyst with Oral Bleeding.

Jaw cysts represent a great matter of interest in oral and maxillofacial surgery. Jaw cyst surgery is a common intervention in oral surgery but, in the case of a multidisciplinary patient, the oral surgeon needs to meet with other specialists. A cyst is an epithelium-lined sac containing fluid and/or semisolid material due to epithelial cell proliferation, degeneration, and liquefaction; the hypertonic solution withdraws liquids from the surrounding tissues, while internal pressure exerts an equal strength on the cyst walls. Dentigerous cysts are the second most common odontogenic cysts after radicular cysts, and commonly few or no symptoms are reported. However, the most common diagnosis for dentigerous cyst is represented by eruption of the affected tooth or accidental diagnosis. Commonly, dentigerous cysts may be related to impacted third molars; in the case of impacted third molars and a dentigerous cyst, the tooth should be removed along with the cyst in the same intervention. Mandibular dentigerous cysts are common in children and adults, while dentigerous cysts are a rare neoformation in elderly patients. Treatment usually involves removal of the entire cyst and the associated unerupted tooth. This intervention may be more difficult if the cyst is large, the third molar is in contact with the mandibular nerve, and/or the patient has a medical history that may represent a relative or absolute contraindication. We present the case of a rare symptomatic manifestation of dentigerous cyst in an elderly patient in treatment with dabigatran therapy; for the treatment of dentigerous cysts in the elderly, we suggest a multidisciplinary approach with the use of the histological examination and a careful follow-up.

Fatal Africanized bee attack in captive non-human primates (Saimiri ustus and Sapajus libidinosus)

Bee stings (BS) are a life-threatening issue and a growing concern for public health and animals in the Americas. We describe the clinical, pathological, and ultrastructural findings of a massive lethal bee attack in two non-human primates (NHPs). Both animals showed BS scattered throughout the skin, surrounded by a local reaction, diffuse pulmonary congestion, edema, hemorrhage, and remarkable degeneration and necrosis of renal epithelial cells from the proximal and distal tubules, characterizing a systemic bee envenomation reaction.

Preliminary study of the role of nanobacteria in the formation of renal stones in experimental rats and its mechanism.

The aim of the study was to study the role of nanobacteria in the formation of renal calculi and the underlying mechanism. A total of 90 clean Wistar male rats were randomly divided into a negative control group, an experimental group, and an interference group. From the end of the first week of modelling, 10 consecutive times once a week, 3 rats in each group were randomly selected to measure the biochemical blood markers and urine metabolism. After sacrifice, the formation of kidney stones was assessed by observing the ultrastructure of the kidney by electron microscopy and pathohistology. Finally, the expression of calcium-sensitive receptor (CaSR) and claudin-14 protein in the kidney tissue was examined by western blotting. Compared with the control group, the gross structure of the kidney was changed in the model group. At the fourth week of modelling, the rats in the nanobacteria group had significantly enlarged kidneys and increased kidney-to-body ratio, and the difference had statistical significance (p < 0.05). The colour of the kidney profile was dark, the structure of the skin pulp was less clear, and the accumulation of yellowish particles was observed at the junction of the cortical pulp. The creatinine, uric acid, urea nitrogen, and urinary calcium of the rats in the nanobacteria group began to increase at the third week, and the difference between the third and eighth week had statistical significance (p < 0.05). However, the difference between the 3 groups had no statistical significance after the eighth week. At the fourth week, we observed the formation of calculi, which were mainly distributed in the renal tubules and surrounding tissues. The kidney stone formation rate was 52.4% in the nanobacteria group and 27.8% in the interference group, and the difference had statistical significance (p < 0.05). Ultrastructure observations revealed that from the fourth week, the renal tissues in the nanobacteria group showed expanded renal tubules, swollen renal tubular epithelium, granular degeneration, shedding and lymphocyte infiltration of renal tubular epithelial cells, and a small amount of calcium salt crystals in renal tubules. At the third week, the expression of CaSR and Claudin-14 protein in the nanobacteria group increased, and the difference had statistical significance (p < 0.05). The expression of CaSR and Claudin-14 was positively correlated with urinary calcium (p < 0.05). The formation of renal calculi began in the fourth week after the model was established, and the crystals were mostly located in the renal tubules. During the formation of renal calculi, the renal tubular epithelial cells were damaged, showing granular degeneration and small amounts of calcium salt crystals, accompanied by a few renal tubules beginning to expand and epithelial swelling, granular degeneration, necrosis and shedding of renal tubular epithelial cells, lymphocyte infiltration in the renal interstitium, and small amounts of calcium salt crystals in the renal tubules, which aggravated with time. The serum creatinine, serum uric acid, urea nitrogen, and urinary calcium levels increased with time from the third week and returned to normal after the eighth week. The expression of CaSR and Claudin-14 protein was upregulated and positively correlated with the 24-h urinary calcium excretion value.

Lens capsule pathological characteristics in cases of intraocular lens dislocation with atopic dermatitis.

To explore lens capsule pathological characteristics in intraocular lens (IOL) dislocation after cataract surgery in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD). University hospital department of ophthalmology. Case series with clinicopathological correlations. Lens capsules and surrounding tissues excised during surgery from eyes with AD (AD group) and eyes without AD (non-AD group) with IOL dislocation were histologically evaluated. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used to assess abnormal changes in lens epithelial cells (LECs). Masson trichrome staining distinguished the fibrous metaplasia around the lens capsule into high-density and low-density fibrosis. Capsular splitting (thinning) was identified in both stained preparations. The IOL dislocation morphology in the AD group (10 eyes of 10 patients) included 7 cases of capsular bag dislocation (CBD) and 3 cases of dead bag syndrome (DBS), with an average duration to IOL dislocation of 11.5 ± 5.6 years. All patients in the non-AD group (12 eyes of 12 patients) had CBD, averaging 10.2 ± 5.7 years to dislocation. Abnormal LECs, low-density fibrosis, and capsular splitting were observed in 9 (90), 9 (90), and 6 (60) of the patients in the AD group compared with 6 (50), 3 (25), and 2 (18), respectively, in the non-AD group (total n [%]). Compared with the non-AD group, the AD group exhibited higher frequencies of morphological changes in LECs, low-density fibrosis around the lens capsule, and capsular splitting characteristics of DBS. These results suggest LEC degeneration and increased lens capsule fragility occurred in patients with AD.

Cytological Features of Oral Cytobrush Smears in Type II Diabetes Mellitus Patients

Oral cytology is a renewed field that aids in diagnosis and observation of possible epithelial changes associated with oral mucosal diseases. Aim; to study the main cytomorphological alteration in gingival and buccal smears from type II diabetics in relation to their hyperglycemic status. The study includes 40 type II diabetic patients (20 new-diagnosed and 20 treated diabetics patients) and 20 healthy persons of both sex. Papanicolaou stained smear were prepared from their cheek and gingiva. The morphological features of 100 unfolded epithelial cells were evaluated under light microscope. Results of this study show that diabetics’ oral mucosa cells characterized by large nuclei with frequent evidence of binucleation, granular chromatin, prominent nucleoli. However, there was frequent small blue cytoplasm and buccal smears showed altered keratinization. As conclusion oral cytology from type II diabetics is associated with detectable cytomorphological changes that is site specific and indicate epithelial cell regeneration and degeneration with altered keratinization especially in buccal mucosa.

E-cadherin and NF-κB expression in the vagina after ovarian ischemia and reperfusion.

To investigate inflammation and cell adhesion molecules in the vagina after ovarian ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. 20 Wistar albino female rats were divided into two groups: control, and IR groups. In IR group, blood flow was restricted for 2hours for ovarian ischemia. Then, tissues were re-blood 2hours for reperfusion. Vagina tissues were excised and processed for histopathological analysis. Histopathological and biochemical follow-ups were performed. Both malondialdehyde and myeloperoxidase values were increased in IR group compared to control group. Glutathione content was decreased in IR group compared to control group. Epithelial degeneration, inflammation, dilatation, and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) expression were increased in IR group compared to control group. E-cadherin expression was significantly decreased in IR group. In the IR group, E-cadherin showed a positive reaction in adenomas, gland-like cryptic structures, cellular junctions with clustered inflammatory cells. In the IR group, NF-κB expression was increased in basement membrane, inflammatory cells, in blood vessels. Ovarian ischemia caused degeneration of epithelial cells in the vaginal region and disruptions in the cell junction complex, which leads to activation of E-cadherin and NF-κB signaling pathway and alterations in reproductive and embryonal development in the vaginal region.

A perspective of the prevalent H9N2 virus with a special focus on molecular and pathological aspects in commercial broiler chicken in Punjab, Pakistan.

Frequent outbreaks of avian influenza H9N2 virus in Pakistan revealed that this subtype has become endemic in the poultry industry and, besides economic losses, poses a threat to public health. The present study describes the molecular characterization and pathological alterations in naturally infected broiler chickens with the current H9N2 field strain and their phylogenomic dynamics. In this study, tissue samples (trachea, lung, kidney and intestine) from 100 commercial chicken flocks were collected from July 2018 to August 2019. Samples were subjected to molecular detection, phylogeny and subsequent pathological examination. The complete length of the HA gene was successfully amplified in five samples. Nucleotide sequencing revealed positive samples placed in a clade belonging to the B2 sub-lineage of the G1 genotype and categorized as LPAIV based on the amino acid sequence of the HA gene at the cleavage site (PAKSSR/G). Genetic analysis of the haemagglutinin (HA) gene revealed nt: 80.5%-99.5%; aa: 83.8%-98.9% homology to H9N2 strains reported previously from Pakistan, neighbouring countries, and (A/Quail/Hong Kong/G1/97). Gross lesions include a slight airsacculitis, mild hemorrhages, diffuse congestion and purulent exudate in tracheal mucosa, fibrinonecrotic cast in the trachea lumen and mild pulmonary congestion. Histopathological alterations include sloughing of epithelial cells and infiltration of inflammatory cells in the trachea, mononuclear cells (MNCs) infiltration, pulmonary congestion and exudate in the lumen of parabronchi, peritubular congestion in the kidneys with degeneration of tubular epithelial cells and degenerative changes in the intestinal villi epithelial cells and goblet cell hyperplasia. Immunohistochemistry analysis confirmed the presence of AIVH9N2 antigen in the trachea, lungs, kidney and intestine. Electron microscopy revealed ultrastructural changes in the trachea, including degenerated cilia, mitochondrial swelling and enlarged endoplasmic reticulum. Based on all essential analysis, the present study revealed the distribution of the H9N2 virus of G1 genotype in Punjab, Pakistan, with mild to moderate pathogenicity.

Intoxicações por anti-helmínticos em pequenos ruminantes diagnosticadas no Nordeste do Brasil

ABSTRACT: The clinical, epidemiological and anatomopathological findings of anthelmintic poisoning in small ruminants diagnosed at the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Campina Grande, Patos, Paraíba, from January 2000 to December 2022 are described. A total of 1,928 necropsies were carried out on small ruminants, of which 1,032 were goats and 896 sheep. Four outbreaks of anthelmintic poisoning were identified in these species: one outbreak of ivermectin in sheep, one outbreak of disophenol in goats and sheep and two outbreaks of nitroxinil in goats. These intoxications accounted for 0.78% and 0.23% of goat and sheep diseases diagnosed routinely. In the case of ivermectin poisoning, the animal had neurological clinical signs, and no macroscopic or histopathological alterations were observed. In the outbreaks of disophenol and nitroxinil, the animals showed anorexia, hyperthermia, tachycardia, tremors, dyspnea, incoordination and limb rigidity. Macroscopically, there were liver and kidney lesions associated with circulatory alterations, such as hemorrhages and edema. Microscopically, necrosis and degeneration of hepatocytes and tubular epithelial cells associated with hemorrhage and congestion were observed. The prevalence of these intoxications in small ruminants is considered low in the Semi-arid Northeast, but outbreaks can occur with high lethality in herds. The main risk factor for the occurrence of intoxications was overdose, combined with other factors such as the age of the animals, high environmental temperature, constant exercise and low body score, which increased the toxicity of anthelmintics.

Moth Bean (Vigna aconitifolia) as Potential Supplement to Evaluate the Weight Gain in Wistar Albino Rats (Rattus norvegicus)

Vigna aconitifolia is an essential crop in Indian agriculture, predominantly cultivated in India. It is acknowledged for its significant nutritional value and its affordability, making it a valuable dietary choice for individuals facing economic challenges. This study investigates the potential of ungerminated and germinated Vigna aconitifolia seeds as a dietary supplement to evaluate their effects on weight growth and general health in Wistar Albino Rats. The Wistar Albino Rats were categorized into three groups viz., Group I (Control), Group II (Fed with ungerminated Vigna aconitifolia) and Group III (Fed with germinated Vigna aconitifolia). The rats were given unrestricted access to water and food for a duration of 28 days. Water and food consumption and changes in body weight were observed on days 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28. On day 29, animals were killed and their kidneys and intestines histopathologically examined. Although the ungerminated and germinated groups consumed similar amounts of water, both consumed more than the control group. On the 28th day, ungerminated Vigna aconitifolia had significantly lower food intake compared to germinated and regular feed groups (P&lt;0.05). Rats given both ungerminated and germinated seeds gained more weight. All groups had normal kidney histology, with no tubular epithelial cell degeneration or congestion. Rats administered ungerminated and germinated Vigna aconitifolia had villi, mucus-secreting epithelium and glands in their ileums but no hyperplasia or edema. The study found that Wistar Albino Rats gain weight when supplemented with germinated Vigna aconitifolia. This shows it could be a growth-promoting nutritional supplement. Further research is needed to determine the fundamental processes behind the claimed effects.

Comparative histomorphologic study of basement membrane side staining and additional epithelial side staining of the anterior lens capsule with Trypan Blue.

To compare the histomorphologic changes on the anterior lens capsule by both epithelial and basement membrane side staining to those of only basement membrane side staining of the anterior lens capsule with Trypan Blue (TB). A cross-sectional study was done on 72 samples from patients who underwent cataract surgery between April 2021 and September 2022. After capsulorhexis of the TB-stained capsule, it was made into two halves externally and one half labeled as controls (sample A). The other half was immediately stained further with TB on the epithelial side and was taken as cases (sample B). Samples were analyzed for lens epithelial cells and basement membrane changes. The loss of intactness of lens epithelial cells, partial or complete detachment of lens epithelial cells, degeneration of lens epithelial cells, and basement edema were significantly higher in cases compared to controls, whereas intactness of the basement membrane did not show any statistical significance between the two groups. There was a statistically significant decrease in cell density in cases compared to controls. Staining the epithelial side of the capsular bag with TB is more detrimental to lens epithelial cells and paves the way for a further study of staining the capsular bag before intra-ocular lens implantation to reduce the incidence of posterior capsule opacification.

Molecular and Pathological Investigation of Infectious Bronchitis in Broiler Flocks in Sulaimani Province, Iraq

This research's goal was to examine the molecular analysis and pathological lesions linked to IBV infection in flocks of naturally infected broiler chickens from non-vaccinated and vaccinated (H120, MA5+IB 4-91) flocks. One hundred sixteen birds were collected in Sulaimani provinces between November 2021 and July 2022 from various broiler chicken flocks of vaccinated (H120, MA5+IB 4-91) and non-vaccinated birds who suffered from respiratory illness. Viral isolation and PCR were used to confirm the infection. The majority of the necropsied birds showed congested trachea and the presence of mucus with caseated debris at the bifurcation. There was a white precipitate in the ureters, also the kidneys were enlarged and congested. Sequencing of the S1 glycoprotein gene revealed that four isolates found and after phylogenetic analysis of the strains' deduced amino acid sequences indicated that they had a close relationship with the Iranian strains MG013972 and MG013973 as well as the Iraqi strain MH747093. The non-vaccinated chickens' histopathological evaluation of all organs was more severe than that of the vaccinated chicks, with catarrhal exudate obstructing the tracheal lumen and tracheal epithelium undergoing hyperplasia to squamous metaplasia. In lung sections, catarrhal exudate partially to completely blocked the parabronchial lumen and the intrabronchial septa thickened due to alveolar capillary congestion, and an inflammatory reaction. Mild to severe glomerulonephritis with considerable collecting epithelial cell degeneration was seen in the kidney segment. Finally, it can be said that the infectious bronchitis virus is a significant contributor to the respiratory and/or renal issues affecting the flocks of broiler chickens in Sulaimani Province.

Advancements in the treatment of geographic atrophy: focus on pegcetacoplan in age-related macular degeneration

Geographic atrophy (GA) is a progressive form of age-related macular degeneration characterized by the degeneration of retinal pigment epithelial cells and photoreceptor death. The dysregulation of the complement cascade has been implicated in GA progression. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the pathophysiology of age-related macular degeneration and GA, discusses current therapeutic options, and focuses on the recent breakthrough drug, pegcetacoplan (SYFOVRE). Pegcetacoplan is a complement inhibitor that selectively targets the C3 complement protein, effectively modulating complement activation. Clinical trials, including the OAKS and DERBY studies, have demonstrated the efficacy of SYFOVRE in reducing the growth of GA lesions compared to placebo. The FDA approval of SYFOVRE as the first and only definitive therapy for GA marks a significant milestone in the management of this debilitating condition. The review also explores potential future treatment strategies, including immune-modulating agents and ocular gene therapy. While SYFOVRE offers new hope for GA patients, further research is needed to evaluate its long-term benefits, safety profile, and optimal treatment regimens.

The Biochemistry and Pathology Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019

Coronavirus Disease 2019 started appeared in December 2019 China’s, Hubei Province, Wuhan. During the following three months, it spread rapidly to numerous provinces in China and transversely the world. The initial bunch was epidemiologically associated with a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan. Many essential aspects of the pathogenesis, pathology, and pathophysiology of SARS- CoV2 have not yet clear. Here, we offer a comprehensive overview of the biochemistry Characteristics and histopathological results present in various organs and cells and the pathophysiology. In this review we found many damage in some organic system, such as pulmonary edema with hyaline membrane formation, desquamation and hyperplasia of pneumocytes, proteinaceous in Respiratory tract, spleen atrophic, degeneration and focal necrosis of hepatocytes, Esophageal, stomach and bowel in digestive tract. Degenerated or necrosed myocardial cells in Heart. Degeneration and shedding of renal tubules epithelial cells, hyaline casts in Kidneys and other organs.