Deformation Schedules Research Articles

Effect of ECAP processing temperature on an austenitic TWIP steel's microstructure, texture and mechanical properties

The development of microstructure and texture of twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steel sheet during ECAP at two temperatures (250° and 350°) up to four passes were investigated. The high chromium content is the differential of this TWIP steel, a chemical element that reduces the stacking-fault energy and increases corrosion resistance. By imposing ECAP, the volume fraction of twins, dislocation density, and yield strength significantly increase while ductility decreases. This study compared the effect of temperature during applied severe plastic deformation (SPD). Thin parallel slip bands’ high density was observed, and in addition to an intense micro shear, banding took place when pressing was continued by increasing the number of passes. The martensitic transformation was not detected in the deformation-twinning microstructure after more passes. The relationship between the microstructure, strain-hardening behavior, and mechanical properties was investigated after two different deformation schedules of ECAP. The best balance between high strength and good ductility (1915 MPa and 7%) was obtained after four passes at 250 °C and 350 °C. It was found that the quantity of ECAP pass affects the displacement substructure with the formation of shear bands, subgrains, and various variants of twins. These also influenced strain-hardening behavior, microhardness, texture, and ultimate strength.

Dynamic Ferrite Formation and Evolution above the Ae3 Temperature during Plate Rolling Simulation of an API X80 Steel

Thermo-mechanically controlled rolling is a technique used to produce steel strips and plates. One of the steels widely used in the production of heavy plates for application in oil and gas pipelines is API X80. The hot rolling process of this family of steels consists of applying deformation passes at high temperatures, mainly above Ae3, inside the austenite phase field. It has been shown that during deformation, the phenomenon of dynamic transformation (DT) of austenite into ferrite leads to lower hot deformation resistance within the stable austenite region. In this investigation, hot torsion simulations of an industrial rolling process under continuous cooling conditions were used to monitor the formation of ferrite by DT. Stress–strain flow curves and equivalent mean flow stresses followed by sample characterization via optical and electron microscopy showed the inevitable formation of ferrite above the Ae3. The employed 10-pass deformation schedule was divided into 5 roughing and 5 finishing passes, thereby promoting an increased volume fraction of ferrite and decreased critical strain for the onset of DT and dynamic recrystallization (DRX). A microstructural analysis confirmed the formation of ferrite from the first roughing strain until the last finishing pass. The volume fraction of DT ferrite increased due to strain accumulation, an increased number of deformation passes and as the temperature approached the Ae3, leading to a characteristic torsion texture at the end of the simulation.

Initial holding time dependent warm deformation and post-ageing precipitation in an AA7075-T4 aluminum alloy

• Warm deformation at 180 ℃ significantly enhances the formability of AA7075-T4 alloy. • The through-process microstructure evolution during warm compression is revealed. • Initial soaking of 10−30 s benefits the balance of warm-deformability and post-ageing. • A TTP sketch considering the reversion of clusters and reprecipitation is proposed. Process parameters such as soaking time and forming temperature are critical for the isothermal warm forming performance and post-form mechanical properties. The isothermal warm forging process of AA7075-T4 aluminum alloy has been simulated through the warm compression at 180 ℃. The warm deformation schedule including fast heating and short-term initial holding is found to be advantageous for enhancing the formability of high-strength AA7075-T4 alloy due to the reduced flow strength and significantly increased ductility. As revealed by differential scanning calorimetry and transmission electron microscopy, the natural ageing clusters quickly dissolve, then the GP zones and even η'/η 2 phases form during initial holding at 180 ℃ for 4 min. The optimum balance of warm-deformability and subsequent age hardening potential at 120 ℃ is obtained with an initial holding for less than 30 s, by restricting the growth of coarsening precipitates before isothermal warm deformation. The warm compression induced dislocations are largely retained during post-ageing, accelerating the hardening kinetics and promoting the formation of a high density of η'/η 2 precipitates in the peak-aged sample. Through considering the reversion of natural ageing clusters and solutes reprecipitation during the initial holding and post-ageing, a temperature-time-property sketch is proposed to explain the relationship between the warm deformation temperature, initial holding time and the obtained hardness for the AA7075-T4 alloy. This study could guide the optimization of warm forming process and is fruitful for establishing an accurate microstructure-based model for the warm deformation of AA7075-T4 aluminum alloy.

Enhancement of Properties of Micro-alloyed Low-Carbon Ni-Added Steel by Thermomechanical Treatment

The concurrent use of micro-alloying additions and thermomechanical treatment is a common practice for obtaining high-quality grades of forged steels. Judicious use of chemistry, heat treatment schedule, and controlled processing can lead to a wide range of microstructure and thus final properties suitable for the production of different parts for the automobile industry. In this paper, thermomechanical treatment of Ni-added micro-alloyed steel containing Nb, V, Ti has been carried out with different deformation schedules (50-70%) at high temperatures followed by the varying cooling rate (i.e., forced air cooling, oil quenching, and water quenching). The cooling rates for three conditions were measured as 5 °C/s for forced air cooling, 40 °C/s for oil quenched, and 110 °C/s for water quenched samples. Thermomechanical and post-tempering treatment cycles were employed for the steel with 1150 and 900 °C as upper and lower forging temperatures. The best combination of properties viz; YS: 1044 MPa, UTS: 1308 MPa, % El: 16.7, %RA: 57 and Impact Toughness: 50 J/cm2 could be achieved for 70% deformed samples, followed by forced air cooling. The reasons have been attributed to the segregation of Ti & Nb carbides at grain boundaries as revealed by microstructural analysis. This has led to restriction of grain boundary coarsening at high temperatures. Further, fine vanadium carbide and the presence of retained austenite have contributed to improving the elongation and toughness values.

Microstructural Control and Properties Optimization of Microalloyed Pipeline Steel

A series of physical simulations, with parameters resembling those of industrial rolling, were applied using a thermo-mechanical simulator on microalloyed bainitic pipeline steel to study the influence of varying the processing parameters on its microstructure evolution and mechanical properties. In this study, the austenitization temperature and roughing parameters were kept unchanged, whereas the parameters of the finishing stage were varied. The developed microstructures were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It is illustrated that selecting the appropriate cooling strategy (without altering the deformation schedule) can produce an optimized microstructure that breaks through the strength–ductility trade-off. Increasing the cooling rate after the finishing stage from 10 K·s−1 to 20 K·s−1 activated the microstructure refinement by effective nucleation of acicular ferrite and formation of finer and more dispersed martensite/austenite phase. This resulted in a remarkable enhancement in the ductility without compensating the strength. Furthermore, a pronounced strength increase with a slight ductility decrease was observed when selecting the appropriate coiling temperature, which is attributed to the copious precipitation associated with locating the coiling temperature near the peak temperature of precipitation. On the other hand, it was observed that the coiling temperature is the predominant parameter affecting the strain aging potential of the studied steel. Higher strain aging potentials were perceived in the samples with lower yield strength and vice versa, so that the differences in yield strength after thermo-mechanical treatments evened out after strain aging.

Flow stress characteristics and design of innovative 3-steps multiphase control thermomechanical processing to produce ultrafine grained bulk steels

In the present study, at first flow behavior of Nb–Ti microalloyed and interstitial-free (IF) steels was investigated to know the effects of processing parameters on their microstructural evolution. Then, innovative 3-steps multiphase control rolling schedules have been designed to yield submicron size uniform grains structure and successfully achieved ultrafine ferrite+martensite (0.69–0.78 μm) and ferritic structure (0.83–0.88 μm), respectively, in microalloyed and IF steels. The good combination of yield strength and ductility was achieved for the microalloyed (924 MPa, 13.6% elongation) and IF steel (621 MPa, 19.4% elongation) after rolling as per the designed 3-steps multiphase control deformation schedules. Deformation induced ferrite transformation followed by continuous dynamic recrystallization of the dynamically transformed ferrite is found to be the key mechanism for the formation of the ultrafine grained structure. Due to application of high amount of strains specifically within α+γ phase regime, the α-phase subdivided into several subgrains. These α-subgrains are strongly pinned by the γ/α grain boundaries and thereby restrict the dynamic recovery of the ferrite through reknitting and unravelling subgrain boundaries. On the application of further straining, the misorientation angle between these subgrain boundaries increases continuously through accumulation of the dislocations and finally, ultrafine ferrite grain structure is developed through continuous dynamic recrystallization.

Hot Deformation of 18 % Ni Maraging Steels: A Review

Abstract The published literature makes reference to the excellent hot workability of 18 % nickel maraging steels. However, production of large cross-sectioned products of 18 % nickel maraging steels by hot deformation can lead to different types of quality problems, such as (i) inadequate recrystallization and grain structure aligned in working direction, resulting in directionality of mechanical properties; (ii) thermal embrittlement that leads to poor values of ductility and fracture toughness; and (iii) sharp increase in flow stress with decreasing hot working temperature, necessitating the application of high loads for deformation at relatively low temperatures. To overcome these problems, primarily two sets of studies have been carried out by researchers. One set of studies was centered around the development of an optimum post–hot work solution treatment. Two-stage solution treatments, as opposed to standard single-stage solution treatment at 820°C, have been developed and are shown to lead to a fine-grained microstructure and an excellent combination of strength and fracture toughness with a high degree of isotropy. It has been documented that such heat treatments can also rejuvenate the quality of the products produced through a nonoptimum hot deformation schedule. The other set of studies was focused on establishing deformation processing maps using hot isothermal uniaxial compression testing. Different grades of 18 % nickel maraging steels have been the subject of investigation. Based on these studies, regimes of strain rate and temperature have been identified for optimum processing. Regimes in which flow localization occurs and hence need to be avoided have been identified. Processing regimes for obtaining fine-grained microstructures have been identified; regimes that lead to coarse grains, which need to be avoided, have been established. Constitutive equations have been developed to predict the deformation behavior as an aid to the design of the hot deformation process.

Дослідне освоєння виробництва товстолистового прокату з марки сталі EH36 із застосуванням термомеханічного контрольованого процесу на стані 3600

For the first time, technology has been developed, and experimental batch of shipbuilding steel plates (Grade ЕН36, 25 × 2150 × 8000 mm) has been produced according to the requirements of classification societies (Bureau Veritas Rules), at the rolling mill 3600, PJSC “AZOVSTAL IRON & STEEL WORKS”. The technology is developed using general requirements for the manufacture of rolled products with the thermo-mechanical controlled process and mathematical model of the rolling process, on the basis of which the calculations of deformation schedules have been performed. The technical possibility of shipbuilding steel plates (Grade ЕН36, 25 × 2150 × 8000 mm) producing using thermo-mechanical controlled process (TMCP) instead of heat treatment accessing by normalization in accordance with Bureau Veritas Rules has been conformed at the rolling mill 3600. Introduction of the thermo-mechanical controlled process instead of normalization will reduce the production cost of the rolled products by eliminating natural gas consumption for heat treatment (normalization). To prepare the certification, in accordance with Bureau Veritas Rules, it is necessary to conduct an additional series of investigations for the rolled products (Grade EH36) of different thicknesses

Ferrite Grain Refinement, Grain Size Distribution, and Texture After Thermomechanical Processing and Continuous Cooling of Low-C Steel

Single-pass and multi-pass deformation schedules were applied over 973 K to 1323 K (700 °C to 1050 °C) using a Gleeble® thermomechanical simulator to understand the effect of the number of deformation passes, strain per pass, and interpass interval on ferrite grain refinement, particularly for the formation of an ultrafine ferrite grain structure (ULFG) with favorable high-angle grain boundaries and texture components. The microstructure, texture, and grain boundaries were characterized using SEM and EBSD. In the single-pass schedule, a decrease in deformation temperature from 1323 K to 1073 K (1050 °C to 800 °C) refined the ferrite grain size from 9.5 to 2.0 μm and intensified the beneficial γ-fiber (〈111〉//ND) texture. The ferrite grain size remained unchanged, whereas Cube and Goss texture strengthened with a further decrease in deformation temperature to 973 K (700 °C). For the multi-pass schedule at 1073 K (800 °C), where the total deformation was applied in three successive passes with 10-second interpass time, an ULFG structure was also developed with 2.5 μm grain size. Grain growth during the interpass intervals weakened the texture in the multi-pass deformed samples compared to that of the single-pass deformed samples. The evolution of microstructure and texture has been explained considering that restoration mechanisms (recrystallization, grain growth, and phase transformation) acted during and after deformation. Finally, ferrite grain refinement during different processing schedules was predicted using a simple mathematical approach based on the experimental data, with suggestions for future improvements.

Microstructure evolution of Ti-6Al-4V with periodic thermal parameters during axial closed die rolling process

Due to the cooperation of the torsion, tension and compression in metal plastic flow process of axial closed die rolling (ACDR), the effect of deformation schedule on grain refinement is still ambiguous. Therefore, the evolutionary mechanism of microstructure with periodic thermal parameters during ACDR process was established through the numerical simulation and metallography experiment. The results show that gradient distribution is ubiquitous in most areas in terms of both the strain and temperature throughout the deformation process, except the strain distribution in the center axis. With regard to the microstructure, the spheroidization efficiency of lamella α phase is enhanced during the especial deformation schedule. Factors influencing the uniformity of the globular α phase size are based on the vibration frequency of periodicity thermal parameters. The efficiency of broken αGB and the occurrence of DRX β have a closely related to the additional torsion.

Thermomechanical controlled processing to achieve very fine grains in the ISO 5832-9 austenitic stainless steel biomaterial

Simulations of thermomechanical processing of a high niobium- and nitrogen-bearing austenitic stainless steel for orthopedic implants (ISO 5832-9) were conducted using hot torsion test with multiple deformations under continuous cooling conditions. Samples were reheated to 1250°C and subjected to deformation schedules with pass strain of 0.3, strain rate of 1s−1 and interpass times of 5, 20 and 50s. Optical microscopy, TEM, EDS and EBSD were used to characterize the samples. Characterization of precipitates indicated that only TiNbN was undissolved after soaking, while Z-phase and NbN precipitated during on cooling deformation schedules. The evolution of grain and precipitate sizes with deformation conditions were studied and related to both grain refinement, and mechanical behavior observed. The critical grain size limited by precipitates was calculated using the values obtained for size and volume fraction of precipitates. Differences observed between calculated and measured values were discussed.

Effect of composition and thermo-mechanical processing schedule on the microstructure, precipitation and strengthening of Nb-microalloyed steel

In order to study the influence of composition and thermo-mechanical processing schedule on the kinetics of austenite recrystallization, strain induced precipitation and final microstructural evolution in Nb-microalloyed steels, thermo-mechanical processing simulations have been carried out inside Gleeble® by varying the number of deformation passes (2-pass vs. 6-pass), deformation temperatures (1000–800°C) and inter-pass times. Low-C high-Mn steel (LCHMn) has been found to offer finer ferrite grain size and finer Nb-precipitation which contributed to superior hardness to that steel, compared to high-C low-Mn steel (HCLMn). Among the deformation schedules applied, 6-pass schedule has been found to be superior over 2-pass schedule in terms of precipitation strengthening and hardness. This study also proposes a mathematical framework to explain the effect of composition and processing schedule in Nb-microalloyed steels following Dutta and Sellars approach on precipitation-recrystallization interaction.

Influence of Hot Plastic Deformation in γ and (γ + α) Area on the Structure and Mechanical Properties of High-Strength Low-Alloy (HSLA) Steel.

The main goal of this study was to develop a new processing technology for a high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steel in order to maximize the mechanical properties attainable at its low alloy levels. Samples of the steel were processed using thermal deformation schedules carried out in single-phase (γ) and dual-phase (γ + α) regions. The samples were rolled at unconventional finishing temperatures, their final mechanical properties were measured, and their strength and plasticity behavior was analyzed. The resulting microstructures were observed using optical and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). They consisted of martensite, ferrite and (NbV)CN precipitates. The study also explored the process of ferrite formation and its influence on the mechanical properties of the material.

Hot Torsion Tests - A Reliable Rolling Simulation Method for C-Mn Steels

Torsion tests have been proven to be a successful method to simulate the hot rolling of steels. Simulation work performed at a laboratory scale together with the analysis of the resulting mean-flow-stress behavior, leads to important metallurgical information to be considered during full-scale rolling processes. In this work, two different hot deformation schedules of C-Mn steels have been performed on a Gleeble simulation system in hot torsion mode. In addition to the torsion tests, the mean-flow-stresses of industrial rolling data were analyzed. Industrial hot deformation schedules simulated using hot torsion and the mean-flow-stress values were plotted versus the inverse of absolute temperature in the same graph. All points match the same behavior showing that torsion testing is a reliable hot working simulation method.

Thermomechanical processing route to achieve ultrafine grains in low carbon microalloyed steels

A new thermomechanical processing route is described for a microalloyed steel, with roughing deformation below the recrystallisation-stop temperature (T5%), followed by a rapid reheat to 1200 °C for 10s, and then finish deformation at the same temperature as the rough deformation. The new route focused on optimising the kinetics of strain-induced precipitation (SIP) and the formation of deformation-induced ferrite transformation (DITF). For comparative purposes, two experimental 0.06 wt% C steels were studied: one with 0.03 wt% Nb (Nb steel), and a second with both 0.03 wt% Nb and 0.02 wt% Ti (NbTi steel). Two processing routes were studied. The first was a conventional route, which consisted of a simulated rough deformation schedule with the final roughing pass taking place at 850 °C, which produced fully unrecrystallised austenite grains during deformation with no strain-induced ferrite formation. The second, new, thermomechanical processing route used the same roughing step, after which the steels were reheated at 10 °C/s to a temperature of 1200 °C, isothermally held for 10s allowing for precipitate dissolution, prior to air cooling to a finishing deformation temperature of 850 °C. This route resulted in DIFT primarily on the prior-austenite grain boundaries. The precipitate solution during the reheat treatment increased the supersaturation of Nb and Ti in the austenite matrix on subsequent cooling, which therefore increased the undercooling due to the increased Ae3. The observation of nanoscale cementite in the DIFT supports the view that it formed through a massive transformation mechanism. The volume fraction of SIP after finish deformation was influenced by the supersaturation of microalloy elements in solution during heat treatment. The new process route led to a significant refinement of the final ferrite grain size.

Numerical And Experimental Analysis Of The Process Of Aviation Drawpiece Forming Using Rigid And Rubber Punch With Various Properties

Abstract This paper presents the results of the numerical analysis and experimental research of the forming process of aviation drawpiece made from 0.6 mm thick Inconel 625 sheet metal. First phase of testing was conducted using rigid steel tools for drawpiece forming. Results of conducted simulations show that during rigid tool forming, the middle of the drawpiece losses stability. In consequence, rigid tool forming leads to the formation of unacceptable wrinkles on the drawpiece. Subsequent experimental research confirmed wrinkles of the metal drawpiece in this area. It was assumed that in order to eliminate this negative phenomenon, minor changes in technology and tool construction would have to be made. The drawpiece will be shaped by means of a flexible tool, than re-shaped using rigid tools. In the second phase of the research, tooling design changes have been made. They consisted of replacing the steel punch with a specially designed stamp susceptible for deformation. FEM numerical simulations were performed for flexible punch forming made of polyurethane elastomer with different hardness (50, 70, 85 and 90 Sh A). On their basis, the effect on the mechanical characteristics of the elastomeric drawing process and the formation of wrinkles was shown. They can be effectively eliminated by the use of a punch with hardness of 90 Sh A, which has also been confirmed by experimental research. In addition, the paper presents a comparative analysis of the deformations in selected actual drawpiece areas and in the elastomeric punch with hardness 90 Sh A computer model. The actual drawpiece deformation schedule and the values were determined using photogrammetric system Argus v.6.3., while the computer modeled drawpiece was based on FEM calculations performed in the MARC / Mentat system. In conclusion the difficulties as well as the advantages and disadvantages in determining the deformation of sheet metal parts were indicated using photogrammetric system Argus and FEM.

Study of Transformation Characteristics and Nano-Scale Precipitation in Nb Microalloyed Steel

In order to control the microstructure and nanoscale Nb(C, N) precipitation in a Nb microalloyed steel, three deformation schedules were employed, followed by cooling process to study the transformation and precipitation behaviors of the tested steel. It was found that plastic deformation in the non-recrystallization region of austenite accelerates the onset of transformation from austenite to ferrite, while the progress of ferrite transformation is retarded. The deformation also refines the ferrite grain size. The transformation behavior for deformation temperature of 850 and 910 °C are almost the same due to the similar deformed austenite. Although the latter deformation temperature is 60 °C higher, the deformation can also significantly refine the transformation microstructure. With the decrease in deformation temperature and increase in cooling rate, the precipitation start temperature decreases, and the nucleation zone of precipitation is transformed from austenite to ferrite or bainite under continuous cooling condition. When the cooling rate reaches 10 °C s−1, the nucleation of precipitation is totally inhibited during cooling process. The precipitate size is significantly refined by increasing cooling rate due to the increase of precipitation driving force.

Constitutive description of Fe–Mn23–C0.6 steel deformed under hot-working conditions

As observed from the current literature, the vast majority of the constitutive models that have been proposed for the description of the changes in the high-temperature flow stress of high-Mn austenitic steels, in the course of plastic deformation as a function of deformation conditions, have been expressed in terms of the total applied strain to the material (ε), which, as indicated by Follansbee and Kocks, is not a valid state parameter. In order to overcome this disadvantage, which hinders the prediction of the changes in flow stress under transient deformation conditions, commonly found during industrial hot-working processes, a different constitutive description is proposed. The advanced approach is based on the temperature and strain rate description of three important parameters: yield stress, hypothetical saturation stress and actual steady-state stress, which is considered equal to the critical stress for the onset of dynamic recrystallization, as proposed by Jonas et al. This description is accomplished by means of the well established Sellars–Tegart–Garofalo model, employing a unique value of the apparent activation energy for hot-working determined from the analysis of the peak stress values, as proposed earlier by Glover and Sellars. The model also requires a description of the time for achieving 50% dynamic recrystallization, which is expressed as a function of deformation conditions by means of the simple parametric relationship also proposed by Jonas et al. This information is subsequently input into two evolution equations, which describe the change in the work-hardening and work-softening rates of the material, as a function of deformation conditions, either when the work-hardening is counterbalanced only by dynamic recovery or when it is counterbalanced by both dynamic recovery and dynamic recrystallization. The results reported in the present communication indicate that the proposed constitutive description is able to provide an accurate reproduction of the experimental flow stress values determined under constant deformation conditions, obtained by Wietbrock et al. However, the analysis of a hypothetical deformation schedule conducted under transient deformation conditions suggests that a second internal state variable, other than dislocation density, might be required for the improvement in the prediction of the corresponding stress–strain curves.

Effect of deformation schedules and initial states on structure and properties of Cu–0.18% Zr alloy after high-pressure torsion and heating

Structure, microhardness and electrical resistivity of the Cu–0.18% Zr alloy after high pressure torsion (HPT) were investigated for different initial states (hot-pressed, annealed, quenched) and deformation schedules. It is shown that HPT leads to formation of submicrocrystalline structure with the grain size of 200–250nm. Studying of electrical resistivity of the Cu–0.18% Zr alloy showed that during HPT it increases with increasing the strain in comparison with initial not deformed state. It can be connected with changes of grain and subgrain structure, and also with processes of dissolution of particles of the second phase Cu5Zr during deformation. Decreasing of electrical resistivity values of Cu–0.18% Zr alloy after HPT during heating in the temperatures range of 250–400°C and preservation or increase of microhardness values in this temperature interval reveal aging processes with allocation of Cu5Zr particles and confirm the fact of partial supersaturation of solid solution of copper with zirconium during deformation. Аpplication of quenching, HPT and subsequent aging allows to achieve the maximum strengthening of the alloy.

Structural and Morphological Study of a Series of Ball Milled Nanocrystalline Fe<sub>1-<i>x</i></sub>Al<sub><i>x</i></sub> (0.3 ≤ <i>x</i> ≤ 0.6) Alloys

In the present manuscript, the authors have systematically investigated the structural and morphological properties of a series of mechanically alloyed Fe1-xAlx (0.3 ≤ x ≤ 0.6) samples using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). All the samples, after 5 hr of milling, show crystalline structure, irrespective of the constituent concentration and are textured mainly along (110) direction. In Fe-rich samples, the formation of an off-stoichiometric Fe3Al phase is favored and in case of Al-rich samples, both Al-rich phases and clustering of Al atoms are present. Analysis of line breadths was carried out to get an insight into the interrelated effects of average crystallite size, and lattice parameters. The grain size of constituents was decreased to the nanometer range (between 6 - 8 nm) and the constituents dissolved at the nanograin boundaries. Similar conclusions were also revealed from the SEM results which show that the initial shape of particles disappeared completely, and their structure became a mixture of small and large angularshaped crystallites with different sizes. The results of this research could be directly employed in the design of deformation schedules for the industrial processing of Fe-Al alloys.