Deformed Space Time Research Articles

A Review of Experiments Reporting Non-Conventional Phenomena in Nuclear Matter Aiming at Identifying Common Features in View of Possible Interpretation

The purpose of the present paper is to clarify, as far as it is possible, the overall picture of experimental results in the field of non-conventional phenomena in nuclear matter published in the scientific literature, accumulated in the past few decades and still missing a widely accepted interpretation. Completeness of the collection of the experiments is not among the aims of the effort; the focus is on adopting a more comprehensive and integral approach through the analysis of the different experimental layouts and different results, searching for common features and analogous factual outcomes in order to obtain a consistent reading of many experimental evidences that appear, so far, to lack a classification in a logic catalogue, which might be compared to a building rather than a collection of single stones. Particular attention is put on the issue of reproducibility of experiments and on the reasons why such a limitation is a frequent characteristic of many experimental activities reported in published papers. This approach is innovative as compared with those already available in the scientific literature. In a synoptical table, a comprehensive classification is given of the twenty experiments examined in terms of types of evidences that are ascertained by the experimenters in their published papers but are “unexpected” according to well-established physical theories. Examples of such unexpected evidences (named also non-conventional or weird) evidences are: excess heat generation, isotope production, reduction of radioactivity levels, and production of neutrons or alpha particles. These evidences are classified taking into account both the material where the evidence takes place (solutions, metals, rocks and artificial materials) and the stimulation techniques (supply of electric voltage, irradiation by photons, mechanical pressure) used to generate the evidences (which do not appear in the absence of such stimuli at an appropriate intensity). Also, in our paper, “identity cards” are provided for each experiment examined, including details that emerged during the experiment and were reported in each respective paper, that sometimes are not given adequate consideration either by the author of the experiment or in other review papers. The analysis of the details provides suggestions (also referred to as clues in this papers) used to formulate the content of the second part of each identity card, where inferences deduced from facts are outlined in view of presenting tentative interpretation at the microscopic level. This is done by concentrating attention on the clues repeated in different experiments in order to yield possible explanations of the “unexpected” evidences. The main outcome of such analysis is that, in all examined cases, a common “operation” can be identified: the stimulation techniques mentioned above can be interpreted as a sort of compression producing a ramp of energy densification (with reference to volumes in space or time coordinates). Here we use the term “compression” to indicate an operation activated by the experimenter; as such, it is objective. We consider energy densification an inference of possible consequences of the operation on the status of the system. Five types of densifications were identified. This reading in terms of energy densification is in accordance with the predictions of the Deformed Space Time theory, reported in the scientific literature, in the context of a generalization of the Einstein relativity theory, according to which the existence of energy thresholds is found to separate, for each interaction, the flat metric part from the deformed metric part and the appearance of new microscopic effects as a consequence of trespassing such thresholds. The phenomena occurring in the deformed part of the interaction metric are governed by the energy density in the space-time (volume and time interval). This energy density is computed from the threshold energies and is peculiar to the phenomenology under consideration. As a conclusion, it is suggested that the revealed qualified information, homogenized and elaborated on, might help in repeating, with proper adjustments and adequate additional instrumentation, some key experiments, in order to ensure systematic reproducibility, which is a prerequisite for interpretations and explanations to be sound and credible, as well in deriving from such an effort, indications for new experiments. It is uncomfortable that, after thirty years, there are still pending questions to which the most acknowledged physical theories are not capable of giving an answer. Even a definitive demonstration that all these experiments have decisive faults would be preferable than leaving the issue unaddressed. Major research agencies, for instance in the USA and in Europe, are moving in this direction.

Neutralization of radionuclides

Three cases are reviewed of radioactive material with anomalous decay after ultrasound irradiation. In the pure element thorium-228 in distilled water, the radioactivity decreased faster after cavitation than the natural decay. The more complex molecule of Nickel Nitrate, made of radioactive nickel-63, in solution of nitric acid and distilled water was investigated before and after ultrasound irradiation. The X-rays produced by Bremsstrahlung of the electrons from the beta decay of Ni-63 were recorded and a 13% decrease of intensity was measured after 100 s of sonication. A decrease of nickel and an increase of other elements was detected by mass spectrometry in the sonicated sample. The Cobalt-57 decay was investigated by detecting the gamma and X-ray intensity from the Iron-57 resulting after its beta emission. In this third case too, an anomalous decay was observed after sonication. These three cases of anomalous behavior can be explained at the light of the Deformed Space–Time theory. It assumes that a suitable sudden variation of energy density can induce a local deformation of space–time, thus violating the Local Lorentz Invariance. This variation can be created by the ultrasounds in the matter, thus, allowing reactions that cannot occur in a flat (Minkowskian) space–time. The “neutralization” of a radionuclide occurs when it undergoes a DST transformation changing the radionuclide into non-radioactive nuclides.

Quantization of κ-deformed Dirac equation

In this paper, we study the quantization of Dirac field theory in the [Formula: see text]-deformed space–time. We adopt a quantization method that uses only equations of motion for quantizing the field. Starting from [Formula: see text]-deformed Dirac equation, valid up to first order in the deformation parameter [Formula: see text], we derive deformed unequal time anticommutation relation between deformed field and its adjoint, leading to undeformed oscillator algebra. Exploiting the freedom of imposing a deformed unequal time anticommutation relations between [Formula: see text]-deformed spinor and its adjoint, we also derive a deformed oscillator algebra. We show that deformed number operator is the conserved charge corresponding to global phase transformation symmetry. We construct the [Formula: see text]-deformed conserved currents, valid up to first order in [Formula: see text], corresponding to parity and time-reversal symmetries of [Formula: see text]-deformed Dirac equation also. We show that these conserved currents and charges have a mass-dependent correction, valid up to first order in [Formula: see text]. This novel feature is expected to have experimental significance in particle physics. We also show that it is not possible to construct a conserved current associated with charge conjugation, showing that the Dirac particle and its antiparticle satisfy different equations in [Formula: see text] space–time.

The astonishing 63Ni radioactivity reduction in radioactive wastes by means of ultrasounds application

Nowadays, the radioactive wastes production is certainly one of the main issues along with their storage. The most interesting way to treat them would certainly be the radioactivity reduction. In this paper we show that the 63Ni radioactivity reduction by ultrasounds is not a violation of the exponential decay law but can be explained by the Deformed Space–Time theory. The cavitation procedure under the DST conditions achieves a radioactivity decrease around 14% in 200 s. Comparing these results with the theoretical ones obtained by the decay law, we earn more than 20 years in the 63Ni radioactivity decrease. For confirming the data, ICP-MS measurements were performed on cavitated and no-cavitated samples: once again, the 14%-difference (with CV 5%) was obtained from the analyses of both samples. Even if the data are not definitive, the new idea is that a radioactive substance can be “normalized” by its transformation into a normal stable one without radiation emission overcoming the traditional approaches (dilution, inertization, radioactive transmutation with fast neutron irradiation) and avoiding the use of large deposits or big reactors. Our results may be considered as starting point to pave the way to new methods to treat useless harmful radioactive substances from nuclear or medicine industry.

Deformed space–time transformations in Mercury

A mole of Mercury was suitably treated by ultrasound in order to generate in it the same conditions of local Lorentz invariance violation that were generated in a sonicated cylindrical bar of AISI 304 steel and that are the cause of neutron emission during the sonication. After 3 min, part of the mercury turned into a solid material which turned out to contain isotopes having a different mass (higher and lower) with respect to the isotopes already present in the initial material (mercury). These transformations in the atomic weight without gamma production above the background are brought about during Deformed Space–Time reactions. We present the results of the analyses performed on samples taken from the transformation product. The analyses have been done in two groups, the first one using five different analytical techniques: ICP-OES, XRF, ESEM-EDS, ICP-MS, INAA. In the second group of analyses, we used only two techniques: INAA and ICP-MS. The second group of analyses confirmed the occurring of the transformations in mercury.

Deformed Space Time Asymmetric Emissions and Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation Preferred Directions

Deformed Space Time Asymmetric Emissions and Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation Preferred Directions

Energy spectra and fluence of the neutrons produced in deformed space-time conditions

In this work, spectra of energy and fluence of neutrons produced in the conditions of deformed space-time (DST), due to the violation of the local Lorentz invariance (LLI) in the nuclear interactions are shown for the first time. DST-neutrons are produced by a mechanical process in which AISI 304 steel bars undergo a sonication using ultrasounds with 20 kHz and 330 W. The energy spectrum of the DST-neutrons has been investigated both at low (less than 0.4 MeV) and at high (up to 4 MeV) energy. We could conclude that the DST-neutrons have different spectra for different energy intervals. It is therefore possible to hypothesize that the DST-neutrons production presents peculiar features not only with respect to the time (asynchrony) and space (asymmetry) but also in the neutron energy spectra.

Nuclear metamorphosis in mercury

The conditions of local Lorentz invariance (LLI) breakdown, obtained during neutron emission from a sonicated cylindrical bar of AISI 304 steel, were reproduced in a system made of a mole of mercury. After 3 min, a part of the liquid transformed into solid state material, in which isotopes were found with both higher and lower atomic mass with respect to the starting material. Changes in the atomic weight without production of gamma radiation and radionuclides are made possible by deformed space–time reactions.

Violation of local Lorentz invariance for deformed space-time neutron emission

Deformed Space-Time (DST) transformations are the consequence of the DST reactions induced in matter by the variation in energy density, in conditions of broken Local Lorentz Invariance (LLI). Through the DST transformations, it is possible to change the atomic weight of matter without using ionizing radiations and avoiding radionuclide production. In this sense, we can call this change of atomic weight “nuclear metabarysis”. These phenomena of nuclear metabarysis are associated with neutron emission. We discuss an experiment of sonication of a steel bar (carried out in Rome in 2012), and analyze the energy distribution of the emitted neutrons. The main signatures of the neutron emission are its asymmetry and anisotropy. We compare these features of neutron emission with those of the Lorentz invariance breakdown, obtained by means of electromagnetic experiments some years ago.

Atomic and isotopic changes induced by ultrasounds in iron

Electron microscopy and neutron activation techniques are used to map the elemental and isotopical compositions of ferrite bars where the emission of neutron bursts and the formation of dark regions were reported after ultrasound irradiation. Anomalous values are found in these regions. The original concentrations of natural isotopes of copper and zinc are deduced; the occurrence of pressure-induced nuclear reactions is inferred while the cavities are suggested to act as nuclear micro-reactors. The general characteristics of these phenomena are considered a support to the existence of a new type of reactions, called deformed space–time reactions (DST-reactions).

On Characterization of Non-commutative Minkowski Space Time

The present study aims to derive modified geodesic equation in non-commutative space time. Snyder developed a model for non-commutative space time which provides a suitable technique of quantum structure of the space. We extend Tetrad formulation of general relativity to non-commutative case for complex gravity models. We derive geodesic equation on the k-space time in Non-commutative space, which is a generalization of Feynman’s approach. It has been shown that the homogeneous Maxwell’s equations may be derived by starting with the Newton’s force equation and generalized to relativistic. We show that the geodesic equation in the commutative space time is a suitable for generalization to κ -space time in κ -deformed space time. It shown that the κ-dependent correction to geodesic equation is cubic in velocities.