Deft Index Research Articles

Use of intraoral mobile photography for screening of oral health in children

Abstract Background The aim of the study is to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of intraoral mobile photography to assess caries intensity (DMFT/deft), simplified oral hygiene index (S-OHI) and modified gingival index (MGI). Methods Children aged 7-12 were included in the study. The clinical doctor evaluated the oral health indicators by visual examination: DMFT, deft, S-OHI, MGI were calculated. Dental students independently captured photos with a mobile phone (iPhone-11) in 8 predetermined projections. Dental images were kept in coded folders for research anonymity. Another professional calculated index based on the photos. Variables were used with binary values (DMFT/deft = 0/≥1; MGI=0/≥1; S-OHI≤1.2/>1.2). Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) of dental photography were evaluated and Cohen’s Kappa was calculated to measure the level of agreement between two independent observers. Results 2864 photographs were evaluated for 358 participants. The sensitivity and specificity of intraoral mobile photography for DMFT index is 95.8 (95% CI: 93.4-98.3) and 89.2 (95% CI: 83-95.5); For deft index: 100.0 (95% CI: 100-100) and 88.6 (95% CI: 79.3-98); For MGI: 89.7 (95% CI: 85.8-93.5) and 91.4 (95% CI: 86.3-96.5); For S-OHI: 77.6 (95% CI: 67.6-87.6) and 93.8 (95% CI: 91-96.6); The PPV value for DMFT, deft, MGI and S-OHI is 96.2; 97.7; 95.6 and 74.3 and the NPV value is 88.3; 100.0; 80.9 and 94.8 respectively. It was achieved substantial and perfect agreement between two independent raters: For DMFT, deft, MGI, S-OHI indices Cohen’s Kappa =0.85; 0.93; 0.78; 0.70 correspondingly. Conclusions Intraoral mobile photography, if applied within appropriate guidelines is reliable for assessing caries intensity, simplified hygiene index and modified gingival index as well as visual screening and may become a priority for dental public health. The involvement of dental students in studies of similar design is appropriate. Key messages • Intraoral mobile photography can be used for oral health screening in children. • The involvement of dental program students in screening studies conducted with intraoral mobile photography is appropriate.

The Correlation Between Dental Caries And Nutritional Status In Children Between The Ages Of Three And Five

Data from the Indonesian Ministry of Health in 2018 indicate that only 7% of children in Indonesia are cavity-free, while a staggering 93% of children under the age of three experience dental caries. The pathological process known as tooth decay is characterized by damage restricted to the hard tissues of the tooth, starting with the enamel and progressing to the dentin. Nutritional status, which can be classified as adequate, inadequate, poor, or stunted, plays a crucial role in the overall health of children, including their oral health. This study aims to investigate the relationship between dental caries levels and nutritional status among preschool children at Aisyiyah Kindergarten/RA Kemantren Tulangan, Sidoarjo. The study employs a cross-sectional methodology and adopts an analytical survey approach. The sample used in this research consists of a total sampling of sixty individuals. The def-t index is utilized as the measuring tool to evaluate the presence of cavities, while the PB/U or TB/U index is used to determine the short nutritional status based on the WHO Anthro 2005 reference standards. Data analysis is conducted using SPSS, where a Chi-square test is performed to ascertain the association between the degree of dental caries in preschool-aged children and their nutritional status. The results of the study are presented in both tabular and narrative forms to provide a comprehensive overview of the relationships identified. This research is expected to contribute to a deeper understanding of the importance of proper dental care and nutrition in promoting the health of young children

The Correlation between Dental Health Status and Educational Level, Age, and Gender as Demographic Attributes of the Children of Migrant Workers

Introduction Migrant workers and their families appear to have greater health issues, given their need to adjust to new environments and restricted access to healthcare services. One obstacle to receiving healthcare is culture. This study aims to analyze the correlation between dental health status and the level of class, age, and gender as demographic attributes in the children of migrant workers. Methods This cross-sectional study involved the children of Indonesian migrant workers who resided in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The population of the study consisted of children who met the inclusion criteria. Their ages varied between six and twelve. In this study, we used the purposive sampling method. There are 93 samples that met the inclusion criteria. We obtained the data on dental health status using the RedCap online form, which is used in the WHO oral health survey. The researchers performed data analysis, the def-t and DMF-T measurement index and prevalence analyses, and the Spearman-Rho correlation tests to examine the data and determine the appropriate analytical tests. Results The characteristics of the children of Indonesian migrant workers are as follows: based on the class level, 1, 5, and 6; based on age, 6-8 and 9-11; and based on gender, nearly equal between the male and female respondents. The DMF-T index score was 1.22, and the def-t index was 3.77 among the migrant children. The prevalence of caries in permanent adult crowns was lower (53.76%) than that in primary children crowns (64.52%.). Root caries is present in less than 1% of the adult population; however, its prevalence among the children of migrant workers is indeterminable. The majority of the negative correlation occurs between the level of grade and age of the children of Indonesian migrant workers and their dental and oral health status; however, there is no significant correlation between gender and oral health status. Conclusion The DMF-T index of migrant children is low, while their def-t index is high. The prevalence of crown and root caries among the children of migrant workers is significantly higher. There are many negative correlations between the educational level and age of the migrant children and their oral health status.

Prevalence of dental carries and its association with breastfeeding duration among young children in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

BackgroundBreastfeeding is a crucial feeding practices that significantly contributes to the healthy development of children. However, the effect of breastfeeding duration on caries risk is unclear, as different studies have found different results. This study aims to assess the prevalence of dental caries and its association with breastfeeding duration among young children aged 12–36 months in selected health facilities of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.MethodsA cross-sectional study among 380 children aged 12–36 months from 11 health centers in Addis Ababa was conducted. Questionnaires and dental examinations were used to collect data. Dental caries was measured by the deft (decayed–extracted–filled teeth) index. Binary logistic regression was used to assess the association between dental caries and duration of breastfeeding, after adjusting for the confounders.ResultsThe prevalence of dental caries was 53.4% (95% CI: 48.3, 58.5%), with 13.7% having high caries and 39.7% having low caries. Breastfeeding duration was not significantly associated with dental carries, after adjusting for confounders. However, sugar intake, older age, mothers’ unemployment, and not being in marital union are risk factors for dental caries development.ConclusionsPromotion of healthy diet, especially limiting intake of sugar and sweets, and integration of oral health into primary health care programs are recommended. Further research using longitudinal design or meta-analysis is recommended to establish more concise evidence on the association between breastfeeding duration and dental caries.

HUBUNGAN POLA ASUH ORANG TUA DAN KARIES TERHADAP OHRQoL PADA ANAK USIA PRASEKOLAH

Background: Children's dental and oral health problems are caused by many factors including parenting style which has a major influence on children's health and development. In Tanah Bumbu District, children aged over 3 years had a proportion of 50.74% with broken teeth, cavities and pain. Dental caries can cause disruption of children's quality of life such as sleep disturbances, eating disorders, loss of concentration in learning, infections, and other dangerous cases in children. Objective: To determine the relationship between parenting style and caries towards OHRQoL in preschool-aged children in Sungai Loban District. Method: Analytic observational study with a cross sectional approach. The sampling technique of non-probability sampling uses quota sampling. The population is all kindergartens in Sungai Loban District, namely 23 kindergartens with 918 children. The minimum sample size was calculated using the correlational analytic formula and the results obtained were 40 respondents consisting of parents and children taken from 3 kindergartens, namely Harapan Bersama Kindergarten, Taman Sari Kindergarten and Tunas Dewata Kindergarten, Sungai Loban District. Results: Most parents' parenting style has a democratic pattern; the average def-t index is 5.5 and belongs to the high category. The results of the Spearman correlation test showed that there was not a relationship between parenting style and OHRQoL (p>0.05). The results of the Spearman correlation test analysis showed that there was a relationship between caries and OHRQoL (p<0.05). Conclusion: There is a relationship between parenting style and caries to OHRQoL in preschool-aged children in Kindergarten in Sungai Loban District.Keywords: Caries, OHRQoL, Parenting, Preschool children.

RELATIONSHIP OF SANITATION AND SOCIO ECONOMIC STATUS OF PARENTS TO CARIES SEVERITY

Background: Riskesdas stated the prevalence of caries in children aged 5-9 years in Indonesia in 2018 was 92.6%. External caries factors consist of environment, behavior, health services, and heredity. The physical environment is one of the health environments that contributes the most to health status, including dental and oral health. Sanitation with the Community-Based Total Sanitation (STBM) program is part of the physical environment. The STBM pillars consist of: stopping open defecation, washing hands with soap, drinking water and food management, waste management, and liquid waste management. Behavioral predisposing factors include parents' socioeconomic status which is determined by education, occupation, and income. Socioeconomic status affects the ability of parents to care for their children's teeth. Purpose: To analyze the relationship between sanitation and socioeconomic status of parents on the severity of caries in kindergarten children. Methods: This research is an analytic observational study with a cross-sectional method. The respondents of this study were 49 children of TK Al Hidayah in Mandiangin Barat Village, Banjar Regency, South Kalimantan Province. Data collection includes questionnaires and the def-t assessment sheet. Results: Spearman correlation test p=0.435 showed no relationship between sanitation and caries severity. Spearman correlation test p=0.0001 showed that there was a relationship between the socioeconomic status of parents and the severity of caries. The correlation coefficient -0.519 indicates a medium strength relationship in the opposite direction. Conclusion: There is no relationship between sanitation and caries severity. There is a relationship between the socioeconomic status of parents with the severity of caries. Keywords: def-t index, Socio-economic, STBM.

The Relationship of Parental Socioeconomic Status with Children's Dental Caries Incidence

Background: Dental caries is a multifactorial disease characterized by the destruction of the hard tissues of the teeth. Various age groups can experience dental caries and are more vulnerable in children, especially in elementary school. One of the factors that influence the occurrence of dental caries is the socioeconomic status of parents. Parents' socioeconomic status can be measured by education, occupation, and income. Several studies have shown that dental caries is more common in people with low socioeconomic status. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the relationship between parents' socioeconomic status and dental caries in children aged 11-12 years at SDN 03 Pakan Kurai Bukittinggi. Material and Methods: This study used a cross-sectional design. The number of research samples was 56 children. The sample selection used the Simple Random Sampling method. The instrument used was a questionnaire to measure the parent's socioeconomic status and the dental caries assessment based on the DMF-T/def-t index. Data analysis used a Chi-Square statistical test with p0.05. Results: The results showed that the prevalence of dental caries in children was 83.9%, the DMF-T+def-t index was 2.46, and the socioeconomic status of the respondents' parents was primarily low. The results of statistical analysis between parents' socioeconomic status and children's dental caries obtained p value = 0.000. Conclusion: There was a relationship between parents' socioeconomic status and dental caries in children aged 11-12 at SDN 03 Pakan Kurai Bukittinggi

Exploring the association between early childhood caries, malnutrition, and anemia by machine learning algorithm.

The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of early childhood caries in children with severe acute malnutrition (SAM) and also the hierarchy of association if any with malnutrition, anemia, and other risk factors with ECC using machine learning algorithms. A hospital-based preventive and interventional study was conducted on SAM children (age = 2 to <6 years) who were admitted to the malnutrition treatment unit (MTU). An oral examination for early childhood caries status was done using the deft index. The anthropometric measurements and blood examination reports were recorded. Oral health education and preventive dental treatments were given to the admitted children. Three machine learning algorithms (Random Tree, CART, and Neural Network) were applied to assess the relationship between early childhood caries, malnutrition, anemia, and the risk factors. The Random Tree model showed that age was the most significant factor in predicting ECC with predictor importance of 98.75%, followed by maternal education (29.20%), hemoglobin level (16.67%), frequency of snack intake (9.17%), deft score (8.75%), consumption of snacks (7.1%), breastfeeding (6.25%), severe acute malnutrition (5.42%), frequency of sugar intake (3.75%), and religion at the minimum predictor importance of 2.08%. Anemia and malnutrition play a significant role in the prediction, hence in the causation of ECC. Pediatricians should also keep in mind that anemia and malnutrition have a negative impact on children's dental health. Hence, Pediatricians and Pediatric dentist should work together in treating this health problem.

Asociación entre caries de la primera infancia y estado nutricional en niños de un programa social peruano. Un estudio transversal

Introduction: Early childhood caries is still very prevalent, mainly in developing countries, and it is related to the quality of life of children due to early tooth loss. Objective: The study objective was to determine the association between dental caries and its clinical consequences on nutritional status in children of the “Vaso de Leche (Glass of Milk)’’ social program, in Puno City, Peru, during the year 2020. Materials and Methods: An observational, descriptive-correlational, cross-sectional study; the sample consisted of 740 children between 1 and 5 years old who met the selection criteria; the clinical consequences of untreated dental caries were evaluated using the PUFA index and the prevalence of caries with def-t; the nutritional status was determined by the weight and height of the child according to protocols (NTS No. 357 - MINSA /2017/ DGIESP); the data were analyzed with the SPSS-v25 program, the association between variables was evaluated with the chi-square test, Mann-Whitney U test and Spearman’s Rho test, considering significance at a p-value &lt;0.05. Results: No significant relationship was found when dental caries was evaluated with the nutritional condition (p&lt;0.05). However, when the def-t index values were related to the nutritional condition of the children, a significant difference was found (p&lt;0.05). There was no significant difference with the PUFA index (p&gt;0.05). Conclusions: There is no association between early childhood caries and nutritional status in children aged between 3 and 5 years; however, a significant relationship was found between the values of the def-t index and the nutritional status of the children.

Nutritional Status and Caries at Children in Tajinan Sub-District Malang District

Background: Caries is a multifactorial disease that can happen to all ages, caries and malnutrition are problems that often happens to children and can affect general health. Caries can be related to malnutrition. Caries can make the child uncomfortable and lower the child’s appetite, thus leading to the decrease of nutritional intake which can make the child’s tooth more susceptible to caries and make the existing caries more severe, then it’s back to the beginning where the worsened caries will make the child’s appetite worse and so on. Objectives: To know the relations between caries and nutritional status at children in Tajinan sub-district Malang district. Methods: 80 elementary students were selected from two elementary school at Tajinan sub-District Malang District. Then the nutritional status is measures by anthropometric, using the body mass index for age (IMT/U) and Z-score and the level of caries is measured by using DMF-T and def-t index. Conclusion: There is an inverse relationship between the two variables (nutritional status and caries) in children, which means the lower the child’s nutritional status the higher the caries is and vice versa. The Spearman significancy is p=0,012 (P&lt;0,05). Conclusion: There is a relationship between nutritional status and caries.

Oral health of schoolchildren before and after the COVID-19 pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic reduced access to medical services and led to an increase in complications and exacerbation of many diseases that occurred during and after the pandemic, including deterioration in oral health. One of the main oral health indicators is the index of the number of decayed, extracted, and filled primary teeth (deft) or decayed, extracted, and filled permanent teeth (DEFT). The aim of this study was to determine whether restricted access to dental services during the COVID-19 pandemic led to a deterioration in oral health among schoolchildren. Data of oral systematic examinations before (school year: 2018-2019) and after (school year: 2021-2022) the pandemic were used for the study. Systematic oral examinations were conducted for all primary school students from the first to ninth grades at Murska Sobota Public Health Center, and the number of decayed, filled, and extracted (due to caries) primary and permanent teeth were recorded for each student. The deft and DEFT index values before and after the pandemic were calculated and compared for students in first (age range: six to seven years) to fifth (age range: 10-11 years) grades and students in fifth to ninth (age range 14-15 years) grades, respectively. We found that the median deft index of the whole population before the pandemic was 3, whereas it was 2 afterwards (p < 0.01). For students in the first and second grades, the median deft index was 3 before the pandemic and 2 afterwards (p = 0.01), and for students in the third grade, it was 4 before the pandemic and 2 afterwards (p < 0.01). The median DEFT index of the whole population was 1 before the pandemic and 0 afterwards (p < 0.01). For students in the seventh, eighth and ninth grades, the median DEFT index values were 1, 2 and 2, respectively, before the pandemic and 0, 0 and 1, respectively, afterwards (p < 0.01 for seventh and eighth grades and p = 0.02 for ninth grade). The results of our study showed a lower deft/DEFT index after the pandemic, which could be explained by increased health and hygiene awareness during the pandemic, as children/parents were mostly responsible for maintaining good oral health. Limited access to dental services does not necessarily imply poor oral health (Tab. 1, Ref. 25).

Tooth Brushing Skills and Personal Hygiene Performance Modified (PHP-M) Index in preschool children

Background: The prevalence of caries in children aged 5-6 years is 92.6% with a def-t index of 8.43, meaning that young children in Indonesia have experienced 8-9 cavities per child. The high number of dental and oral diseases currently is greatly influenced by several factors, one of which is the behavior of people who do not realize the importance of maintaining dental and oral health. Brushing teeth is a simple act of removing plaque and food residue with a brush and toothpaste, because plaque and food residue are the main causes of dental caries. The Personal Hygiene Performance Modified (PHP-M) Index is an indicator for measuring dental hygiene status in mixed dentition. Objective: The aim of this research is to analyze the relationship between tooth brushing skills and the Personal Hygiene Performance Modified Index in preschool children in Pondok Labu Village, Cilandak District, South Jakarta in 2023. Method: This research uses observational analytical methods with a cross-sectional design. The sampling technique for this research used a purposive sampling technique of 66 respondents. The data collection instrument uses a tooth brushing observation sheet to measure teeth brushing skills and the Personal Hygiene Performance Modified Index. Data analysis used the chi-square test with the SPSS application. Results: Chi-square test results show that tooth brushing skills influence the Personal Hygiene Performance Modified Index in Preschool children (p=0.022). Conclusion: there is a relationship between tooth brushing skills and the Personal Hygiene Performance Modified Index in preschool children Keywords: Tooth brushing skills, PHP-M Index, Preschool Children

An Assessment of the Prevalence of Dental Caries, Oral Hygiene Status, Deft Index, and Oral Hygiene Habits Among Children With Special Healthcare Needs.

Background and objective Children with special healthcare needs are at an increased risk of oral health problems, including dental caries. Understanding the prevalence of dental caries, oral hygiene status, deft(decayed, extracted, filled teeth) index, and oral hygiene habits in this population is crucial for effective oral healthcare planning and interventions. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of dental caries, oral hygiene status, deft index, and oral hygiene habits among children aged 4-15 years with special healthcare needs in Jodhpur District, Rajasthan, India. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 124 children from various, government and non-governmental organizations (NGO)-run special schools. Data on dental caries, oral hygiene status, deft index, and oral hygiene habits were collected using standardized tools and techniques. Descriptive statistics, including frequencies and percentages, were used to analyze the data. Results The prevalence of dental caries among children with special healthcare needs was 65%. The severity of dental caries varied, with 40% classified as mild, 20% as moderate, and 5% as severe. Additionally, 75% of the children exhibited poor oral hygiene, as indicated by the oral hygiene status assessment. The mean deft index score was 2.8, indicating an average dental caries experience among the participants. Regarding oral hygiene habits, 60% reported brushing their teeth once a day, while 40% reported brushing twice a day. However, a significant proportion (70%) reported non-fluoride use, and 55% stated they did not perform regular flossing. Conclusion This study highlights a high prevalence of dental caries, poor oral hygiene status, and suboptimal oral hygiene habits among children with special healthcare needs inJodhpur District. The findings emphasize the need for targeted interventions focusing on preventive measures, oral health education, and improving access to oral healthcare for this vulnerable population. Further research with larger sample sizes and longitudinal study designs is warranted to validate these findings and develop effective strategies for enhancing oral health outcomes in children with special healthcare needs.

Comparing individual-, family-, and community-level effects on the oral health of preschool children: a multilevel analysis of national survey data

BackgroundEarly childhood is a critical stage for the prevention of dental caries. The prevalence of caries in preschool children is still high in Taiwan, where National Health Insurance covers 99% of the population. The effort to improve the oral health of preschool children should be based on conceptual model that encompasses more than individual-level factors. This study input nationwide survey data in a conceptual model to evaluate the effects of comprehensive factors related to the high prevalence of caries in preschool children.MethodsThis observation study examined factors related to the oral health of preschool children by employing a comprehensive multilevel model to analyse nationally representative data from the Taiwan Oral Health Survey of Preschool Children (TOHPC) 2017–2018. Individual-level, family-level and community-level contextual effects were evaluated through multilevel analysis in this study. The proportional change in variance (PCV) was used to compare the multilevel model with the null model and individual-level, family-level, and community-level context effects.ResultsThe estimated deft index for preschool children was 1.34 (1.22–1.47) at age 3, 2.20 (2.08–2.32) at age 4, and 3.05 (2.93–3.18) at age 5. The overall prevalence of caries in preschool children in Taiwan was 34.27% (30.76%, 37.78%) at age 3, 51.67% (48.99%, 54.35%) at age 4, and 62.05% (59.66%, 64.44%) at age 5. The model that included the individual-, family-, and community-context levels exhibited the highest reduction of variance (PCV = 53.98%). The PCV was further reduced to 35.61% when only the level of accessibility to dental services for individuals, families, and the community was considered. For the model in which no community-context cofactors were considered and the model considering only the individual level, the PCVs were 20.37% and 5.52%, respectively.ConclusionsOur findings indicate the key components that affect oral health in preschool children and can serve as a reference for policy makers. The most notable finding of this study is that to improve the oral health of preschool children, community-level factors should be targeted. To rely solely on dentists for leading oral health education programs for children is impractical and inefficient. Training more professional oral health educators to provide additional community-based oral health promotion campaigns is critical. We suggest training more professional oral health educators to provide more community-based oral health promotion campaigns.

THE CORRELATION BETWEEN PARENTING STYLE AND STUDENT DEF-T INDEX

ABSTRACTBackground: Children at primary school age have a special phase in their oral cavity, namely transition phase which is marked by the change of deciduous teeth to permanent teeth. Damage that occurs during this period can affect the condition of the oral cavity and cause various diseases in the future. One of the diseases that often occurs is caries. Based on Riskesdas, the prevalence of caries in Indonesia on 2018 is 57.6% and 59.6% in South Kalimantan. The incidence of caries in children cannot be separated from the parenting provided by parents. Parenting styles are divided into authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive parenting styles. Purpose: To analyze the relationship between parenting style and def-t index of students at SDN Kebun Bunga 4 Banjarmasin. Material and Method: This study used an analytical observational method with a cross-sectional approach. The research sample was 33 students in grades 1-3rd at SDN Kebun Bunga 4 Banjarmasin. Data collection included primary data obtained through direct examination of the students' oral cavity and filling out the PSDQ (Parenting style and Dimensional Questionnaire) to determine parenting styles. The data then processed and analyzed using the SPSS application with Spearman test. Results: The results showed that most parents practice authoritative parenting. The def-t index of students is 6.3 in high category, and there are no parents with authoritarian parenting. Spearman's correlation test showed there was no relationship between parenting style and students' def-t index (p value = 0.371). Conclusion: There is no relationship between parenting styles and students' def-t index.Keywords : Authoritarian, authoritative, parenting style, permissive, student def-t index

Parental Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Regarding Children's Dental Health

Parent-targeted oral health awareness campaigns should place a strong emphasis on issues like the value of deciduous teeth and how to treat them, frequent dental checkups, and dietary habits. The current study's objective is to evaluate parents' knowledge, behaviors, and attitudes regarding their children's oral health and how those factors affect the prevalence of dental caries in 5- to 10-year-old children in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Parents of school-aged children aged 5 to 10 who came to our hospital were the subjects of a cross-sectional questionnaire survey. The study included 209 children in all, together with their parents. Utilizing DMFT and the deft index, clinical examinations of children were conducted. Parents were given a self-designed questionnaire to evaluate their understanding, attitudes, and practices about their children's dental health. SPSS version 24 was used for the statistical analysis. A p-value of 0.05 or less was regarded as statistically significant when using the ANOVA test to examine the relationship between dental caries status and KAP. The mean deft and DMFT were 6.46 ± 1.6 and 1.56 ± 2.8, respectively. Most parents (72.2%) demonstrated adequate knowledge, behaviors, and attitudes. Parental KAP and mean DMFT/DEFT did not differ significantly. The study's participants had reasonable KAP for the oral health of their children. The significance of deciduous teeth and their treatment, frequent dental appointments, and dietary behaviors are among the knowledge gaps in oral health.

OVERVIEW OF BLIND-CHILDREN CARIES INDEX IN SPECIAL NEED SCHOOLS IN CIMAHI CITY

Blind people have limitations in receiving dental and oral health information. It can facilitate the occurrence of caries. Blind people have limitations in performing various activities that require vision assistance, such as maintaining oral and dental hygiene when brushing their teeth, so blind people often experience multiple problems with their teeth, one of which is caries. This study aimed to determine the caries index in blind children in SLBN A Cimahi City and SLBN A Bandung City. The study used a cross-sectional design and consecutive sampling. The number of samples was 21 blind children. The study's results on blind children aged 6-12 showed a very low to moderate caries index. The def-t index in children with low vision blindness has moderate criteria; in children with total blind blindness, it has low standards. Children with low vision and total blind have the same DMF-T index, which is low. The def-t index in SLBN A Citeureup Cimahi City has low criteria, while SLBN A Padjadjaran Bandung City has a def-t index with moderate standards. SLBN A Citeureup Cimahi City and SLBN, A Padjadjaran Bandung City, have the same DMF-T index, which is low. Parents, teachers, caregivers, and health workers need to pay more attention to the dental and oral health of blind children.

The Relationship between Eating Behavior and Early Childhood Caries in Children

BACKGROUND: Eating process in children is not only to fulfill hunger but also to fulfill the nutritional needs of children’s growth and development. Eating disorders can cause health problems for children, including dental and oral health. Poor oral and dental health in children can affect self-confidence, chewing ability, and nutritional fulfillment. Nowadays, Early Childhood Caries (ECC) is the most common hard tissue disease in primary teeth that affects children. AIM: This study aims to determine the relationship between eating behavior and ECC in children. METHODS: This research is an observational study with a cross-sectional design. Sampling was done by purposive sampling with a total sample of 165 children aged 3–5 years old and their mothers. The Children Eating Behavior Questionnaire (CEBQ) was used to measure the eight eating types of children. ECC is measured by def-t index. Data analysis was done using Chi-square test. RESULTS: The prevalence of ECC was 47.9%. There was a significant relationship between food responsiveness (p = 0.001; OR = 3.235; 95% CI 1.648–6.341), food fussiness (p = 0.010; OR = 2.380; 95% CI 1.273–4.450), and enjoyment of food (p = 0.005; OR = 0.377; 95% CI 0.198–0.72) with the incidence of ECC. However, Emotional over Eating, Desire to Drink, Satiety Responsiveness, Emotional under Eating, and Slowness in Eating were not associated with the incidence of ECC. CONCLUSION: Children’s eating behavior contributes to the incidence of ECC.

Аssociation between incidence of caries of temporary teeth and pathology of the musculoskeletal system in preschool children, considering biochemical markers of connective tissue metabolism

The aim is study biochemical markers of connective tissue metabolism in children with musculoskeletal disorders and their association with dental caries of temporary teeth. There were examined 232 children at the age of 5 (202 children with musculoskeletal disorders and 30 conditionally healthy children without somatic pathology). Among children with musculoskeletal disorders 68 (33.66%) had flat feet, 59 (29.21%) – postural impairment and 75 (37.13%) – combined pathology of the musculoskeletal sestem. For further research, the children were divided into three groups, 30 people in each. Group І included children with pathology of the musculoskeletal system, dental caries, without oxyproline in urine; group ІІ – with pathology of the musculoskeletal system, dental caries and oxyproline in urine; group ІІІ – with dental caries and without oxyproline in urine. Urinary excretion of glycosaminoglycans using a nephelometric test with cetylpyridinium chloride was determined. The concentration of creatinine in urine was measured in units of weight in the formation of a chromogenic complex of a solution of picric acid with creatinine in an alkaline medium. Dental status was assessed in terms of caries prevalence, deft index and severity of dental caries. The prevalence of caries of temporary teeth in 5-years old children with musculoskeletal disorders was on average 90.6±2.05%, deft index ─ 6.62±0.20, being significantly higher than in children without somatic pathology (respectively 70.83±4.45% and 5.15±0.34, р&lt;0.001). Oxyprolin was detected only in the urine of children with combined pathology of musculoskeletal system (on average 3.53±0.11 units). The excretion rates of glycosaminoglycans in children with pathology of the musculoskeletal system, dental caries and oxyproline in urine (gr.ІІ) were two times higher than the reference range (415.37±15,09 CPCh units / 1 g creatinine, р&lt;0.001). In the absence of oxyproline in urine, both in somatically healthy children (gr. ІІІ) and in children with pathology of the musculoskeletal system (gr. І), the levels of excretion of glycosoaminoglycans were within the reference range (respectively 198.83±10.71 and 203.87±12.52 CPCh units / 1 g creatinine. The levels of daily excretion of creatinine were within the normal range in children of gr. ІІІ (1.17±0.13 g/day; in children of gr. І they were 2.85 times lower (0.41±0.05 g/day, p&lt;0.001); in children of gr. ІІ – 6.5 times lower (0.18±0.02 g/day р&lt;0.001). In children of gr. ІІ, a negative correlation was found between the levels of creatinine and oxyproline (τ= -0.68, p&lt;0.05). The absence of oxyproline in the urine of children of gr. І and ІІІ indicates the absence of collagen decay in their bodies. In children with pathology of the musculoskeletal system against the background of undifferentiated connective tissue dysplasia (gr. ІІ), a strong, positive correlation was found between the deft index and levels of urinary excretion of oxyproline (τ= +0.77, p&lt;0.05) and glycosaminoglycans (τ= +0.90, p&lt;0.05), which indicates that the development of dental caries depends on the severity of the pathology of the musculoskeletal system.

Parenting Styles and Dental Caries Among Preschool Children in A Coastal Area of Jember, Indonesia

Dental caries is a multifactorial condition affected by behavioral factors. Parenting styles reflect different behavior influenced by cultural and socioeconomic backgrounds. Coastal areas have unique cultural and socioeconomic conditions and underlie the community's upbringing behavior. This study aims to determine the differences in preschool children's caries experience based on parenting patterns in a coastal area. This study is a cross-sectional study on children and their parents in the coastal area of Puger, Jember, East Java, Indonesia. The participants were 269 pairs of preschool children and parents selected by random cluster sampling. The dependent variable was dental caries experience measured using the def-t index. The independent variable was the type of parenting categorized into three groups (authoritative, authoritarian, permissive) based on a questionnaire distributed to parents. The Kruskal-Wallis test was applied to determine the difference in caries rates in each parenting style (p≤ 0.05). The results showed that the prevalence of primary teeth caries was 97%, and the mean of def-t was 10.03. Authoritative parenting style was the majority (81.8%), and no statistically significant difference was found between caries and parenting style (p=0.473). However, the mean of def-t in the authoritarian group was higher than in others (10.42). Based on the result, it can be concluded that mean of dental caries among children in a coastal area with authoritarian parents was the highest one compared to others, but the difference was statistically insignificant.